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((Short description|Overview of the plants and animals from Sweden))
((more citations needed|date=April 2020))
Located in the [[Scandinavian Peninsula]], [[Sweden]] is a mountainous country dominated by [[lake]]s and [[forest]]s. Its [[habitats]] include mountain [[heath]], [[montane ecosystems|montane forests]], [[tundra]], [[taiga]], [[Beech forest|beech forests]], [[river]]s, lakes, [[bog]]s, [[Brackish water|brackish]], [[Marine coastal ecosystem|marine coasts]], and cultivated land. The climate of Sweden is mild for a country at this latitude, largely owing to the significant maritime influence.

==Geography==
Sweden is an elongated country east of [[Norway]] and west of the [[Baltic Sea]] and the [[Gulf of Bothnia]]. It extends from a latitude of [[55th parallel north|55°N]] (similar to Newcastle or [[Moscow]]) to more than [[70th parallel north|70°N]], which is north of the [[Arctic Circle]]. To the southwest lie the [[Skagerrak]] and the [[Kattegat]] seas. To the northeast is the land border with Finland, marked by the [[Torne (Finnish and Swedish river)|Torne River]]. The coastline along the Baltic Sea is indented with many small islands and two larger ones, [[Gotland]] and [[Öland]]. Lakes are numerous, ranging in size from small ponds to [[Vänern]], the third largest lake in Europe.<ref name="Atlas">((cite book|title=Atlas of the World|last=Philip's|year=1994|publisher=Reed International|isbn=0-540-05831-9|pages=12–13))</ref>

Most of northern and central Sweden, roughly north of the large river [[Dalälven]], constitutes the [[Norrland terrain]] which consists of large, barren areas of hilly and mountainous land gradually rising from the Gulf of Bothnia to the [[Scandinavian mountains]] (or Scandes) in the west. These mountains, which form the border with Norway in the north, are mostly around 1000 meters in height, but [[Kebnekaise]] reaches 2097 meters,<ref>Grace, John (2018). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/01/swedens-highest-point-set-to-lose-title-as-glacier-melts "Sweden's highest point set to lose title as glacier melts"]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</ref> making it the tallest mountain in Sweden and northern Scandinavia.

The geology of the Scandes is quite diverse; often reflected in differences in the flora. South of Dalälven is a low-lying area surrounding the large lakes [[Mälaren]] and [[Hjälmaren]]. The soils in this area are clayey and fertile, having originated from marine deposits during the latest glaciation. Due to the rich soils, this area became one of the main agricultural regions in Sweden.

To the south, there are some minor hilly and barren areas, such as [[Tiveden]]. East and west of Lake [[Vättern]] are intensively cultivated plains on [[sedimentary rock]]. To the south of this region, the land rises again to the [[South Swedish highlands]], a terrain of mostly barren hills reaching 377 meters. The southernmost province of Scania differs from the rest of Sweden in consisting almost entirely of mostly flat, arable land, and also in its complex geology, which includes [[Mesozoic]] rocks and [[Abrasion (geology)|abrasion]] coasts. The rest of Sweden mostly consists of [[gneiss]] and [[granite]], sometimes forming archipelagos of fairly small, bare, rounded rocks (Sw. "skärgård") in the northern part of the west coast and around Stockholm. The Baltic islands Öland and Gotland consist almost entirely of [[Ordovician]] and [[Silurian]] limestone, respectively.<ref name="NatenSkanebiota">((cite web|url=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/sk%C3%A5ne|title=Skåne: Växtliv|last1=Olsson|first1=Olle G.|last2=Karlsson|first2=Thomas|website=[[Nationalencyklopedin]]|publisher=Cydonia Development|access-date=20 February 2019|language=Swedish))</ref>

==Climate==
((Main|Climate of Sweden))
Despite its northerly latitude, most parts of Sweden have a [[temperate climate]] with few temperature extremes.<ref>Climate Change Knowledge Portal. [https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/sweden/climate-data-historical "Current Climate > Climatology"]. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</ref> Climatically, the country can be divided into three regions; the northernmost part has a [[subarctic climate]], the central part a [[humid continental climate]] and the southernmost part an [[oceanic climate]]. The country is much warmer and drier than other places at a similar latitude, mainly because of the combination of the [[Gulf Stream]]<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/climate/impact/gulf_stream.shtml|publisher=[[BBC]]|title=BBC Climate and the Gulf Stream|date=24 September 2014|access-date=28 February 2019))</ref> and the general westerly direction of the wind. The northern half of the country gets less rainfall than Norway because of the [[rain shadow]] effect caused by the Scandinavian Mountains.<ref>((cite book|author=Price, Theron Douglas|title=Ancient Scandinavia: An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbC6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-023197-2|pages=6–7))</ref>

==Biodiversity==
There are an estimated 55,000 [[species]] of animals and plants in terrestrial habitats in Sweden, this relatively low number is attributed to the cold climate;<ref>[https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/se/se-nr-01-en.pdf "Sweden's National Report under the Convention on Biological Diversity"]. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</ref> These include 73 species of [[mammal]], about 240 breeding bird species (and another 60 or so non-breeding species which can be seen rarely or annually), 6 species of [[reptile]], 12 species of [[amphibian]], 56 species of [[freshwater fish]], around 2000 species of [[vascular plant]]s, close to 1000 species of [[bryophyte]], and over 2000 [[lichens]].<ref name="IUCN">((cite web|url=https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/sweden_s_biodiversity_at_risk_fact_sheet_may_2013.pdf|title=Sweden's biodiversity at risk|date=May 2013|work=European Red List|publisher=IUCN|access-date=21 February 2019))</ref>

Sweden had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 5.35/10, ranking it 103rd globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">((cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057))</ref>

==Flora and vegetation==
[[File:Betula pubescens Ljungdalen August 2011.jpg|thumb|right|Mountain birch near the treeline.]]
[[File:Peatbogg-pine.JPG|thumb|right|Peat bog in [[Dalarna]], the [[Scots pine]] is common in the boreal forest.]]
Beech (''[[Fagus sylvatica]]'') is the dominant tree species in the region of [[Skåne]] and along a narrow strip of the west coast.<ref>Vaníček, Lukáš (2021). [https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/17430/1/vanicek_l_211213.pdf Beech provenance trail in Sweden – growth and timber quality evaluation"]. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</ref> This is called the [[nemoral]] zone. Forest herbs in this zone typically vegetate and flower in spring, as the crown of beech is very dense, and little light reaches the ground once the leaves appear. Examples are ''[[Anemone]]'' spp. and ''[[Corydalis]]'' spp.

Oak (''[[Quercus robur]]'' and ''[[Quercus petraea]]'') forests occur on poor soils. Forests of alder (''[[Alnus glutinosa]]''), ash (''[[Fraxinus excelsior]]''), and elm (''[[Ulmus glabra]]'') grow in nutrient-rich, often wet soil, but most of these areas have long since been drained and converted to arable fields.

Most of Sweden below the mountains is covered by [[conifer]] forests and forms part of the [[circumboreal]] zone. South of the river [[Dalälven]], there are scattered deciduous trees like oak (''Quercus robur''), and this zone is referred to as boreo-nemoral. North of Dalälven, in the proper boreal ([[taiga]]) zone, deciduous trees are rarer, but birches (''[[Betula pubescens]]'' and ''[[Betula pendula]]'') and aspen (''[[Populus tremula]]'') may be abundant in early [[Ecological succession|successional stages]], such as after a fire or in recently clear-cut areas. There are a total of four native conifers in Sweden, and of these only Norway spruce (''[[Picea abies]]'') and Scots pine (''[[Pinus sylvestris]]'') form forests, in pure or mixed stands. Spruce grows in wetter soils and pine drier soils, but in bogs, there are often numerous stunted pines. The undergrowth in a spruce forest is commonly almost pure stands of bilberry (''[[Vaccinium myrtillus]]''). In wetter areas, ferns (e.g., ''[[Athyrium filix-femina]]'' and ''[[Dryopteris]]'' spp.) are abundant, and in richer soils, herbs (e.g., ''[[Paris quadrifolia]]'', ''[[Actaea spicata]]'') and broad-leaved grasses (e.g., ''[[Milium effusum]]'') are more common. In pine forests, lingonberries (''[[Vaccinium vitis-idaea]]''), heather (''[[Calluna vulgaris]]'') and/or ''[[Cladonia]]'' lichens are most common. Fires occur at irregular intervals and usually kill all spruce and most pines. Fireweed (''[[Epilobium angustifolium]]''), raspberry (''[[Rubus idaeus]]''), and ''[[Geranium bohemicum]]'' are among the first plants to germinate in the ashes.

In the mountains, the conifers are replaced by birch (''Betula pubescens'' ssp. ''tortuosa''), which forms the tree line in most areas. The undergrowth in these forests is quite variable. Under wet and nutrient-rich conditions, luxuriant vegetation may develop, consisting of tall herbs such as ''[[Aconitum septentrionale]]'', ''[[Angelica archangelica]],'' and ''[[Cicerbita alpina]]''. Above the birch forest, starting at 300–1000 meters, depending on latitude, there are usually [[willow]]-thickets, and above these can be found alpine heath or meadows, the former dominated by dwarf shrubs of the family [[Ericaceae]], the latter by sedges, [[Juncaceae|rushes]] and various herbs such as ''[[Saxifraga]]'' spp., ''[[Dryas octopetala]]'' and ''[[Draba]]'' spp. 

''[[Ranunculus glacialis]]'' reaches the highest altitude of all plants in Sweden, often growing near the ever-shrinking glaciers.

Wetlands cover large areas in Sweden. In the south, [[raised bog]]s are a common variety, of which a striking example is [[Store Mosse]]. These bogs largely consist of living and dead ''[[Sphagnum]]'' spp., with scattered dwarf shrubs and sedges such as ''[[Eriophorum vaginatum]]''. In the wet southwest, ''[[Narthecium ossifragum]]'' and ''[[Erica tetralix]]'' occur in the bogs, while in the north and the east, the dwarf birch ''[[Betula nana]]'' and ''[[Ledum palustre]]'', an evergreen shrub, are common. Rich [[fen]]s, with many [[sedges]] and orchids, are rather rare, except on [[Gotland]] and [[Öland]], two large limestone islands in the Baltic, where ''[[Cladium]]''-dominated fens are common. In the north of Sweden, there are many large [[mire]] complexes with both fen- and bog-like parts. The largest is found in [[Sjaunja]], a nature reserve in Lapland.

Sweden has as many as 90,000 lakes larger than one [[hectare]]. Most of these are either nutrient-poor with clear water and few plants (e.g. ''[[Lobelia dortmanna]]'' and ''[[Isoëtes]]'' spp.), like Lake [[Vattern]], or small [[ponds]] with brown water surrounded by floating mats of bog vegetation (e.g. sedges and ''[[Menyanthes trifoliata]]''). Nutrient-rich lakes are found mostly in the south and typically have dense [[reed (plant)|reed]] stands, other emergent plants (e.g. ''[[Iris pseudacorus]]'' and ''[[Sparganium erectum]]''), free-floating plants such as ''[[Hydrocharis morsus-ranae]]'' and ''[[Stratiotes aloides]]'', and submerged vegetation with spp. of ''[[Potamogeton]]'', ''[[Ranunculus]]'', and others. The best-known lakes in this category are undoubtedly [[Tåkern]] and [[Hornborgasjön]].

The coast of Sweden is long and conditions are quite different at the endpoints. Near the Norwegian border, conditions are typical of the North Atlantic, turning to subarctic near the Finnish border where [[salinity]] is down to 0.1–0.2%. A common seashore species there is the endemic, tussock-forming grass ''[[Deschampsia bottnica]]'', which survives the destructive force of up to 2 meters thick sea ice. Common submerged vascular plants in this area, the [[Gulf of Bothnia]], are, among others ''[[Myriophyllum sibiricum]]'', ''[[Callitriche hermaphroditica]]'' and ''[[Stuckenia pectinata]]''. On the west coast, one may instead find ''[[Zostera marina]]'' in similar localities. Diversity, abundance and size of red ([[Rhodophyta]]) and brown 
([[Phaeophyta]]) algae decrease drastically with salinity, while [[Charophyceae]] (of the green algae, the [[Chlorophyta]]) thrive in the [[brackish]] waters of the Baltic.

==Fauna==
((Main|List of mammals of Sweden|List of birds of Sweden|List of fish in Sweden|List of amphibians and reptiles of Sweden))
[[File:20070818-0001-strolling reindeer-2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Reindeer]]]]
[[File:Lagopus in Abisko.jpg|thumb|Female [[willow ptarmigan]] in summer plumage]]
According to the [[IUCN Red List]], terrestrial mammals occurring in Sweden include the [[European hedgehog]], the [[European mole]] (only in the south), six species of [[shrew]]s, and eighteen species of [[bat]]s. The [[mountain hare]], the [[Eurasian beaver]], the [[red squirrel]], as well as about fourteen species of smaller [[rodent]]s occur in Sweden as well. Of the ungulates, [[wild boar]], [[red deer]], [[moose]], and [[roe deer]] are found in the country, as well as semi-domesticated [[reindeer]]. Terrestrial carnivores include the [[brown bear]], the [[Eurasian wolf]], and the [[red fox]]; in the mountains, the [[Arctic fox]], as well as the [[Eurasian lynx]], the [[European badger]], the [[Eurasian otter]], the [[stoat]], the [[least weasel]], the [[European polecat]], and the [[European pine marten]]; and, in the north, the [[wolverine]]. The coast is inhabited by three species of [[Pinniped|seal]]: [[harbour seal]] in the south and west, [[ringed seal]] in the Gulf of Bothnia, and [[grey seal]] throughout. The [[Harbour porpoise|porpoise]] is the only whale that breeds in Swedish waters.

The [[European rabbit]], the [[European hare]], and the [[fallow deer]] were deliberately [[Introduced species|introduced]], while the [[raccoon dog]], [[mink]], [[muskrat]] [[brown rat]], and [[house mouse]] were unintended introductions. All these introductions, perhaps except the fallow deer, have been "successful," resulting in viable populations.

Sweden's Red List of critically endangered mammals includes [[Bechstein's bat]], the [[common pipistrelle]] and the [[Arctic fox]], while endangered mammals include the [[barbastelle]], the [[serotine bat]], the [[pond bat]], the [[lesser noctule]], and the [[wolf]]. Listed as vulnerable are the [[Eurasian otter]], the [[wolverine]], the [[harbor seal|harbour seal]], the [[harbour porpoise]], and the [[Natterer's bat]].<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/OV0904_2011A01_BR_04_A01BR1101.pdf|title=Däggdjur efter rödlistekategori och landskapstypår 2010|work=Statistisk årsbok 2011|publisher=Miljö|access-date=21 February 2019|language=sv))</ref>

According to ''[[Avibase]]: Bird Checklists of the World'', 535 species of bird have been recorded in Sweden, but less than half of these breed regularly.<ref name="Lepage">((cite web|last=Lepage|first=Denis|date=29 December 2018|url=https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?lang=EN&p2=1&list=clements&synlang=&region=SE&version=text&lifelist=&highlight=0|title=Checklist of birds of Sweden|work=Bird Checklists of the World|publisher=Avibase|access-date=23 February 2019))</ref> Many of them are [[bird migration|migratory]], making their way between Arctic breeding grounds and overwintering quarters in Europe and Africa. Birds that breed and overwinter in Sweden include [[tit (bird)|tits]], [[corvids]], [[Galliformes]], [[owl]]s and several [[Bird of prey|birds of prey]]. Canada geese (''[[Branta canadensis]]'') and pheasants (''[[Phasianus colchicus]]'') have been deliberately introduced.<ref>((cite book|author1=Proctor, James|author2=Roland, Neil|title=Sweden|url=https://archive.org/details/sweden0000proc|url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-066-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/sweden0000proc/page/533 533]))</ref>

The only [[Endemism|endemic]] fish in Sweden is the critically endangered freshwater ''[[Coregonus trybomi]]'', still surviving in only a single lake.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.havochvatten.se/hav/fiske--fritid/arter/arter-och-naturtyper/varsikloja.html|title=Vårsiklöja (''Coregonus albula'' morphotype ''trybomi'')|publisher=Havs- och vattenmyndigheten|access-date=23 February 2019|language=sv))</ref> [[Amphibian]]s found in Sweden include eleven species of frogs and toads and two species of newt, while [[reptile]]s include four species of [[snake]] and three species of [[lizard]]. They are all protected under the law.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/dalarna/Sv/djur-och-natur/hotade-vaxter-och-djur/fridlysning/Pages/forbjudet-att-doda-eller-skada.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062311/http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/dalarna/Sv/djur-och-natur/hotade-vaxter-och-djur/fridlysning/Pages/forbjudet-att-doda-eller-skada.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Förbjudet att döda eller skada|publisher=Lansstyrelsen|language=Swedish|access-date=23 February 2019))</ref>

Sweden has an estimated 108 species of [[butterflies]], 60 species of [[dragonflies]], and 40 species of [[Xylophagy|wood-boring]] [[beetles]].

==Conservation==
((Tone|date=March 2023|section))
Some of the major problems facing Swedish wildlife include:

Lack of protection for the few remaining old-growth forests (in the north). Affecting particularly lichens, mosses and insects. 

Use of alien species such as the lodgepole pine (''[[Pinus contorta]]'') in forestry, potentially outcompeting the native Scots pine and Norway spruce

Invasive species, such as ''[[Carassius gibelio]]'', ''[[Colpomenia peregrina]]'', and ''[[Dasya baillouviana]]''.

Introduction of forest trees of foreign provenance of native species may cause genetic pollution

Exploitation of hydroelectric power almost always causes drastic changes in water-level dynamics in watercourses, resulting in the potential loss of several vegetation types, and species, particularly vascular plants

Draining of wet forests (home to most of forest species, in several categories) in connection with timber extraction. 

Draining of mires for peat extraction.

Large scale exploitation of mineral resources, some of which are associated with rare and threatened organisms and landscape types (e.g. limestone on Gotland and [[ultrabasic rock]] in the mountains).

Deciduous trees, which have key role in maintaining biodiversity in boreal forests, are often routinely removed.

Pastures and meadows (wet or dry) are no longer managed and left to be overgrown, or actively planted with trees. This affects a very large number of species of vascular plants, insects and birds.

Dead wood is frequently removed, along with many fungi and insects.<ref>((cite journal|author=Gustafsson, Lena; Perhans, Karin|year=2010|title=Biodiversity Conservation in Swedish Forests: Ways Forward for a 30-Year-Old Multi-Scaled Approach|journal=[[Ambio]]|volume=39|issue=8|pages=546–554|doi=10.1007/s13280-010-0071-y|pmid=21141774|pmc=3357677))</ref>

Climate change is likely to affect the country's biodiversity, with the treeline moving further north and to higher altitudes, and forests replacing tundra.<ref name="ClimateChange"/> The melting of ice will increase runoff, affecting wetlands. With a rise in sea level, the Baltic Sea will receive a greater inflow of saline water.<ref name="ClimateChange">((cite web|url=https://www.climatechangepost.com/sweden/biodiversity/|title=Sweden: Biodiversity Sweden|publisher=ClimateChangePost|access-date=21 February 2019))</ref>

==References==
((Reflist))

((Europe in topic|Wildlife of))

[[Category:Wildlife by country|Sweden]]
[[Category:Biota of Sweden]]

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Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Sweden"