WikiProject Philosophy article · category · portal  · Join the project  · Main Φ discussion w  · Categories  · Style guide  · Article alerts  · New articles  · Articles for deletion  · RFC  · Requested articles  · Reference desk  · Featured content  · Star of Sophia  · Reference resources Task forces Philosophers log join Literature log join Aesthetics log join Epistemology log join Ethics log join Logic log join Metaphysics log join Social and political log join Language log join Mind log join Religion log join Science log join Analytic log join Continental log join Eastern log join Ancient log join Medieval log join Modern log join Contemporary log join Assessment  · Project banner  · Statistics  · Articles needing attention  · Peer review Articles by quality  · FA 40  · FL 5  · GA 187  · B 1265  · C 3601  · Start 6762  · Stub 5388  · Unassessed 34 Articles by importance  · Top 22  · High 876  · Mid 3019  · Low 13859  · Unknown 91 Article lists  · Philosophers  · Philosophical literature  · Aesthetics  · Ethics  · Epistemology  · Logic  · Metaphysics  · Soc+Pol  · Philosophy of language  · Philosophy of mind  · Philosophy of religion  · Philosophy of science  · Analytic philosophy  · Continental philosophy  · Eastern philosophy  · Ancient Philosophy  · Medieval philosophy  · Modern philosophy  · Contemporary philosophy Popular pages Philosophers Literature Aesthetics Epistemology Ethics Logic Metaphysics Social and political Language Mind Religion Science Analytic Continental Eastern Ancient Medieval Modern Contemporary Indices  · Philosophers  · Literature  · Aesthetics  · Epistemology  · Ethics  · Logic  · Metaphysics  · Social and political  · Language  · Mind  · Religion  · Science  · Analytic  · Continental  · Eastern  · Ancient  · Medieval  · Modern  · Contemporary Templates General  · ((WikiProject Philosophy))  · ((Philosophy topics))  · ((Infobox philosopher))  · ((PhilCOTW))  · ((PhilosophyTasks))  · ((PhilosophyTasksBox))  · ((PhilInvit)) Navigation  · ((Aesthetics))  · ((Epistemology))  · ((Ethics))  · ((Logic))  · ((Metaphysics))  · ((Social and political philosophy))  · ((Philosophy of language))  · ((Philosophy of mind))  · ((Philosophy of religion))  · ((Philosophy of science))  · ((Analytic philosophy))  · ((Continental philosophy)) Stubs  · ((Philo-stub))  · ((Philosopher-stub))  · ((Philo-book-stub))  · ((Hindu-philo-stub))  · ((Philos-novel-stub))  · ((ethics-stub))  · ((logic-stub)) Userboxes  · ((User WP Philosophy))  · ((User WP Philosophers))  · ((User WP Philosophical lit))  · ((User WP Aesthetics))  · ((User WP Epistemology))  · ((User WP Ethics))  · ((User WP Logic))  · ((User WP Metaphysics))  · ((User WP Soc+Pol Phil))  · ((User WP Continental Philosophy))  · ((User WP Analytic Philosophy))  · ((User WP Eastern Phil))  · ((User WP Ancient Phil))  · ((User WP Medieval Phil))  · ((User WP Modern Phil))  · ((User WP Contemporary Phil))  · ((User WP Phil of religion))  · ((User WP Phil of mind))  · ((User WP Phil of science))  · ((User WP Phil of language)) Related WikiProjects  · Alternative views talk  · Arts talk  · Atheism talk  · Biblical criticism talk  · Biography (academians) talk  · Hindu Philosophy talk  · History of Science talk  · History talk  · Islamic philosophy talk  · Linguistics talk  · Literature talk  · Mathematics talk  · Middle ages talk  · Mythology talk  · Physics talk  · Skepticism talk  · Religion talk  · Science talk  · Spirituality talk Reference resources  · PhilPapers  · Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  · Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy  · Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project  · Perseus Digital Library .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}vte