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((short description|English painter and art educator))
((Use dmy dates|date=October 2016))
((Use British English|date=October 2016))
((Infobox artist
| name             = Sir William Coldstream
| image            = 
| imagesize        = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = William Menzies Coldstream
| birth_date       = ((birth date|1908|2|28|df=y))
| birth_place      = [[Belford, Northumberland]], England
| death_date       = ((death date and age|1987|2|18|1908|2|28|df=y))
| death_place      = London, England
| field            = [[Painting]], [[drawing]]
| training         = ((ubl|[[Slade School of Fine Art]]))
| works            = 
| patrons          = 
| awards           = CBE 1952; Knighted 1956
| spouse           = ((plainlist|
* ((marriage|[[Nancy Spender|Nancy Sharp]]|1931|1942|end=divorce))
* ((marriage|Monica Hoyer|1960))
))
| children         = 5
))

'''Sir William Menzies Coldstream''', [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] (28 February 1908 – 18 February 1987) was an English [[Realism (arts)|realist]] [[Painting|painter]] and a long-standing art teacher.

==Biography==
[[File:Kulbir Thapa, had won the Victoria Cross in 1915 "For most conspicuous bravery during operations against the German trenches South of Manquisart." Art.IWMARTLD3992.jpg|thumb|''Kulbir Thapa, had won the Victoria Cross in 1915 "For most conspicuous bravery during operations against the German trenches South of Manquisart."'' (Art.IWM ART LD3992)]]
[[File:The Bailey Bridge built by Royal Engineers over the Volturno River, Italy Art.IWMARTLD4811.jpg|thumb|''The Bailey Bridge built by Royal Engineers over the Volturno River, Italy'']]
Coldstream was born at [[Belford, Northumberland]], in northern England, the second son of country doctor George Probyn Coldstream and his wife Susan Jane Lilian, daughter of Maj. Robert Mercer-Tod, of the [[43rd (Monmouthshire) Regiment of Foot|43rd Regiment]].<ref>((Cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-39956|isbn=978-0-19-861412-8|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/39956|title=The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|year=2004))</ref><ref>The Plantagenet Roll of the Blood Royal: Being a Complete Table of All the Descendants Now Living of Edward III, King of England. The Mortimer-Percy volume, Volume 4, Part 1, Melville de Massue, Marquis de Ruvigny, Genealogical Publishing Co., 1994 (reprint), p. 546</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=http://archives.ucl.ac.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqSearch=RefNo==%27MS%20ADD%20333%27&dsqDb=Catalog|title=UCL Archives: Home Page))</ref> 

His mother's family were Scottish landed gentry.<ref>A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain, 13th ed., ed. A. Winton Thorpe, 1921, p. 1235</ref> He grew up in London, where he was privately educated, then studied at the [[Slade School of Fine Art]] between 1926 and 1929. In 1931 he joined the London Artists' Association and then, two years later, the [[London Group]].<ref name="Spalding">((cite book|author=Frances Spalding|publisher=Antique Collectors' Club|year=1990|title=20th Century Painters and Sculptors |isbn=1-85149-106-6|author-link=Frances Spalding))</ref> 

In 1934, Coldstream joined the [[GPO Film Unit]] to make documentary films with [[John Grierson]]. During his time with the GPO, Coldstream worked alongside [[W. H. Auden]], [[Benjamin Britten]] and [[Barnett Freedman]] but also continued to paint. In 1937, with some financial support from [[Kenneth Clark]], Coldstream returned to painting on a full-time basis.<ref name=Tatewc>((cite web |author=Tate|url=http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sir-william-coldstream-927 |title=Artist biography, Sir William Coldstream |access-date=17 October 2016|work=[[Tate]]))</ref> Later that year, he co-founded the [[Euston Road School]] with [[Graham Bell (artist)|Graham Bell]], [[Victor Pasmore]] and [[Claude Rogers (artist)|Claude Rogers]], having previously been involved in the short-lived [[Objective Abstraction]] movement.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/o/objective-abstraction|title=Objective Abstraction, Tate website|access-date=31 October 2014))</ref> 

Notable among his paintings of this period is the portrait of [[Inez Pearn]] (at that time married to Stephen Spender), which has been called ‘a masterpiece of analytical realism’ and which was said to have needed some forty sittings.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sir-william-coldstream-927|title=The Tate Britain))</ref> Coldstream's earlier years were characterized by a dedicated engagement with socialist ideals, and by the pursuit of a non-elitist form of art. To this end, he supported the [[Mass Observation]] social survey of Britain and participated in their 1938 painting trip to [[Bolton]].<ref name=Tatewc/>

At the start of [[World War II]] Coldstream enlisted in the [[Royal Artillery]] before transferring to the [[Royal Engineers]].<ref>Gowing and Sylvester 1990, p. 111.</ref> At first he served as a gunner with a training regiment near Dover and then, from 1940 until 1943 was a camouflage officer with Camouflage Command in [[Farnham]] and later in [[Bristol]].<ref name=IWMwmc>((cite web |author=Imperial War Museum|url=http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80003170 |title=Coldstream, William Menzies (Oral history) |access-date=18 November 2016|work=[[Imperial War Museum]]))</ref> 

In 1943, the [[War Artists Advisory Committee]], WWAC, offered Coldstream a full-time commission which he accepted, having previously declined to work for the Committee.<ref name=IWMwaawc>((cite web |author=Imperial War Museum|url=http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1050000929 |title=War artists archive, William Coldstream |access-date=17 October 2016|work=Imperial War Museum))</ref> He was stationed in Cairo with an Indian transport unit and painted four portraits of individuals there. From Cairo he travelled to Italy, painting buildings in [[Capua]], [[Rimini]] and [[Florence]]. Due to his slow means of working, Coldstream only produced nine pictures during his WAAC commission.<ref name="Foss">((cite book|author=Brain Foss|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2007|title=War Paint: Art, War, State and Identity in Britain, 1939-1945 |isbn=978-0-300-10890-3))</ref> He also painted [[Helen Darbishire]] in her role as principal of [[Somerville College, Oxford]].

In November 1945, he became a visiting teacher at [[Camberwell College of Arts|Camberwell School of Arts and Crafts]], and later its Professor. In 1949 he returned to lead the Slade School as Principal, and Professor of Fine Art. Under his direction the Slade achieved an international reputation.<ref>Gowing and Sylvester 1990, p. 114.</ref> 

In 1952, he became a [[Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|CBE]]<ref>((London Gazette |issue=39555 |date=30 May 1952 |page=11 |supp=y))</ref> In the [[1956 Birthday Honours|Queen's Birthday Honours 1956]] Coldstream was appointed as a [[Knight Bachelor]].<ref>((London Gazette | issue=40787 |date=25 May 1956 |page=2 |supp=y))</ref> Between 1958 and 1971 he was Chairman of the National Advisory Council on Art Education, which published its first report in 1960—called the "Coldstream Report"—outlining the requirements for a new Diploma in Art and Design (Dip.A.D.). Coldstream's proposals eventually led to more art school courses being given degree status.<ref name="ODArt">((cite book|author=Ian Chilvers|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Art|isbn=0-19-860476-9))</ref> 

Other administrative posts he held were as Vice Chairman of the Arts Council, and as a director of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, and as a trustee of the National Gallery. He was also Chairman of the [[British Film Institute]] from 1964 to 1971. In 1978 he was awarded the [[Sir Misha Black]] award and was added to the [[College of Medallists]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.mishablackawards.org.uk/the-medal|title=The Sir Misha Black Medal - Misha Black Awards|work=mishablackawards.org.uk))</ref>

Coldstream retired from the Slade School in 1975, and continued to paint until 1984, when his health was in marked decline. He died in the Royal Homeopathic Hospital in London on 18 February 1987.((cn|date=January 2023))

==Personal life==
As a student at the Slade in 1931, Coldstream met and married [[Nancy Spender|Nancy Sharp]]. The marriage lasted until 1942, and produced two daughters. In 1960 he married his model, Monica Hoyer, and together they had three children, a boy and two girls.<ref name=Tatewc/> Coldstream's cousin, [[Nicolas Coldstream]], was a leading archaeologist and academic.<ref name="obit - independent">((cite news|last=Cadogan|first=Gerald|title=Professor Nicolas Coldstream: Pioneering investigator of Greek culture and history of the ninth and eighth centuries BC|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-nicolas-coldstream-pioneering-investigator-of-greek-culture-and-history-of-the-ninth-and-eighth-centuries-bc-808995.html|access-date=19 October 2013|newspaper=The Independent|date=15 April 2008))</ref>

==Method and works==
((More citations needed section|date=December 2019))
Coldstream was committed to painting directly from life; he once remarked, "I lose interest unless I let myself be ruled by what I see".<ref>Gowing and Sylvester 1990, p. 21.</ref> His type of realism had its basis in careful measurement, carried out by the following method: standing before the subject to be painted, a brush is held upright at arm's length. With one eye closed, the artist can, by sliding a thumb up or down the brush handle, take the measure of an object or interval. This finding is compared against other objects or intervals, with the brush still kept at arm's length. Informed by such measurements, the artist can paint what the eye sees without the use of conventional [[Perspective (graphical)|perspective]]. The surfaces of Coldstream's paintings carry many small horizontal and vertical markings, where he  recorded these coordinates so that they could be verified against reality. As a result of his painstaking methods, Coldstream worked slowly, often taking scores of sittings over several months to complete a work. His subjects include still-life, landscapes (usually centered on architecture), portraits, and the female nude.

==References==
((reflist))
*Gowing, Lawrence; Sylvester, David (1990). ''The Paintings of William Coldstream 1908–1987''. London: [[Tate Gallery]]. ((ISBN|1-85437-048-0)).

==Further reading==
*Wilson, Colin St.John. (1999) The Artist at Work: On the Working Methods of William Coldstream and Michael Andrews. London: Lund Humphries. ((ISBN|0-85331-759-3))
*Wilcox, Tim, et al. (1990). ''The Pursuit of the Real: British figurative painting from Sickert to Bacon''. London: [[Lund Humphries]]. ((ISBN|0-85331-571-X)).
*Laughton, Bruce (2004), ''William Coldstream''. New Haven: Paul Mellon Center for British Art. ((ISBN|0-300-10243-7)).

==External links==
((Commons category|William Coldstream))
*((Art UK bio))

((Euston Road School))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Coldstream, William))
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Northumberland]]
[[Category:20th-century English painters]]
[[Category:Academics of Camberwell College of Arts]]
[[Category:Academics of the Slade School of Fine Art]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of the Arts London]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Slade School of Fine Art]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:British Realist painters]]
[[Category:British war artists]]
[[Category:Camoufleurs]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English male painters]]
[[Category:People from Belford, Northumberland]]
[[Category:Royal Artillery soldiers]]
[[Category:Royal Engineers officers]]
[[Category:World War II artists]]
[[Category:20th-century English male artists]]

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