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((short description|American fiction writer, critic, philosophy professor (1924–2017)))
((more citations needed|date=November 2013))
((Use mdy dates|date=February 2012))
((Infobox writer
| image       = William Gass 2011 Shankbone.jpg
| caption     = Gass at the 2010 National Book Critics Circle awards
| birth_name  = William Howard Gass
| birth_date  = ((Birth date|1924|7|30))
| birth_place = [[Fargo, North Dakota]], U.S.
| death_date  = ((Death date and age|2017|12|6|1924|7|30))
| death_place = [[University City, Missouri]], U.S.
| occupation  = ((flatlist|
* [[Short story]] writer
* novelist
* essayist
* critic
* philosophy professor
))
| nationality = American
| education   = [[Kenyon College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|AB]])<br>[[Cornell University]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| period      = 1959–2017
| genre       = [[Creative nonfiction]], [[metafiction]]
| movement    = [[Postmodernism]], [[metafiction]]
| notableworks = ''[[The Tunnel (novel)|The Tunnel]]'', ''A Temple of Texts'', ''[[Middle C (novel)|Middle C]]''
))
'''William Howard Gass''' (July 30, 1924 – December 6, 2017)<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/books-and-literature/acclaimed-author-william-h-gass-of-university-city-dies-at/article_7b5d014a-e59b-5d2d-91b6-e2bb25043da2.html |title=Acclaimed author William H. Gass of University City dies at 93 |work=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]] |date=December 7, 2017))</ref> was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, critic, and philosophy professor. He wrote three novels, three collections of short stories, a collection of novellas, and seven volumes of essays, three of which  won [[National Book Critics Circle]] Award prizes and one of which, ''A Temple of Texts'' (2006), won the [[Truman Capote Award for Literary Criticism]].  His 1995 novel ''[[The Tunnel (novel)|The Tunnel]]'' received the [[American Book Award]].  His 2013 novel ''[[Middle C (novel)|Middle C]]'' won the 2015 [[William Dean Howells Medal]].

==Early life and education==
William Howard Gass was born on July 30, 1924, in [[Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo]], [[North Dakota]]. Soon after his birth, his family moved to [[Warren, Ohio|Warren]], [[Ohio]], a steel town, where he attended local schools.<ref name=":0">((Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/07/obituaries/william-h-gass-acclaimed-postmodern-author-dies-at-93.html|title=William H. Gass, Acclaimed Postmodern Author, Dies at 93|last=Wedemeyer|first=Dee|date=2017-12-07|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-12-17|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331))</ref> He described his childhood as an unhappy one, with an [[Child abuse|abusive]], [[Racism|racist]] father and a passive, [[alcoholic]] mother;<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/3576/william-gass-the-art-of-fiction-no-65-william-gass|title=William Gass, The Art of Fiction No. 65|last=LeClair|first=Interviewed by Thomas|date=1977|work=The Paris Review|access-date=2017-09-20|issue=70|volume=Summer 1977|issn=0031-2037))</ref> critics would later cite his characters as having these same qualities. His father had been trained as an architect but, while serving during the [[First World War]], had sustained back injuries that forced him to take a job as a high school drafting and architectural drawing teacher. His mother was a housewife.

As a boy, Gass read anything he could get his hands on. From ''[[The Shadow]]'' to ''The History of the French Revolution'', Gass read constantly, although there were no bookstores in the town of Warren((dubious|date=December 2017)). Later he would claim that the advent of "[[Paperback|pocketbooks]]" saved his literary life. He'd save up all the money he earned or obtained and, every two weeks, head down and buy as many pocketbooks as he could afford. Even though Gass was always a reader, his father disapproved of his aspirations and often berated him for it.

He attended [[Ohio Wesleyan University]] after graduating from [[Warren G. Harding High School]], where he did very well, except for some difficulties in mathematics, then served as an [[Ensign (rank)#United States|ensign]] in the [[United States Navy|Navy]] during [[World War II]] for three and a half years, a period he described as perhaps the worst of his life. He earned his [[A.B.]] ''[[magna cum laude]]'' in philosophy from [[Kenyon College]] (1947), where he was elected to [[Phi Beta Kappa]]. From there he entered [[Cornell University]] as a Susan Linn Fellow in Philosophy and, by 1954, had earned his [[PhD]] in that subject. While at Cornell, he studied under [[Max Black]] and, briefly, [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]].  His [[dissertation]], "A Philosophical Investigation of Metaphor", was based on his training as a [[Philosophy of language|philosopher of language]]. In graduate school, Gass read the work of [[Gertrude Stein]], who influenced his writing.

== Teaching ==
Gass taught at [[The College of Wooster]] for four years, [[Purdue University]] for sixteen years, and [[Washington University in St. Louis]], where he was a professor of philosophy (1969–1978) and the David May Distinguished University Professor in the Humanities (1979–1999). His colleagues there included the writers [[Stanley Elkin]], [[Howard Nemerov]] (1988 [[Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress|Poet Laureate of the United States]]), and [[Mona Van Duyn]] (1992 Poet Laureate). After 2000, Gass was the David May Distinguished University Professor Emeritus in the Humanities.

== Personal life ==
In 1952, before graduating from Cornell, he married Mary Pat O'Kelly. The marriage ended in divorce. He had two sons and a daughter with his first wife, Richard, Robert and Susan.<ref name=":0" />

Gass later married architect Mary Henderson Gass,<ref name=":0" /> author of ''Parkview: A St. Louis Urban Oasis'' (2005).<ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AD_LjM8rPWEC&pg=PT5 |title=Parkview: A St. Louis Urban Oasis 1905-2005|last=Gass|first=Mary Henderson|publisher=Virginia Publishing|year=2005|isbn=1891442406))</ref> They had twin daughters, Catherine and Elizabeth Gass-Boshoven.<ref name=":0" />  Catherine is an artist teaching at The [[School of the Art Institute of Chicago]]<ref>((Cite web|url=https://library.wustl.edu/william-h-gass-life-legacy-part-1/|title=William H. Gass: Life & Legacy — Part 1|date=2018-04-12|website=University Libraries|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-17))</ref> and is a photographer for the Newberry Library.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.blurb.ca/user/cmgass|title=Member Profile: Catherine Gass ((!)) Blurb Books Canada|website=Blurb|language=en|access-date=2019-12-17))</ref><ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1McPDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA130 |title=A Field Guide to the North American Family: An Illustrated Novella|last=Hallberg|first=Garth Risk|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|year=2017|isbn=9781101874967|pages=130))</ref>

==Writing and publications==
Earning a living for himself and his family from university teaching, Gass began to publish stories that were selected for inclusion in ''[[Best American Short Stories|The Best American Short Stories]]'' of 1959, 1961, 1962, 1968 and 1980, as well as ''Two Hundred Years of Great American Short Stories''. His first novel, ''Omensetter's Luck'', about life in a small town in Ohio in the 1890s, was published in 1966. Critics praised his linguistic virtuosity, establishing him as an important writer of fiction. Richard Gilman in ''The New Republic'' called it "the most important work of fiction by an American in this literary generation."<ref>The New Republic, 1966.</ref> In 1968 he published ''In the Heart of the Heart of the Country'', five stories dramatizing the theme of human isolation and the difficulty of love. That same year Gass published ''Willie Masters' Lonesome Wife'', an experimental novella illustrated with photographs and typographical constructs intended to help readers free themselves from the linear conventions of narrative. He also published several collections of essays, including ''Fiction and the Figures of Life'' (1970) and ''Finding a Form'' (1996). ''Cartesian Sonata and Other Novellas'' was published in 1998, and his novel ''[[Middle C (novel)|Middle C]]'' was published in 2013. His work also appeared in ''The Best American Essays'' collections of 1986, 1992, and 2000.

Gass cited the anger he felt during his childhood as a major influence on his work, even stating that he wrote "to get even." Despite his prolific output, he said that writing was difficult for him. In fact, his epic novel ''[[The Tunnel (novel)|The Tunnel]]'', published in 1995, took Gass 26 years to write. On the subject of his slow and methodic pace he said, "I write slowly because I write badly. I have to rewrite everything many, many times just to achieve mediocrity."<ref>[https://www.complete-review.com/reviews/gasswh/conswith.htm William H. Gass and Theodore G. Ammon], (University of Mississippi Press. 2003) p.vii.</ref> [[File:The Tunnel.JPG|250px|left|thumb|A paperback copy of William H. Gass' controversial novel [[The Tunnel (novel)|''The Tunnel'']] on top of two of his collections of essays: "Habitations of the Word" and "The World Within the Word"]] Critical responses to ''The Tunnel'' upon its release included Robert Kelly's declaration that it was an "infuriating and offensive masterpiece,"<ref>New York Times, Sunday, February 26, 1995, section 7 page 1 of the New York edition.</ref> and Steven Moore's claim that it was ”a stupendous achievement and obviously one of the greatest novels of the century.”<ref>A review of The Tunnel, in Review of Contemporary Fiction, Vol. 15, No. 1, Spring, 1995, pp. 159–60.</ref> [[Michael Silverblatt]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' wrote in his review of the novel: "A bleak, black book, it engenders awe and despair. I have read it in its entirety 4½ times, each time finding its resonance and beauty so great as to demand another reading. As I read, I found myself devastated by the thoroughness of the book's annihilating sensibility and revived by the beauty of its language, the complexity of its design, the melancholy, horror and stoic sympathy in its rendering of what we used to call the human condition."<ref>L.A. Times Book Review, March 19, 1995</ref> Gass, in reference to the harsh and disquieting nature of ''The Tunnel'' said "I don't think anything is sacred and therefore I am prepared to extol or make fun of anything. People who have very settled opinions are going to dislike this book because Kohler [the main character] is the worm inside all that stuff."<ref>William H. Gass and Theodore G. Ammon, (University of Mississippi Press. 2003) p.ix.</ref>  An unabridged audio version of ''The Tunnel'' was released in 2006, with Gass reading the novel himself.

Gass typically devoted enormous attention to sentence construction. His [[prose]] has been described as flashy, difficult, edgy, masterful, inventive, and musical. [[Steven Moore (US author)|Steven Moore]], writing in ''[[The Washington Post]]'', called Gass "the finest prose stylist in America."<ref>"Maestro of the Language," ''Washington Post'', 20 September 1998, p. 5.</ref> Much of Gass's work is [[metafiction]]al. In an interview with ''Anglistik'' Gass commented on the subject of his genre and form defying works, laughing off the title "[[Postmodern]]," and coining himself "''Late''" or "''Decayed Modern''"<ref name="William H 2003">William H. Gass and Theodore G. Ammon, (University of Mississippi Press. 2003) p.xi.</ref>

==Gass's opinion of metaphor==

<blockquote>
Though much of Gass's central aesthetic has remained constant, there have been gradual shifts in his views of metaphor and ontology of the text. His view of metaphor is far more expansive than that proposed in his dissertation [''A Philosophical Investigation of Metaphor'']. Gass tells LeClair that "[m]etaphor has been thought to be a pet of language, a peculiar relation between subject and predicate ... [b]ut you can make metaphors by juxtaposing objects and in lots of other ways" (''[[The Paris Review]]''). In other words, metaphor need not be a purely linguistic matter, and perhaps not surprisingly Gass's change in his explanation of metaphor from graduate school to now signals a change in the focus of his fiction. As noted earlier Gass claims to construct self-contained systems of ideas, but in these interviews, one can trace a growing concern with the relationship of his fiction to the world, as he makes clear to LeClair: "I've been principally interested in establishing the relationship between fiction and the world. If we can see that relationship as a metaphorical one, then we are already several steps in the direction of our models."<ref name="William H 2003"/>
</blockquote>

==Major works==

===''Omensetter's Luck'' (1966)===
((Main|Omensetter's Luck))
In this debut novel, William Gass details characters in a small town in rural Ohio during the 1890s and their reaction to the presence of a man named Brackett Omensetter whose confrontations with the crazed Reverend Jethro Furber galvanize the community. ''[[Harper's Magazine|Harper's]]'' described it as "A rich fever, a parade of secrets, delirious, tormented, terrifying, comic...one of the most exciting, energetic and beautiful novels we can ever hope to read."<ref>((cite journal|title=Books: The well-spoken passions of William H. Gass|journal=Harper's|last=Shorris|first=Earl|date=May 1972|pages=96&ndash;100|url=http://harpers.org/archive/1972/05/the-well-spoken-passions-of-william-h-gass/))</ref>

===''The Tunnel'' (1995)===
((Main|The Tunnel (novel)))
''The Tunnel'' is a novel about a man named William Frederick Kohler and his attempt to write an introduction to his historical ''magnum opus,'' "''Guilt and Innocence in Hitler's Germany''." But when Kohler tries to flesh out this minor introduction, mostly for the purposes of gloating over his colleagues, he instead finds himself writing a deeply personal book about the history of his own life. As the novel progresses we see the lies, half-truths, violent emotions, and relative chaos of Kohler's life laid bare, and while he continues to dig away at the memories of his past he also begins digging a tunnel out from the basement where he works, a reflection of his tunneling through himself. The novel addresses ideas about history, evil, and the living and the dead.

===''Middle C'' (2013)===
((Main|Middle C (novel)))
''Middle C'' is the story of Joseph Skizzen, a middling professor leading a middling life in the middle of Ohio.  His father got the family out of Austria before the War by pretending they were Jewish.  In London during the war, the father disappeared, presumed to have escaped to Canada or the United States, and the rest of the family makes it to Ohio.  As an adult, Skizzen lives with his mother and has a rich fantasy life, centered on his Inhumanity Museum and [[Arnold Schoenberg]].<ref>((cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/31/books/review/middle-c-by-william-h-gass.html?nl=books&emc=edit_bk_20130329&_r=0|title=Holding the Key: ''Middle C,'' by William H. Gass|last=Ozick|first=Cynthia|date=28 March 2013|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=29 March 2013))</ref>

==Awards and honors==
Gass received many awards and honors, including grants from the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] in 1965, the [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation]] in 1970. He won the Pushcart Prize awards in 1976, 1983, 1987, and 1992, and in 1994 he received the Mark Twain Award for Distinguished Contribution to the Literature of the Midwest. In 1959 he was awarded the Longview Foundation Prize for Fiction for his story "The Triumph of Israbestis Tott" (a story later included as the first part of his novel ''Omensetter's Luck''). [[Chicago Tribune]] Writers' and Critics' Poll named him one of the ten best American writers and one of the ten best Midwest writers in 1973. He has teaching awards from Purdue University and Washington University; in 1968 the ''Chicago Tribune'' Award as One of the Ten Best Teachers in the Big Ten. In 1975 he received the [[American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters]] Award for Fiction. He was a Getty Foundation Fellow in 1991–1992. He received the Lannan Lifetime Achievement Award in 1997;  and the American Book Award for ''The Tunnel'' in 1996. In 2000 he was honored with the [[PEN/Nabokov Award]] and the PEN/Nabokov Lifetime Achievement award which he has called his "most prized prize." Gass has received the [[National Book Critics Circle Award#Criticism|National Book Critics Circle Award for Criticism]] three times, for ''Habitations of the Word'' (1985), ''Finding a Form'' (1997) and ''Tests of Time'' (2003). Gass also received the [[PEN/Diamonstein-Spielvogel Award for the Art of the Essay]] for ''Test of Time'' in 2003. In 2007 he was the recipient of the [[St. Louis Literary Award]] from the [[Saint Louis University]] Library Associates<ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.slu.edu/libraries/associates/award.html |title=Website of St. Louis Literary Award |access-date=July 25, 2016 |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427180855/http://www.slu.edu/libraries/associates/award.html |url-status=dead ))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=http://lib.slu.edu/about/associates/literary-award/gass |title=Acclaimed Novelist William H. Gass To Be Honored as 40th Annual Saint Louis Literary Award Recipient |author=Saint Louis University Library Associates |access-date=July 25, 2016))</ref><br/>

Gass founded the International Writers Center at Washington University in 1990, whose purpose was to "build on the strengths of its resident and visiting faculty writers; to serve as a focal point for writing excellence in all disciplines and in all cultures; to be a directory for writers and writing programs at Washington University, in St. Louis, in the United States, and around the world; and to present the writer to the reader." He made numerous presentations of his photography, and he has a star on the [[St. Louis Walk of Fame]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.stlouiswalkoffame.org/inductees/?view=achievement|title=St. Louis Walk of Fame Inductees|last=St. Louis Walk of Fame|publisher=stlouiswalkoffame.org|access-date=25 April 2013|archive-date=October 31, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031162946/http://www.stlouiswalkoffame.org/inductees/?view=achievement|url-status=dead))</ref> He also served on the contributing editorial board of the literary journal ''[[Conjunctions (journal)|Conjunctions]]''. In 2006, William H. Gass was a featured speaker at [[Lake Forest College]] for the 2006 [[&NOW Festival]] and the Lake Forest Literary Festival.<ref name="Lake Forest Literary Festival">((cite web|title=2006 Lake Forest Literary Festival|url=http://www.lakeforest.edu/live/news/704-2006-lake-forest-literary-festival|work=Lake Forest College English Department|publisher=Lake Forest College|access-date=29 June 2012))</ref>

In [[Dan Simmons]]'s science fiction novel ''[[Hyperion (Simmons novel)|Hyperion]]'', Gass is referred to as "the twentieth century's most honoured writer" by the poet Martin Silenus.

More recently, Gass won the 2007 [[Truman Capote Award for Literary Criticism in Memory of Newton Arvin]].  The winner of this award is chosen by a panel of six authors, and s/he also receives a cash prize of $30,000.  The panel awarded Gass for his 2006 collection  of essays, ''A Temple of Texts''.

==Bibliography==
((Expand list|date=October 2020))

===Fiction===
*''[[Omensetter's Luck]]'' (1966)
*''[[In the Heart of the Heart of the Country]]'' (five stories) (1968)
*''[[Willie Masters' Lonesome Wife]]'' (illustrated novella) (1968)
*''[[The Tunnel (novel)|The Tunnel]]'' (1995)
*''[[Cartesian Sonata and Other Novellas]]'' (four novellas) (1998)
*''[[Middle C (novel)|Middle C]]'' (2013)
*''[[Eyes (Gass)|Eyes]]'' (two novellas, four short stories) (2015)

===Non-fiction===
*''Fiction and the Figures of Life'' (1970)
*''[[On Being Blue: A Philosophical Inquiry]]'' (1975)
*''The World Within the Word'' (1978)
*''Habitations of the Word'' (1985)
*''Finding a Form: Essays'' (1996)
*''Reading Rilke: Reflections on the Problems of Translation'' (1999)
*''Tests of Time'' (2002)
*''Conversations with William H. Gass'' (2003)
*''A Temple of Texts'' (2006)
*''Life Sentences'' (2012)

===Omnibus Edition===
*''The William H. Gass Reader'' (2018)

===Interviews===
*((cite journal| url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/3576/the-art-of-fiction-no-65-william-gass| journal=[[The Paris Review]]| title=William Gass, The Art of Fiction No. 65| date=Summer 1977|  author=Thomas LeClair | volume=Summer 1977| issue=70))
* ((cite journal |author=Koval, Ramona |author-link=Ramona Koval |date=Jul–Aug 1996 |title=A conversation with William Gass on 'The Tunnel' |department=Literature |journal=Quadrant |volume=40 |issue=7–8 |pages=26–32 |url= <!--access-date=-->))<ref>Interview originally broadcast on 'Books and Writing', ABC Radio Natioanal.</ref>
*((cite journal| url=http://www.gadflyonline.com/archive/December98/archive-gass.html |title=Still Digging: An interview with writer William Gass| author= Richard Abowitz| journal= Gadfly | date=December 1998 ))
*((cite journal| url=http://www.pifmagazine.com/2000/10/interview-with-william-h-gass/ | title=Interview With William H. Gass| author= Chris Orlet| date=October 1, 2000 | journal=Pif Magazine ))
*((cite web| url=http://www.lannan.org/lf/rc/event/william-gass/ |title=Lannan Readings & Conversations: William Gass| author= Micheline Aharonian Marcom| date=September 22, 2004| publisher=Lannan Foundation ))
*((cite web| url=http://www.believermag.com/issues/200511/?read=interview_gass | title=William Gass| publisher=[[The Believer (magazine)|The Believer]]| date=November 2005))
*((cite journal| url=http://observer.bard.edu/archives/Issue2Final.pdf | title=Interview with William H. Gass| journal=The Bard Observer| date=October 12, 2006))
*((cite journal|url=http://lareviewofbooks.org/interview/the-stupidity-of-mankind-its-misuse-of-reason-an-interview-with-william-h-gass | title=Len Gutkin interviews William H. Gass| journal=The Los Angeles Review of Books| date=April 1, 2013))

===Critical studies and reviews of Gass's work===
*Crystal Alberts, guest editor. "A Tribute to William H. Gass." ''North Dakota Quarterly'' 86, nos. 1/2 (Spring/Summer 2019), 167-226.
*Sally Ball and Heide Ziegler, guest editors. William H. Gass [special issue]. ''Review of Contemporary Fiction'' 24, no. 3 (Fall 2004).
*H. L. Hix. ''Understanding William H. Gass.'' Univ. of South Carolina Press, 2002
*Watson L. Holloway, ''William Gass''. Twayne, 1990.
*Arthur M. Saltzman. ''The Fiction of William Gass: The Consolation of Language.'' Southern Illinois Univ. Press, 1986.
*((cite journal| url=http://quarterlyconversation.com/william-h-gass-the-tunnel-review |title=Basking in Hell: Returning to William H. Gass's ''The Tunnel'' | author= Stephen Schenkenberg | journal=The Quarterly Conversation ))
*((cite journal| url=http://www.iath.virginia.edu/~jmu2m/arizona.quarterly.48:1.html | title=William Gass's The Tunnel: The Work in Progress as Post-Modern Genre| author= John Unsworth | journal=Arizona Quarterly| volume= 48| date=Spring 1992 | issue=1))

==References==
((reflist|colwidth=30em))

==External links==
*[http://archon.wulib.wustl.edu/index.php?p=collections/controlcard&id=510 The William Gass Papers at Washington University in St. Louis]
*[http://www.readinggass.org Reading William Gass]: The Writer's Work & His Readers' Reactions, Curated by Stephen Schenkenberg (the former 'Tunneling')
*[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/dec/08/william-h-gass-author-dies-aged-93-tunnel-omensetters-luck Obituary] in ''[[The Guardian]]''

((American Book Awards|state=collapsed))
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((DEFAULTSORT:Gass, William H.))
[[Category:1924 births]]
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[[Category:20th-century American essayists]]
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[[Category:Writers from Fargo, North Dakota]]

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Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
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Module:Wd/i18n (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Gass"