Wilhelm Lemke
Wilhelm Lemke
Born(1920-09-27)27 September 1920
Arnswalde, Free State of Prussia, Weimar Republic
Died4 December 1943(1943-12-04) (aged 23)
near Dodewaard, German-occupied Netherlands
Cause of deathKilled in action
Buried
Ysselsteyn German war cemetery, Netherlands
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service/branchBalkenkreuz (Iron Cross) Luftwaffe
Years of service1939–1943
RankHauptmann (captain)
UnitJG 3
Commands held9./JG 3, II./JG 3
Battles/wars
See battles

World War II

AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

Wilhelm Lemke (27 September 1920 – 4 December 1943) was a Luftwaffe flying ace of World War II. Lemke was credited with 131 aerial victories—that is, 131 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft. All but six of his victories were claimed over the Soviet Air Forces in 617 combat missions.[1]

Born in Arnswalde, Lemke joined the military service in the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany in 1939. Following flight training, he was posted to 8. Staffel (squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 3 (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing). He flew his first combat missions in Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, and claimed his first aerial victory on 26 June 1941. There, after 59 aerial victories, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 12 September 1942. He was given command as Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 9. Staffel in November 1942. On 16 March 1943, he was credited with his 100th aerial victory. Four months later, on 28 July 1943, he claimed his 125th and last victory on the Eastern Front.

Lemke was subsequently relocated to the Western Front, where he flew in the Defense of the Reich and claimed six further victories. In mid-November 1943, he was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of the II. Gruppe (2nd group) of JG 3 "Udet"; he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 25 November. Lemke was killed in action on 4 December 1943 northwest of Nijmegen in combat with United States Army Air Forces fighters.

Early life and career

Lemke, the son of a civil servant, was born on 27 September 1920 in Gundelsdorf near Arnswalde, in what was then the Free State of Prussia of the Weimar Republic (today Choszczno in Poland). He joined the military service of the Luftwaffe as a Fahnenjunker (cadet) on 15 November 1939.[2] Following fighter pilot training, he was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 1 April 1941.[3][Note 1]

World War II

Eastern Front

Lemke was posted to a front-line unit in 1941, almost two years after the start of World War II. His unit was 8. Staffel (squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 3 (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing).[Note 2] In preparation for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, JG 3 under the command of Major (major) Günther Lützow was relocated east. Lemke claimed two Soviet Tupolev SB-2 bombers shot down on 26 June 1941—his first aerial victories.[5] He was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz zweiter Klasse) on 4 July 1941 and Iron Cross 1st Class (Eisernes Kreuz erster Klasse) on 20 July.[3] On 11 July, his wingman and Staffelkapitän (squadron leader), Oberleutnant Winfried Schmidt was severely wounded in combat near Fastiv. Schmidt was hit in the lung by the defensive fire of a Tupolev SB tail gunner. By talking to Schmidt over the radio, Lemke managed to guide him back to the airfield at Polonne. The next day, Schmidt was replaced by Oberleutnant Franz Beyer as commander of 8. Staffel.[6]

By 26 August 1941, Lemke had accumulated 15 aerial victories. On this day, flying Messerschmitt Bf 109 F-2 (Werknummner 8245—factory number), he was hit and wounded in the abdomen during combat with Soviet bombers but managed to make an emergency landing.[7] On 3 November 1941, while convalescing, he was awarded the Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe (Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe). He returned to active service on 17 February 1942 and was posted to 8. Staffel of JG 3 "Udet".[Note 3] On 31 March 1942, Lemke claimed his 20th aerial victory.[9] He claimed three Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighters shot down in combat with 6 UAG (6th Soviet strike aviation group—Udarnaya Aviatsionnaya Gruppa) on 4 April.[10] He was credited with his 30th victory on 24 June 1942, and aerial victories 39 to 42 on 29 July. Subsequently, he was nominated for the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) by his 8. Staffel.[9] He was given command as Staffelkapitän of 9. Staffel in November 1942. He replaced Oberleutnant Karl-Heinz Langer who was one of the temporary leaders of the Staffel after its former commander Oberleutnant Viktor Bauer had been wounded on 10 August.[11]

Lemke claimed his 57th victory on 7 September 1942, his 58th one day later, and his 59th victory on 11 September. The next day, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. On 27 December, he involuntarily rammed a LaGG-3 in combat. By 31 December 1942 his score had increased to 90 victories. As well as his aerial victories, he was credited with the destruction of aircraft on the ground, as well as three tanks, three fuel trucks, eleven other trucks, three Katyusha rocket launchers, one anti-tank gun, and two mortars.[9] On 16 March 1943, he claimed his 100th aerial victory, a Lavochkin La-5 fighter.[12] Lemke was the 35th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.[13] He was promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) on 1 April 1943 and to Hauptmann (captain) on 1 June. He was credited with his last victory on the Eastern Front on 28 July 1943, taking his total to 125.[9]

Western Front and death

Combat box of a 12-plane B-17 squadron. Three such boxes completed a 36-plane group box.
  1. Lead Element
  2. High Element
  3. Low Element
  4. Low Low Element

On 2 August 1943, JG 3 "Udet" began transferring to Western Front and flew in Defense of the Reich. The Gruppe arrived at Münster-Handorf Airfield the following day where they were placed under its new commander Hauptmann Walther Dahl.[14] On 7 August, the unit for the first time practiced the Y-Control for fighters, a system used to control groups of fighters intercepting United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) bomber formations.[15] Lemke claimed two USAAF Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighters shot down on 17 August during the Schweinfurt–Regensburg mission, his first on the Western Front.[16][17] By 14 October 1943, he was credited with one victory and two Herausschüsse (separation shots)—a severely damaged heavy bomber forced to separate from his combat box, which was counted as an aerial victory—over Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers.[9] On that day, he claimed his 129th and 130th victory, one of which was a Herausschuss, over B-17s on their second Raid on Schweinfurt.[18]

In mid-November 1943, Lemke was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of the II. Gruppe (2nd group) of JG 3 "Udet". He succeeded Major Kurt Brändle, who had been killed in action on 3 November. Lemke surrendered command of 9. Staffel to Leutnant Ekkehard Tichy and took command of the Gruppe a few days later at the Schiphol airfield, near Amsterdam in the Netherlands.[19][20] He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) on 25 November, the 338th officer or soldier of the Wehrmacht so honored.[9] On 30 November 1943 at 11:25, he achieved his 131st and final aerial victory over a P-47.[21]

German War Cemetery Ysselsteyn - Wilhelm Lemke

Lemke was killed in action in his Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummner 410558) on 4 December 1943 near Dodewaard, 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) northwest Nijmegen.[2] His mission was to lead an attack of 55 aircraft on a fighter intercept mission against USAAF fighters escorting Eighth Air Force bombers.[22] He was shot down by P-47 Thunderbolts of the 352nd Fighter Group.[23] His victors may have been Major John C. Meyer or Lieutenant Virgil Kersh Meroney.[24] Lemke was buried at the German war cemetery Ysselsteyn in the Netherlands (Block CW—Row 1—Grave 24).[9]

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Lemke was credited with 131 aerial victories.[25] Obermaier and Stockert also list Lemke with 131 aerial victories claimed in 617 combat missions, 125 of which were on the Eastern Front and included 28 Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack aircraft.[2][9] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found documentation for 131 aerial victory claims, plus five further unconfirmed claims. This number includes six on the Western Front, including four four-engined bombers, and 125 on the Eastern Front.[26]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 40873". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[27]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the – (dash) indicates unwitnessed aerial victory claims for which Lemke did not receive credit.
  This along with the * (asterisk) indicates an Herausschuss (separation shot)—a severely damaged heavy bomber forced to separate from his combat box which was counted as an aerial victory.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 –[24][28]
Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 5 December 1941
1 26 June 1941 06:30 SB-3 northeast of Berestechko[29] 9 15 July 1941 15:07 I-153[30]
2 26 June 1941 06:40 SB-3 northeast of Berestechko[29] 10 16 July 1941 17:35 R-Z Bila Tserkva[31]
3 27 June 1941 15:20 DB-3 Lviv[29] 11 17 July 1941 16:12 DB-3 Rokytne[31]
4 29 June 1941 16:15 ZKB-19?[Note 4] Ostroh[32] 12 25 July 1941 18:20 I-153[31]
5 29 June 1941 19:05 Il-2 Ostroh[32] 13 25 July 1941 18:40 SB-3[31]
6 12 July 1941 11:50 DB-3[33]
—
 9 August 1941
—
 DB-3[31]
7 12 July 1941 12:00 DB-3[33] 14 19 August 1941 09:15 DB-3 Zaporizhia[34]
8 13 July 1941 06:10 ZKB-19?[Note 4] Kiev[30] 15 22 August 1941 16:15 I-17[34] Ostroh
– 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" –[24][28]
Eastern Front — 6 December 1941 – 30 April 1942
16 3 March 1942 11:17 R-5 southeast of Staraya Russa[35] 21 4 April 1942 18:05 I-61 (MiG-3) 4 km (2.5 mi) northwest of Bjakowo[36]
17 13 March 1942 16:17 I-61 (MiG-3) 3 km (1.9 mi) north-northwest of Solowjewo[35] 22 4 April 1942 18:10 I-61 (MiG-3) 2 km (1.2 mi) north of Jennakowo[36]
18 16 March 1942 17:15 R-5 Konjuchowo, southeast of Staraya Russa[37] 23 4 April 1942 18:15 I-61 (MiG-3)[36]
19 28 March 1942 16:10 I-61 4 km (2.5 mi) west of Ramushevo[37] 24 5 April 1942 13:10 I-61 (MiG-3) 3 km (1.9 mi) south of Meshinki[36]
20 31 March 1942 15:10 I-301 (LaGG-3) Tschertowschischina[36] 25 6 April 1942 10:10 I-61 (MiG-3) 2 km (1.2 mi) south of Komorowo[36]
– 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" –[38][28]
Eastern Front — 19 May 1942 – 3 February 1943
26 19 May 1942 16:45 MiG-1 north of Kosewedemjan[39]
18 km (11 mi) south of Vovchansk 		50 25 August 1942 11:15 Il-2 PQ 40873[40]
27 27 May 1942 04:15 MiG-1 3 km (1.9 mi) south of Chuhuiv[39] 51 28 August 1942 06:30 I-180 (Yak-7) east of Stalingrad[41]
28 28 May 1942 08:21 I-153 northeast of Izium[39] 52 30 August 1942 09:22 Il-2 northeast of Radkowo[41]
29 24 June 1942 18:13 Yak-4 northeast of Shchigry[42] 53 30 August 1942 09:28 Il-2 southwest of Samydowo[41]
30 24 June 1942 18:17 MiG-3 southeast of Stary Tschenoissinowo[42] 54 30 August 1942 17:00 MiG-3 southwest of Tundutow[41]
31 24 June 1942 18:19?[Note 5] MiG-3 east-southeast of Stary Tschenoissinowo[42] 55 30 August 1942 17:05 MiG-3 north of Tundutow[41]
32 26 June 1942 08:52 Il-2[42] 56 6 September 1942 16:55 MiG-3 2 km (1.2 mi) west-southwest of Stalingrad[43]
33 26 June 1942 08:55 Il-2 [42] 57 7 September 1942 17:15 I-153 15 km (9.3 mi) north of Stalingrad[43]
34 2 July 1942 06:50 MiG-3 Gorstschetnoje[44] 58 8 September 1942 05:55 MiG-3 6 km (3.7 mi) west of Akhtuba[43]
35 8 July 1942 13:27 MiG-1 Lipetsk[45] 59 11 September 1942 10:45 Il-2 4 km (2.5 mi) north of Stalingrad[46]
36 27 July 1942 18:15 LaGG-3 northeast of Kalach[47] 60 13 September 1942 12:35 MiG-3 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Stalingrad[46]
37 28 July 1942 09:07 LaGG-3 northeast of Kalach[47] 61 16 September 1942 09:30 MiG-3 12 km (7.5 mi) east of Stalingrad[46]
38 28 July 1942 09:20 LaGG-3 east of Kalach[47] 62 18 September 1942 05:40 Il-2 2 km (1.2 mi) northwest of Kotluban train station[48]
6 km (3.7 mi) east of Kotluban
39 29 July 1942 04:02 LaGG-3 southwest of Kalach[47] 63 22 September 1942 11:30 MiG-3 south of Kolobowka[48]
40 29 July 1942 17:45 Il-2 Tschirskaja[47] 64 28 September 1942 05:35 MiG-3 5 km (3.1 mi) north-northwest of Stalingrad[48]
41 29 July 1942 17:50 Il-2 southwest of Loschkij[47] 65 28 September 1942 05:40 Il-2 3 km (1.9 mi) east of Stalingrad[48]
42 29 July 1942 18:10 LaGG-3 east of Tschir[47] 66 2 October 1942 07:28 MiG-3 18 km (11 mi) northeast of Ssolodetsche[48]
43 31 July 1942 15:55 LaGG-3 north of Kaibowka[47] 67 6 October 1942 15:20 La-5 PQ 58753[49]
vicinity of Stalingrad
44 13 August 1942 17:45 Il-2 west of Marionowskij[50] 68 9 October 1942 13:10 MiG-3 18 km (11 mi) southwest of Serafimovichsky[49]
45 13 August 1942 18:05 Il-2 south of Wastjascht[50] 69 17 October 1942 15:50 MiG-3 12 km (7.5 mi) northeast of Leninsk[49]
46 21 August 1942 17:38 LaGG-3 north of Zaza[40] 70 21 October 1942 08:45 LaGG-3 8 km (5.0 mi) south of Grjasnaja[49]
47 21 August 1942 17:43 Il-2 east of Zaza[40] 71 27 October 1942 15:05 MiG-3 20 km (12 mi) north-northeast of Leninsk[49]
48 21 August 1942 17:55 LaGG-3 north of Zaza[40] 72 1 November 1942 14:35 MiG-3 southeastern area of the Leninsk airfield[49]
49 23 August 1942 15:10 MiG-1 Srednyaya[40]
– 9. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" –[51][52]
Eastern Front — 19 May 1942 – 3 February 1943
73?
[Note 6] 		8 November 1942 07:10 LaGG-3 2 km (1.2 mi) north of Achtuba[53] 83 17 December 1942 11:42 Il-2 8 km (5.0 mi) south of Kapminski[53]
74?
[Note 6] 		10 November 1942 10:20 Pe-2 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Katschalinskaja[53] 84 17 December 1942 11:45 Il-2 3 km (1.9 mi) southeast of Abganerowo[53]
75 13 November 1942 11:43 MiG-3 PQ 49261, Leninsk[53]
35 km (22 mi) east of Stalingrad 		85 26 December 1942 07:15 LaGG-3 Urjupin, 6 km (3.7 mi) southwest of Miljatorskaja[54]
76 30 November 1942 10:40 MiG-3 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Bokowskaja[53] 86 27 December 1942 10:00 LaGG-3 12 km (7.5 mi) northeast of Miljatorskaja[54]
77 11 December 1942 13:20 Boston 15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Kalach[53] 87 27 December 1942 13:32 LaGG-3 8 km (5.0 mi) north of Zymla[54]
78 12 December 1942 10:30 LaGG-3 6 km (3.7 mi) east-northeast of Ssurowikino[53] 88 28 December 1942 11:55 Il-2 9 km (5.6 mi) north of Obliwskaja[54]
79 12 December 1942 10:40 LaGG-3 20 km (12 mi) west-northwest of Kalach[53] 89 31 December 1942 07:12 Il-2 north of Morozovsk[54]
80 13 December 1942 07:15 LaGG-3 4 km (2.5 mi) northwest of Tschernigow[53] 90 31 December 1942 07:40 Il-2 6 km (3.7 mi) west of Urjatin[54]
81 13 December 1942 11:35 R-5 12 km (7.5 mi) east of Sety[53] 91 10 January 1943 09:35 Yak-4 4 km (2.5 mi) northwest of Porchow[54]
82 17 December 1942 11:40 Il-2 6 km (3.7 mi) northwest of Kapminski[53] 92 17 January 1943 13:40 LaGG-3 6 km (3.7 mi) northeast of Kamensk[54]
– 9. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" –[51][55]
Eastern Front — 4 February – 31 December 1943
93 10 February 1943 14:20 Boston 15 km (9.3 mi) north of Artyomovsk[56] 111 20 June 1943 03:48 Il-2 southeast of Yeysk[57]
94 11 February 1943 10:35 Boston 12 km (7.5 mi) east of Kramatorsk[56] 112 20 June 1943 03:50 Il-2 west of Yeysk[57]
95 27 February 1943 07:40 La-5 8 km (5.0 mi) west of Losowaja Buchewka[56]
8 km (5.0 mi) west of Juchevka
—
 5 July 1943
—
 LaGG-3[58]
96 28 February 1943 13:43 La-5 15 km (9.3 mi) south of Izium[56]
—
 5 July 1943
—
 La-5[58]
97 28 February 1943 13:47 La-5 20 km (12 mi) south of Izium[56] 113 5 July 1943 13:55 La-5 south of Oboyan[58]
98 13 March 1943 11:15 Il-2 30 km (19 mi) southeast of Chuhuiv[56] 114 5 July 1943 18:12 Il-2 southwest of Korotscha[58]
99 13 March 1943 11:17 R-5 35 km (22 mi) southeast of Chuhuiv[56] 115 5 July 1943 18:30 Il-2 south of Belgorod[58]
100 16 March 1943 12:25 La-5 15 km (9.3 mi) south of Olchowatka[56]
—
 5 July 1943
—
 La-5[58]
101 31 May 1943 18:12 Il-2 PQ 34 Ost 79431, east of Kramatorsk[59]
20 km (12 mi) north-northwest of Artomovsk 		116 6 July 1943 09:35 La-5 northwest of Belgorod[60]
102 31 May 1943 18:14 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 79274, southwest of Sslawjansk[59]
20 km (12 mi) south-southeast of Liman 		117 7 July 1943 12:07 La-5 southwest of Oboyan[60]
103 31 May 1943 18:19 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 79174, south of Barwenkowo[59]
20 km (12 mi) north of Artomovsk 		118 7 July 1943 12:15 La-5 southwest of Prochorowka[60]
104 2 June 1943 13:50 La-5 west of Kursk[57]
north of Kursk 		119 8 July 1943 12:03 LaGG-3 north of Belgorod[60]
105 10 June 1943 08:20 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 90713, southeast of Starobilsk[57]
20 km (12 mi) southeast of Starobilsk 		120 9 July 1943 05:10 Il-2 east of Warwarowka[60]
106 14 June 1943 14:40 La-5 east of Kupiansk[57] 121 9 July 1943 11:05 La-5 southwest of Oboyan[60]
107 14 June 1943 14:45 La-5 southwest of Sswatowo[57] 122 14 July 1943 15:35 La-5 north of Prochorowka[61]
108 15 June 1943 17:32 LaGG-3 west of Starobilsk[57]
north of Starobilsk 		123 17 July 1943 14:00?[Note 7] La-5 PQ 35 70811, northwest of Izium[61]
20 km (12 mi) east of Izium
109 15 June 1943 17:43 LaGG-3 north-northeast of Starobilsk[57] 124 28 July 1943 18:25 Boston PQ 35 70871, southeast of Izium[63]
15 km (9.3 mi) west-northwest of Krasnyi Lyman
110 16 June 1943 18:12 La-5 north of Starobilsk[57] 125 28 July 1943 18:26 LaGG-3 PQ 35 70873, southeast of Izium[63]
15 km (9.3 mi) west-northwest of Krasnyi Lyman
—
 16 June 1943
—
 LaGG-3[57]
– 9. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" –[51][62]
Defense of the Reich — 8 August – 31 December 1943
126 17 August 1943 17:15?[Note 8] P-47?[Note 8] north-northeast of Liège[64] 129 14 October 1943 14:39 B-17 20 km (12 mi) west of Schweinfurt[64]
127 17 August 1943 17:26 P-47 5 km (3.1 mi) northeast of Liège[64] 130* 14 October 1943 14:45 B-17 Schweinfurt[64]
128* 6 September 1943 11:05 B-17 west of Stuttgart[64]
– II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" –[21][62]
Defense of the Reich — 8 August – 31 December 1943
131 30 November 1943 11:25 P-47 Tilburg

Awards

Notes

  1. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings, and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[4]
  2. ^ For an explanation of Luftwaffe unit designations see Organization of the Luftwaffe during World War II.
  3. ^ On 1 December 1941, JG 3 was given the honorary name "Udet" following the suicide of World War I fighter pilot and Luftwaffe Generalleutnant Ernst Udet.[8]
  4. ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as an Ilyushin DB-3.[24]
  5. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 18:18.[24]
  6. ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman claimed with 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3.[24]
  7. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 14:07.[62]
  8. ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman, Lemke's 126th aerial victory was claimed over a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress shot down at 15:00 north-northeast of Liège.[62]
  9. ^ According to Scherzer on 19 September 1942 as pilot in the 8./Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet".[69]
  10. ^ According to Scherzer as Staffelkapitän in the III./Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet".[69]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Spick 1996, p. 230.
  2. ^ a b c Obermaier 1989, p. 59.
  3. ^ a b Stockert 1998, p. 174.
  4. ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  5. ^ Prien & Stemmer 1996, p. 110.
  6. ^ Prien & Stemmer 1996, pp. 112–113.
  7. ^ Prien & Stemmer 1996, p. 449.
  8. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2002, p. 12.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Stockert 1998, p. 175.
  10. ^ Bergström & Mikhailov 2001, p. 95.
  11. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 211.
  12. ^ Weal 2001, p. 66.
  13. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
  14. ^ Prien & Stemmer 1996, p. 265.
  15. ^ Prien & Stemmer 1996, p. 266.
  16. ^ Weal 2006, p. 38.
  17. ^ Weal 2013, p. 60.
  18. ^ Weal 2013, p. 62.
  19. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 195.
  20. ^ Prien & Stemmer 1996, p. 443.
  21. ^ a b Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 398.
  22. ^ McFarland & Newton 2006, pp. 135–136.
  23. ^ Weal 1999, p. 62.
  24. ^ a b c d e f Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 739.
  25. ^ Zabecki 2019, p. 330.
  26. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 739–741.
  27. ^ Planquadrat.
  28. ^ a b c Prien & Stemmer 1996, pp. 477–489.
  29. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2003, p. 137.
  30. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 142.
  31. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2003, p. 144.
  32. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 138.
  33. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 141.
  34. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 147.
  35. ^ a b Prien et al. 2005, p. 34.
  36. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2005, p. 36.
  37. ^ a b Prien et al. 2005, p. 35.
  38. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 739–740.
  39. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 214.
  40. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2006, p. 221.
  41. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2006, p. 222.
  42. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2006, p. 215.
  43. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 223.
  44. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 216.
  45. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 217.
  46. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 224.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2006, p. 219.
  48. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2006, p. 225.
  49. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2006, p. 226.
  50. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 220.
  51. ^ a b c Prien & Stemmer 1996, pp. 494–501.
  52. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 740.
  53. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Prien et al. 2006, p. 227.
  54. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2006, p. 228.
  55. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 740–741.
  56. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2012, p. 127.
  57. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2012, p. 130.
  58. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2012, p. 131.
  59. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2012, p. 129.
  60. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2012, p. 132.
  61. ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 133.
  62. ^ a b c d Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 741.
  63. ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 134.
  64. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2008, p. 329.
  65. ^ a b Thomas 1998, p. 21.
  66. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 134.
  67. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 288.
  68. ^ Von Seemen 1976, p. 220.
  69. ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 501.
  70. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 75.
  71. ^ Von Seemen 1976, p. 39.

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