William Sharman Crawford
1844 mezzotint
Born1780
Died1861
NationalityIrish
Known forcampaigning for tenant rights in Ireland as a Radical Member of Parliament

William Sharman Crawford (1780–1861) was an Irish landowner who, in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, championed a democratic franchise, a devolved legislature for Ireland, and the interests of the Irish tenant farmer. As a Radical representing first, with Daniel O'Connell's endorsement, Dundalk (1835-1837) and then, with the support of Chartists, the English constituency of Rochdale (1841–1852) he introduced bills to codify and extend in Ireland the Ulster tenant right. In his last electoral contest, standing on the platform of the all-Ireland Tenant Right League in 1852 he failed to unseat the Conservative and Orange party in Down, his native county.

Early life

William Sharman Crawford was born on 3 September 1780 at Moira Castle, County Down, the son of William Sharman who had been a colonel in the Irish Volunteer movement and for many years the member for Lisburn in the Irish parliament. In 1819 he sold the family estates, which he had inherited in 1803, and moved to Dublin where he became a patron of the philanthropic Royal Dublin Society. Eight years later he returned to County Down as the heir to the estates of his brother-in-law Arthur Johnston Crawford of Crawfordsburn,[1][2] whose name, Crawford, he added (by royal licence) to his own.[3]

An advocate of Catholic relief since 1812, he publicly supported emancipation in 1829, and the following year was strenuous in his efforts as a county magistrate to disperse Orange demonstrations. When he stood as a Westminster candidate for parliamentary reform in Down in 1831 and in Belfast in 1832, he was successfully opposed by the local Ascendancy interest (the dominant Downshire, Londonderry, and Donegall families).[4][5]

Radical MP and democratic suffragist

Sharman Crawford had resisted approaches from Daniel O'Connell in 1831 to join in the campaign to repeal of the Act of Union and to restore an independent Irish parliament. He declared that the dissolution of the legislative union would "undermine the connection between Great Britain and Ireland upon which the prosperity, happiness, and security of the country depended" (Northern Whig, 24 Jan. 1831). Sharman Crawford, however, was sufficiently dissatisfied with the pace of reform in Ireland to outline case for devolved self-government within the United Kingdom: The expediency and necessity of a local legislative body in Ireland (Newry, 1833).

This was enough for O'Connell to see Sharman Crawford returned in 1835 unopposed as MP for Dundalk. But Crawford sacrificed a future endorsement by criticising O'Connell for the price he appeared willing to pay for Whig favour. While Sharman Crawford had called for the abolition the tithes levied upon tenants for the Anglican establishment (the Church of Ireland in which Sharman Crawford himself was active), rather than embarrass the government of Lord Melbourne O'Connell accepted the Tithe Commutation Act (1838).[6] This sustained the levy as an additional element of rent, albeit at a reduced rate.[7]

Sharman Crawford subscribed to the People's Charter (1838): votes for working men protected by a secret ballot. This, together with his vocal opposition to the Corn Laws, gave him standing with the English Radicals. In 1841, they secured him Rochdale, a parliamentary seat in the industrial Lancashire.[4]

He was encouraged when, in April 1842, 67 MPs (Sir Charles Napier and Richard Cobden among them) followed him into the Aye Lobby on his motion for Commons' committee to consider the Charter's Six Points. These he proposed rewriting as a legislative bill of rights. Together with proposals for a union with the Anti-Corn Law League, Fergus O'Connor (the Irish-born leader of the democratic movement) saw the potential replacement of People's Charter as a threat to his position, and Sharman Crawford's move effected a split. In December Sharman Crawford walked out of a joint Chartist and National Complete Suffrage Union (NCSU) delegate conference in Birmingham, along with NCSU leader Joseph Sturge.[8]

With the endorsement of the NCSU, Sharman Crawford introduced his reform bill to "a small and bored House" in May 1843. The measure was lost by 101 to 32.[9] It would be another twenty before Parliament would seriously consider a further extension of the franchise.

Devolutionist, differences with O'Connell

In Ireland, rather than join O'Connell's relaunched Repeal Association, in May 1840 Sharman Crawford and a group of Ulster reformers founded their own Ulster Constitutional Association to further explore the possibilities of a devolutionary compromise. For a time O'Connell appeared sympathetic to a federalist scheme Sharman Crawford outlined in letters to the Northern Whig (12, 14, 16, 19 November 1844). It would have granted Ireland powers similar to those given to Canada in the Union Act of 1840, while retaining her representation at Westminster.[4]

Sharman Crawford's proposal was the basis for discussions with the Young Irelander Thomas Davis.[10] But Davis's colleague at The Nation, Charles Gavan Duffy, forced the issue in an open letter that challenged O'Connell to affirm Repeal as his object.[11] O'Connell responded that if he accepted a "subordinate parliament" it would only be as "an instalment" on an independent legislature: he would "never ask for or work" for anything less.[12]

Further tension arose with O'Connell in the 1845 when Sharman Crawford tackled him on his opposition to the Colleges Bill, which proposed a secular—or in O'Connell's view, a "Godless"—system of advanced education in Ireland. Sharing Davis's conviction that "reasons for separate education are reasons for [a] separate life",[13][14] Sharman Crawford had supported similar proposals to educate Catholics and Protestants together at the primary level in 1831[4] when the principal opposition had been from evangelical Protestants.[15]

Agrarian reformer

Sharman Crawford, the owner of more than 6,000 acres in County Down, was a benevolent landlord. He charged moderate rents, encouraged improvements, and never evicted a tenant. Crucially, at a time when it was being increasingly challenged by landowners,[16] Sharman Crawford recognised the Ulster "tenant right".[3] An un-codified feature of tenure in Ireland's northern province, it restrained rack renting and allowed that, by virtue of labour they invested in the land, tenants acquired an "interest" in their holdings that they might freely sell at the end of their tenancy either to their landlord or to the new tenant. Sharman Crawford was convinced that the insurance the "Ulster Custom" offered to the productive farmer was a key to province's relative prosperity.[4]

After his election for Dundalk, Sharman Crawford authored a bill to give tenant right legal force. When returned from Rochdale he did so again. Robert Peel's Tory government responded in 1843 with Devon Commission. In its report on the Irish land system, the commission, composed entirely of landowners, rejected the Ulster Custom, even while recognising its benefits, as dangerous to the "just rights of property".[16]

During the Famine Sharman Crawford pleaded for outdoor relief as alternative to forcing the hungry to abandon the land and enter disease-ridden workhouses. In Depopulation not Necessary (1850), he denounced prevailing Malthusian principles, and opposed emigration and land-clearance schemes. Ireland's rural population could be supported if a tax on absentee landlords was used to reclaim wasteland.[4]

In 1848 with James MacKnight, editor of the liberal Londonderry Standard, and with the support of a group of radical Presbyterian ministers, Sharman Crawford formed the Ulster Tenant Right Association.[17] In 1849, the failure of the Encumbered Estates Act to acknowledge the Ulster Custom not only agitated the association in the north, it also provoked the new tenant protection societies (commonly under the guidance of local Roman Catholic clergy) in the south for whom an extension of the Ulster Custom was a minimum demand.[18]

With MacKnight and Charles Gavan Duffy, Sharman Crawford was persuaded there was a basis for a national movement.[19] In The Nation, Duffy reproduced an address by the Ulster Tenant Right Association in which MacKnight proposed that "all proprietary right has its foundation in human labour'" and that, "as a public institution, created by state", landlordism should be "regulated by law".[20] With MacKnight presiding, on September 8, 1850 a Dublin convention formed the all-Ireland Tenant Right League.

Spokesman for the Tenant Right League

The Tenant Right League won support in the House of Commons from Sharman Crawford's English fellow-Radicals. In contrast to Repeal, tenant right was an Irish cause that the Radical leader John Bright was prepared to endorse. Noting that it was an issue on which Protestant, Dissenting and Catholic clergy appear to have "amalgamated", he advised the House to legislate on it "resolutely".[21]

In August 1851 Sharman Crawford helped conclude an alliance between the Catholic Defence Association (CDA) and the Tenant League, under which Irish MPs agreed to support a tenant right bill that provided for fair rent and free sale. He introduced this, his seventh tenant-right bill, on 10 February 1852. Attacked again as an infringement of property rights, it was voted down in the Commons.[4]

Conservatives and the Orange Order seized on the League's collaboration with Irish MPs committed to repeal both of the Act of Union of 1800 and of the Ecclesiastical Titles Act 1851 to propose that tenant right was a cover for a separatist Catholic agenda.[18] In the general election of July 1852, they worked to ensure that in Down Sharman Crawford would not deliver for what Duffy had optimistically hailed as the League of North and South. Some 48 Irish MPs were returned pledged "to hold themselves perfectly independent of, and in opposition to, all governments" which did not make passing Sharman Crawford's tenant-right bill a cardinal point of its policy.[18] But only one, William Kirk, represented an Ulster constituency, Newry where, despite the narrow property franchise, the Catholic vote was determinant.[22] In Down, Sharman Crawford's electoral meetings were broken up by Orange "bludgeon men",[23] and landowners threatened to withdraw their consent for the existing Ulster Custom if their Conservative nominees were not elected,[24][25] The Belfast News Letter (12 May 1852) portrayed Sharman Crawford as "the ally of papists and infidel levelling democrats".[4]

In September 1852 he chaired a major tenant-right meeting in Dublin attended by forty-one MPs and several hundred agrarian activists. After this he surrendered leadership of the movement to William Shee who reintroduced Sharman Crawford's Tenant Right Bill in the Commons on 25 November 1852.[26]

In December 1852, finding themselves holding the balance of power in the House of Commons, the Independent Irish MPs voted to bring down the Conservative ministry of Lord Derby. But in the process two of the CDA leaders, John Sadlier and William Keogh, broke their pledges of independent opposition and accepted positions in a new Whig-Peelite ministry of Lord Aberdeen. Twenty other MPs followed as reliable CDA supporters. Like MacKnight,[17] Sharman Crawford failed to support Duffy in condemning these desertions. He reasoned that the prospects for tenant right legislation might be improved by having advocates in office. Yet from Aberdeen the pledge breakers had accepted an undertaking in regard only to the Ecclesiastical Titles Act.[27][28]

In 1853 and 1854 tenant compensation measures did pass in the Commons. But the bills, which failed in the Lords, little impressed the League as landlords would have been left free to pass on the costs of compensation through their still unrestricted freedom to raise rents.[29]

Last years and children

From 1853 agricultural prices began to rise, and were further spurred the following year by the onset of the Crimean War. Tenant-right agitation died down and, although still submitting his thoughts on rural poverty and evictions to the press, the ageing Sharman Crawford withdrew from the public life. He died at his residence at Crawfordsburn on shore of Belfast Lough on 16 October 1861.

His marriage to Mabel Crawford (d. 1844) had produced seven sons and four daughters. In 1874 a reformed and enlarged electorate in Down, voting for the first time by secret ballot, returned his eldest surviving son, James Sharman Crawford, as a tenant-right Liberal.[30] A daughter, Mabel Sharman Crawford, was an adventurer, writer and women's suffragist.[31]

Tenant right, the subject of eight successive bills drafted by Sharman Crawford, was eventually conceded in the Land Acts of 1870 and 1881.

Works

In Defence of the Small Farmers of Ireland. Dublin: Porter,1839.

Depopulation not necessary: an appeal to the British members of the Imperial Parliament against the extermination of the Irish people. London: Gilpin,1850

References

  1. ^ "William Sharman Crawford. Collections Online | British Museum". www.britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  2. ^ "William Sharman Crawford (1781-1861; Irish politician) - The University of Nottingham". www.nottingham.ac.uk. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b Webb, Alfred (1878). "William Sharman-Crawford - Irish Biography". www.libraryireland.com. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Quinn, James (2009). "Crawford, William Sharman | Dictionary of Irish Biography". www.dib.ie. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  5. ^ Farrell, Stephen (2009). "Belfast | History of Parliament Online". www.histparl.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  6. ^ Moody, T. W.; Martin, F. X., eds. (1967). The Course of Irish History. Cork: Mercier Press. p. 375.
  7. ^ "Irish Tithe Act Of 1838". encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  8. ^ West, Julius (1920). A History of Chartism, III. London: Constable and Company. pp. 194–196.
  9. ^ West (1920), p. 198
  10. ^ Object, Object. "Davis to R.R. Madden, March 1843 (Gaven Duffy Papers) quoted in Terence LaRocca (1974) "The Irish Career of Charles Gavan Duffy 1840-1855", Doctoral Dissertation, Loyola University Chicago, pp. 17-18. Loyola eCommons" (PDF). Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  11. ^ Duffy, Charles Gavan (1898). My life in two hemispheres, Volume 1. London: Fischer Unwin. p. 99. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  12. ^ Quoted in MacDonagh, Oliver (1977). Ireland: The Union and its Aftermath. London. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-900621-81-6.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ^ Macken, Ultan (2008). The Story of Daniel O'Connell. Cork: Mercier Press. p. 120. ISBN 9781856355964.
  14. ^ Mulvey, Helen (2003). Thomas Davis and Ireland: A Biographical Study. Washington DC: The Catholic University of America Press. p. 180. ISBN 0813213037. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  15. ^ Andrew R. Holmes (2007), The Shaping of Ulster Presbyterian Belief & Practice 1770-1840 Oxford
  16. ^ a b Kennedy, Brian (1954), Ch. IV "Tenant Right before 1870", in T.W. Moody and J. C. Beckett, Ulster since 1800, (pp. 39-49), pp. 42-43. London, British Broadcasting Corporation.
  17. ^ a b "MacKnight (McKnight), James | Dictionary of Irish Biography". www.dib.ie. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  18. ^ a b c Beckett, J.C. (1969). The Making of Modern Ireland. London: Faber and Faber. pp. 354–355, 391. ISBN 0571092675.
  19. ^ Lyons, Dr Jane (1 March 2013). "Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, My Life in Two Hemispheres, Vol. II". From-Ireland.net. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  20. ^ McKnight, James (1848). The Ulster Tenants' Claim of Right; or, Landownership A State Trust; The Ulster Tenant-Right An Original Grant from the British Crown, and the Necessity of Extending its General Principle to the other Provinces of Ireland, Demonstrated; In a Letter to the Right Honourable the Lord John Russell. Dublin.
  21. ^ Irwin, Clark H. (1890). "A history of Presbyterianism in Dublin and the south and west of Ireland (page 10 of 24)". www.ebooksread.com. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  22. ^ Hoppen, K. Theodore; Hoppen, Karl T. (1984). Elections, Politics, and Society in Ireland, 1832-1885. Clarendon Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-19-822630-7.
  23. ^ Courtney, Roger (2013). Dissenting Voices: Rediscovering the Irish Progressive Presbyterian Tradition. Ulster Historical Foundation. pp. 156–160, 192. ISBN 9781909556065.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  24. ^ Bardon, Jonathan (1992). A History of Ulster. Belfast: Blackstaff Press. p. 316. ISBN 9780856404764.
  25. ^ Nelson, Julie Louise (2005). 'Violently Democratic and Anti-Conservative'? An Analysis of Presbyterian 'Radicalism' in Ulster, c 1800-1852 (PDF). Department of History, Durham University (doctoral dissertation). pp. 171, 140–141, 179.
  26. ^ Barker, G. F. R. (2004) "Shee, Sir William (1804–1868)", rev. Hugh Mooney, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press.
  27. ^ McCaffrey, Lawrence (1976). The Irish Catholic Diaspora in America. Washington DC: The Catholic University of America Press. p. 145. ISBN 9780813208961.
  28. ^ See also Whyte, John Henry (1958). The Independent Irish Party 1850-9. Oxford University Press. p. 139.
  29. ^ Shields, Andrew (2009). "John Napier and the Irish Land Bills of 1852". The Australasian Journal of Irish Studies. 9: 31–51.
  30. ^ Brian Walker, 'Landowners and Parliamentary Elections in County Down, 1801-1921' PP 309-13 in Lindsay Proudfoot, 'Down - History and Society', Geography Publications, 1997
  31. ^ "At the Circulating Library Author Information: Mabel Sharman Crawford". Victoria Research Web. 9 July 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.

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Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byWilliam O'Reilly Member of Parliament for Dundalk 1835 – 1837 Succeeded byThomas Nicholas Redington Preceded byJohn Fenton Member of Parliament for Rochdale 1841 – 1852 Succeeded byEdward Miall
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