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Geography (Greek Geo (γη) or Gaea (γαία), meaning "Earth", and graphein (γράφειν) meaning "to describe" or "to write") is the study of the earth and its features, inhabitants, and phenomena. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". The first person to use the word "geography" was Eratosthenes (275-195 B.C.). Four historical traditions in geographical research are the spatial analysis of natural and human phenomena (geography as a study of distribution), area studies (places and regions), study of man-land relationship, and research in earth sciences. Nonetheless, modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that foremost seeks to understand the world and all of its human and natural complexities — not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. As "the bridge between the human and physical sciences," geography is divided into two main branches — human geography and physical geography.
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Overviews

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Main articles: Earth, Geography and Place

Geography – Atlas • City • Climate • Demographics • Earth • Exploration • Geographic information system • History of geography • Map • Park • Place • Population density • Region • Spatial analysis • Subregion • Surveying

Branches of Geography – Physical geography • Human geography • Technical geography
Natural geographical features
Landforms – Badlands • Canyon • Cave • Cliff • Coast • Continent • Coral reef • Crater • Desert • Forest • Geyser • Glacier • Gully • Grassland • Highland • Hill • Island • Mesa • Mountain • Mountain range • Plain • Prairie • Peninsula • Reef • Ridge • Savanna • Shoal • Steppe • Tundra • Valley • Volcano • Wetland
Bodies of water – Bay • Channel • Delta • Estuary • Fjord • Headlands • Lagoon • Lake • Marsh • Ocean • Pond • River • Sea • Sound • Source (river or stream) • Spring (hydrosphere) • Strait • Stream • Swamp • Waterfall
Manmade geographical features – Airport • Artificial dwelling hill • Artificial island • Breakwater • Bridge • Canal • Causeway • Country • Country subdivision • Dam (Levee) • Farm • Harbor • Nation • National park • Nature reserve • Park • Pier • Pipeline • Port • Railway • Ranch • Reservoir • Road (Street) • Settlement (Village, Town, City, Megalopolis) • Train station • Tunnel
The World
By hemisphere – New World • Old World |  Eastern world • Western world |  Eastern Hemisphere • Western Hemisphere |  Northern Hemisphere • Southern Hemisphere
By cultural region – English-speaking world • Arab world • Chinese world (Sinosphere) • Indosphere • Sub-Saharan Africa • Europe • Latin America • Oceania
By ordinal classification – First World • Second World • Third World • Fourth World
By economic development – Developed countries • Developing countries • Least Developed Countries
By continent – Africa • Antarctica • Australia • Eurasia (Europe and Asia) • North America • South America
Countries and polar regions of the world:

Outlines

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Geography
Continents and major geopolitical regions (non-continents are italicized)
Africa • Antarctica • Asia • Europe • North America • Oceania (includes Australia) • South America
Political divisions of the World, arranged by continent or major geopolitical region
Africa
West Africa
Benin • Burkina Faso • Cape Verde • Gambia • Ghana • Guinea • Guinea-Bissau • Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) • Liberia • Mali • Mauritania • Niger • Nigeria (Rivers State) • Senegal • Sierra Leone • Togo
North Africa
Algeria • Egypt (Cairo) • Libya • Mauritania • Morocco • Sudan • South Sudan •Tunisia • Western Sahara
Central Africa
Angola • Burundi • Cameroon • Central African Republic • Chad • The Democratic Republic of the Congo • Equatorial Guinea • Gabon • Republic of the Congo • Rwanda • São Tomé and Príncipe
East Africa
Burundi • Comoros • Djibouti • Eritrea • Ethiopia • Kenya • Madagascar • Malawi • Mauritius • Mozambique • Rwanda • Seychelles • Somalia • Tanzania • Uganda • Zambia • Zimbabwe
Southern Africa
Botswana • Eswatini (Swaziland) • Lesotho • Namibia • South Africa (Cape Town)
Dependencies
Mayotte (France) • St. Helena (UK) • Puntland • Somaliland • Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Antarctica
None
Asia
Central Asia
Kazakhstan • Kyrgyzstan • Tajikistan • Turkmenistan • Uzbekistan
East Asia
China
Tibet
Hong Kong • Macau
Japan (Kyoto) • North Korea • South Korea • Mongolia • Taiwan
North Asia
Russia
Southeast Asia
Brunei • Cambodia • East Timor (Timor-Leste) • Indonesia (Jakarta) • Laos • Malaysia • Myanmar (Burma) • Philippines (Metro Manila) • Singapore • Thailand (Bangkok) • Vietnam
South Asia
Afghanistan • Bangladesh • Bhutan • Maldives • Nepal • Pakistan • Sri Lanka
India
States of India: Andhra Pradesh • Arunachal Pradesh • Assam • Bihar • Chhattisgarh • Goa • Gujarat • Haryana • Himachal Pradesh  • Jharkhand • Karnataka • Kerala • Madhya Pradesh • Maharashtra • Manipur • Meghalaya • Mizoram • Nagaland (Kohima) • Odisha • Punjab • Rajasthan • Sikkim • Tamil Nadu • Telangana • Tripura • Uttar Pradesh • Uttarakhand • West Bengal
Union Territories of India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands • Chandigarh • Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu • Delhi • Jammu and Kashmir • Ladakh • Lakshadweep  • Pondicherry
West Asia
Armenia • Azerbaijan • Bahrain • Cyprus (including disputed Northern Cyprus) • Georgia • Iran • Iraq • Israel • Jordan • Kuwait • Lebanon • Oman • State of Palestine • Qatar • Saudi Arabia • Syria • Turkey (Istanbul) • United Arab Emirates (Dubai) • Yemen
Caucasus (a region considered to be in both Asia and Europe, or between them)
North Caucasus
Parts of Russia (Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Adyghea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachai-Cherkessia, North Ossetia, Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai)
South Caucasus
Georgia (including disputed Abkhazia, South Ossetia) • Armenia • Azerbaijan (including disputed Republic of Artsakh)
Europe
Akrotiri and Dhekelia • Åland • Albania • Andorra • Armenia • Austria (Vienna) • Azerbaijan • Belarus • Belgium • Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republika Srpska) • Bulgaria • Croatia • Cyprus • Czech Republic (Prague) • Denmark • Estonia • Faroe Islands • Finland • France (Paris) • Georgia • Germany (Dresden, Munich) • Gibraltar • Greece (Athens) • Guernsey • Hungary • Iceland • Ireland • Isle of Man • Italy (Milan, Naples, Palermo, Rome, Turin, Venice) • Jersey • Kazakhstan • Kosovo • Latvia • Liechtenstein • Lithuania • Luxembourg • Malta • Moldova (including disputed Transnistria) • Monaco • Montenegro • Netherlands • North Macedonia • Poland • Portugal • Romania • Russia (Saint Petersburg) • San Marino • Serbia • Slovakia • Slovenia •
Norway
Svalbard
Spain
Autonomous communities of Spain: Catalonia (Barcelona)
Sweden (Stockholm) • Switzerland (Geneva) • Turkey • Ukraine
United Kingdom
England (Cornwall, London) • Northern Ireland • Scotland (Edinburgh) • Wales
Vatican City
European Union
North America
Canada
Provinces of Canada: • Alberta • British Columbia • Manitoba • New Brunswick • Newfoundland and Labrador • Nova Scotia • Ontario (Ottawa, Toronto) • Prince Edward Island • Quebec • Saskatchewan
Territories of Canada: Northwest Territories • Yukon • Nunavut
Greenland • Saint Pierre and Miquelon
United States
Alabama • Alaska • Arizona • Arkansas • California • Colorado • Connecticut • Delaware • Florida • Georgia • Hawaii • Idaho • Illinois • Indiana • Iowa • Kansas • Kentucky • Louisiana • Maine • Maryland • Massachusetts (Boston) • Michigan • Minnesota • Mississippi • Missouri • Montana • Nebraska • Nevada • New Hampshire • New Jersey • New Mexico • New York (New York City)  • North Carolina • North Dakota • Ohio • Oklahoma • Oregon • Pennsylvania (Philadelphia) • Rhode Island • South Carolina • South Dakota • Tennessee • Texas • Utah • Vermont • Virginia • Washington (Infrastructure) • West Virginia • Wisconsin • Wyoming
Washington, D.C. (District of Columbia)
Mexico
Central America
Belize • Costa Rica • El Salvador • Guatemala • Honduras • Nicaragua • Panama
Caribbean
Anguilla • Antigua and Barbuda • Aruba • Bahamas • Barbados • Bermuda • British Virgin Islands • Cayman Islands • Cuba • Dominica • Dominican Republic • Grenada • Haiti • Jamaica • Montserrat • Netherlands Antilles • Puerto Rico • Saint Barthélemy • Saint Kitts and Nevis • Saint Lucia • Saint Martin • Saint Vincent and the Grenadines • Trinidad and Tobago • Turks and Caicos Islands • United States Virgin Islands
Oceania (includes the continent of Australia)
Australasia
Australia (Melbourne, Sydney)
Dependencies/Territories of Australia
Christmas Island • Norfolk Island
New Zealand
Melanesia
Fiji • Indonesia (Oceanian part only) • New Caledonia (France) • Papua New Guinea • Solomon Islands • Vanuatu
Micronesia
Federated States of Micronesia • Guam (US) • Kiribati • Marshall Islands • Nauru • Northern Mariana Islands (US) • Palau •
Polynesia
American Samoa (US) • Cook Islands (NZ) • French Polynesia (France) • Hawaii (US) • Niue (NZ) • Pitcairn Islands (UK) • Samoa • Tokelau (NZ) • Tonga • Tuvalu • Wallis and Futuna (France)
South America
Argentina • Bolivia • Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) • Chile • Colombia • Ecuador • Falkland Islands • Guyana • Paraguay • Peru • Suriname • Uruguay • Venezuela
South Atlantic
Ascension Island • Saint Helena • Tristan da Cunha

Lists

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Countries • Country-related topics

Lists by country – Flags • Politics

Country subdivisions – Cities • Counties • Neighborhoods • Places

Geographical features

Land features • Deserts • Highest points • Islands • Mountains • Mountain passes • Mountain ranges • Volcanoes
Bodies of water • Canals • Lakes • Oceans • Reservoirs and dams • Rivers • Straits • Waterways
Man-made boundaries • Countries that border only one other country • Enclaves and exclaves • Border irregularities of the United States

Other: List of slums

Portals

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Geography

Continents

Regions

Countries

Territories

Provinces and states

Counties

Cities

Supranational

Glossaries

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Geography •

Flags • Medieval land terms • Terms for country subdivisions • European Union

Categories

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Main categories: Geography and Places

Indices

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Main index: Geography

Continents

Africa • Antarctica • Asia • Europe • Australia

Political divisions of World, arranged by continent or major geopolitical region:

Africa:
West Africa:
Benin • Burkina Faso • Cape Verde • Côte d'Ivoire • Gambia • Ghana • Guinea • Guinea-Bissau • Liberia • Mali • Mauritania • Nigeria • Senegal
North Africa:
Algeria • Egypt • Libya • Mauritania • Morocco • Tunisia
Central Africa:
Angola • Burundi • Cameroon • Central African Republic • Chad • The Democratic Republic of Congo • Equatorial Guinea • Gabon • Republic of Congo • Rwanda • São Tomé and Príncipe
East Africa:
Burundi • Comoros • Djibouti • Eritrea • Ethiopia • Kenya • Madagascar • Mauritius • Mozambique • Rwanda • Seychelles • Somalia (Somaliland) • Uganda • Zambia • Zimbabwe
Southern Africa:
Botswana • Lesotho • Namibia • South Africa
Antarctica:
Antarctica
Asia:
Central Asia:
Kazakhstan[1] • Kyrgyzstan • Turkmenistan
East Asia:
China[2]
Tibet
Hong Kong[3] • Macau[4]
Japan
0-9  A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z
Mongolia • Taiwan[5]
Southeast Asia:[6]
Brunei • Cambodia[7] • East Timor (Timor-Leste)[8] • Indonesia[9] • Laos • Malaysia • Philippines • Singapore • Vietnam
South Asia:
Bangladesh • Bhutan • Iran • Maldives • Nepal
West Asia:
Armenia[10] • Azerbaijan[11] • Bahrain • Cyprus[12] (including disputed Northern Cyprus) • Georgia[13] • Israel • Jordan • Kuwait • Oman • Qatar • Saudi Arabia • Syria • Turkey[14] • United Arab Emirates • Yemen
Caucasus (a region considered to be in both Asia and Europe, or between them)
Georgia (including disputed Abkhazia) • Armenia • Azerbaijan (including disputed Nagorno-Karabakh Republic)
Europe:
Akrotiri and Dhekelia • Åland • Andorra • Armenia • Austria • Azerbaijan • Belarus • Belgium • Croatia • Cyprus • Czech Republic • Denmark • Estonia • Finland • Georgia • Germany • Greece • Guernsey • Hungary • Iceland • Ireland • Italy • Kazakhstan • Liechtenstein • Lithuania • Malta • Moldova (including disputed Transnistria) • Monaco • Portugal • San Marino • Serbia • Spain • Switzerland • Turkey • United Kingdom • Vatican City
Canada
Canadian provinces
Alberta • British Columbia • Newfoundland and Labrador • Nova Scotia • Ontario • Quebec • Saskatchewan
Aboriginal Canadian
Greenland • Mexico • Saint Pierre and Miquelon
United States
U.S. administrative divisions
Alabama • Alaska • Arizona • Arkansas • California • Colorado • Connecticut • Delaware • Florida • Georgia • Hawaii • Idaho • Illinois • Indiana • Iowa • Montana • Kansas • Kentucky • Louisiana • Maine • Maryland • Massachusetts • Michigan • Minnesota • Mississippi • Missouri • Nebraska • Nevada • New Hampshire • New Jersey • New Mexico • New York (New York City) • North Carolina • North Dakota • Ohio • Oklahoma • Oregon • Pennsylvania • Rhode Island • South Carolina • South Dakota • Tennessee • Texas • Utah • Vermont • Virginia • Washington • West Virginia • Wisconsin • Wyoming
District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.)
U.S. counties
African American
Asian American
Central America:
Belize • Costa Rica • El Salvador • Guatemala • Honduras • Nicaragua • Panama
Caribbean:
Anguilla • Antigua and Barbuda • Aruba • Bahamas • Barbados • Bermuda • Cayman Islands • Cuba • Dominica • Dominican Republic • Grenada • Haiti • Jamaica • Montserrat • Netherlands Antilles • Puerto Rico • Saint Barthélemy • Saint Kitts and Nevis • Saint Lucia • Saint Martin • Saint Vincent and the Grenadines • Turks and Caicos Islands • United States Virgin Islands
Oceania: (includes the continent of Australia):
Australasia:[15]
Australia
Dependencies/Territories of Australia:
Christmas Island[16] • Cocos (Keeling) Islands •
Melanesia:[17]
Fiji • Indonesia (Oceanian part only)[18]
Micronesia:
Federated States of Micronesia • Guam (USA) • Marshall Islands • Nauru • Northern Mariana Islands (USA) • Palau •
Polynesia
American Samoa (USA) • Cook Islands (NZ) French Polynesia (France) • Hawaii (USA) • Tokelau (NZ)
South America:
Argentina • Chile • Colombia • Ecuador • Falkland Islands • Guyana • Paraguay • Peru • Uruguay • Venezuela
South Atlantic:
Ascension Island
  1. ^   Kazakhstan is sometimes considered a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe; population and area figures are for Asian portion only.
  2. ^   The state is commonly known as simply "China", which is subsumed by the eponymous entity and civilization (China).
  3. ^   Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of PRC.
  4. ^   Macau is a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of PRC.
  5. ^   Under the de facto control of Republic of China (ROC) government, commonly referred to as Taiwan. Claimed in whole by the PRC; see political status of Taiwan.
  6. ^ Excludes Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australian external territories in the Indian Ocean southwest of Indonesia).
  7. ^ General Population Census of Cambodia 2008 - Provisional population totals, National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, released 3rd September, 2008
  8. ^   East Timor is often considered a transcontinental country in Southeastern Asia and Oceania.
  9. ^   Indonesia is often considered a transcontinental country in Southeastern Asia and Oceania
  10. ^   Armenia is sometimes considered a transcontinental country: physiographically in Western Asia, it has historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe.
  11. ^   Azerbaijan is often considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Eastern Europe; population and area figures are for Asian portion only. Figures include Nakhchivan, an autonomous exclave of Azerbaijan bordered by Armenia, Iran, and Turkey.
  12. ^   The island of Cyprus is sometimes considered a transcontinental territory: in the Eastern Basin of Mediterranean Sea south of Turkey, it has historical and socio-political connections with Europe. However, the U.N. considers Cyprus to be in Western Asia, while the C.I.A. considers it to be in the Middle East.
  13. ^   Georgia is often considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Eastern Europe; population and area figures are for the Asian portion only.
  14. ^   Turkey is generally considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Southern Europe; population and area figures are for Asian portion only, excluding all of Istanbul.
  15. ^ The use and scope of this term varies. The UN designation for this subregion is "Australia and New Zealand."
  16. ^ Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands are Australian external territories in the Indian Ocean southwest of Indonesia.
  17. ^ Excludes parts of Indonesia, island territories in Southeast Asia (UN region) frequently reckoned in this region.
  18. ^ Indonesia is generally considered a territory of Southeastern Asia (UN region); wholly or partially, it is also frequently included in Australasia or Melanesia. Figures include Indonesian portion of New Guinea (Irian Jaya) and Maluku Islands.
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