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((Short description|American diplomat))
((more citations needed|date=June 2021))
((Infobox officeholder
| name                      = William Carmichael
| image                     = William Carmichael (Continental Congress).jpg
| image_size                = 250px
| caption                   = 
| order                     = 
| office                    = [[United States Chargé d'Affaires to Spain]]
| term_start                = February 20, 1783
| term_end                  = September 5, 1794
| president                 = [[George Washington]]
| predecessor               = [[John Jay]]
| successor                 = [[William Short (American ambassador)|William Short]]
| birth_name                = 
| birth_date                = around 1739
| birth_place               = [[Queen Anne's County, Maryland]]
| death_date                = February 9, 1795
| death_place               = [[Madrid]], [[Spain]]
| occupation                = statesman and diplomat
| spouse                    = 
| party                     = 
| nationality               = [[American people|American]]
| footnotes                 = 
))

'''William Carmichael''' (c. 1739–1795) was an American statesman and diplomat from [[Maryland]] during and after the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]]. He participated in [[Benjamin Franklin]]'s mission to Paris in 1776-8, represented Maryland in the [[Continental Congress]] in 1778 and 1779 and was the principal diplomat for the United States to [[Spain]] from 1782 to 1794.

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===
Carmichael was born sometime around 1739 at the family home (''Round Top'') in [[Queen Anne's County, Maryland]], on the Chester River just opposite [[Chestertown, Maryland|Chestertown]]. Apparently, he was sent to Europe for his education, at the [[University of Edinburgh]] in [[Scotland]]. He was living in Chestertown in 1774, and was a member of its [[Committee of Correspondence]] during the [[Chestertown Tea Party]]. But by the time the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] began, he had decamped to [[London]], England, and soon after, in 1776, made his way to Paris, carrying letters to the Continental Congress sewn inside the cover of a pocket dictionary.

=== Early Career (1776–1792) ===
[[File:Coat of Arms of William Carmichael.svg|150px|thumb|Coat of Arms of William Carmichael]]
In 1776 the Congress named Carmichael as a ''Secret Agent'', first as an assistant to [[Silas Deane]]. He is credited with befriending the Marquis de [[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette|Lafayette]] and recruiting the teenage aristocrat to the American cause; when Lafayette traveled to America, he carried with him a letter of introduction from Carmichael to George Washington's aide [[Tench Tilghman]], a fellow Marylander from the Eastern Shore. Carmichael later represented American interests at the court of [[Frederick II of Prussia]] in [[Berlin]]. He returned to America in February 1778 and the Maryland Assembly sent him as a delegate to the Continental Congress. He was elected the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1780.<ref>((Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=William+Carmichael&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=search.amphilsoc.org))</ref>

Carmichael clashed repeatedly with many of his fellow countrymen, particularly Arthur Lee and John Jay, and his tenure in Congress was a brief and stormy one. His true milieu was the world of European courts and high society, and his principal value to his native country was as an astute and well-informed observer of European political intrigues. In 1779, then, Carmichael returned to the Old World, this time to [[Madrid]] as a diplomatic representative to Spain for the United States. At first, he was Secretary to the Legation headed by [[John Jay]]. When Jay returned in April 1782 Carmichael became ''[[Chargé d'Affaires]],'' remaining in this post at the Spanish royal court until illness forced his replacement in 1794.

=== Late years ===
In 1792, President [[George Washington]] appointed Carmichael a commissioner plenipotentiary (together with [[William Short (American ambassador)|William Short]]) to negotiate a treaty with Spain protecting American navigation rights to the Mississippi River. The treaty was concluded shortly after Carmichael's death, and became known as the [[Treaty of San Lorenzo]] or [[Pinckney's Treaty]], [[Thomas Pinckney]] having stepped in to complete the negotiations. Carmichael was also involved in negotiations to free American mariners who had been taken captive by the Dey of [[Algiers]], a situation that later led to the [[First Barbary War|Barbary Wars]].

William Carmichael died in Madrid, Spain on February 9, 1795, and is buried in the Protestant cemetery there. He left a Spanish wife and daughter, who returned to the [[Eastern Shore of Maryland]] and were eventually compensated by the U.S. Congress for Carmichael's services. His great-nephew was the pro-Confederate judge and politician [[Richard Bennett Carmichael]].

== References ==
((Reflist))

== External links ==
* [http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000161 Carmichael's Congressional biography]
* [https://www.washcoll.edu/centers/starr/revcollege/300years/26_teaparty.pdf "Tea and Fantasy," by Adam Goodheart, ''The American Scholar'', 2005]

((s-start))
((s-dip))
((succession box
| title = [[United States Chargé d'Affaires to Spain]]
| before = [[John Jay]]
| after = [[William Short (American ambassador)|William Short]]
| years = 1783–1794
))
((s-end))

((US Ambassadors to Spain))
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Carmichael, William))
[[Category:1739 births]]
[[Category:1795 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century American diplomats]]
[[Category:18th-century American politicians]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Spain]]
[[Category:American expatriates in France]]
[[Category:Colonial politicians from Maryland]]
[[Category:Continental Congressmen from Maryland]]
[[Category:People from Kent County, Maryland]]
[[Category:People from Queen Anne's County, Maryland]]

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