Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong; Henry Louis Gates, eds. (2012). Dictionary of African biography. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN9780195382075.
Mazikana, P. C. (1984). Zimbabwe epic (2nd ed.). Harare: National Archives. ISBN0908302002.
J. F. Ade Ajayi; Michael Crowder; Paul Richards; Elizabeth Dunstan; Alick Newman, eds. (1985). Historical atlas of Africa. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0521253535.