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((other people))
((more citations needed|date=September 2015))
((Use New Zealand English|date=July 2020))
((Use dmy dates|date=July 2020))
((Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = Col.
| name          = William Wakefield
| image         = Mr William Wakefield sketched in the Court of Kings Bench upon being brought up by Habeas Corpus from Lancaster Castle.jpg
| caption       = William Wakefield<br>sketched in the Court of Kings Bench in 1826
| birth_date    = 1801
| birth_name    = William Hayward Wakefield
| death_date    = 19 September 1848
| birth_place   = London, United Kingdom
| death_place   = [[Wellington]], New Zealand
| allegiance    = ((flag|Kingdom of Portugal))<br>
((flag|Empire of Brazil))<br>
((flag|Kingdom of Spain)) (Cristinos)<br>
((flag|British Empire))<br>
((flag|New Zealand))<br>
| branch        = Portuguese Loyalists <br>
[[British Auxiliary Legion]] <br>
[[New Zealand Company]]
| serviceyears  = 1832–37 <br>
1839–48 (New Zealand Company)
| rank          = Colonel
| battles       = [[Liberal Wars]] (Portuguese Civil War) <br>
[[Siege of Porto]] <br>
[[First Carlist War]] <br>
[[Wairau Affray]]
| spouse        = Emily Sidney
| relations     = [[Edward Wakefield (statistician)|Edward Wakefield]] (father) <br>
Susanna Wakefield (mother) <br>
[[Priscilla Wakefield]] (grandmother) <br>
Catherine Wakefield (sister) <br>
[[E.G. Wakefield]] (brother) <br>
[[Arthur Wakefield]] (brother) <br>
[[Daniel Wakefield (judge)|Daniel Wakefield]] (brother) <br>
[[Felix Wakefield]] (brother) <br>
[[Jerningham Wakefield]] (nephew) <br>
Emily Wakefield (daughter)
| laterwork     = 
))
'''William Hayward Wakefield''' (1801 – 19 September 1848) was an English colonel, the leader of the first colonising expedition to New Zealand, and one of the founders of [[Wellington|Wellington city]]. As a leader, he attracted much controversy.

==Early life==
William Wakefield was born just outside London in 1801,<ref>Temple and a number of British sources use 1801 while some New Zealand sources give 1803 as his birth date.</ref> the son of [[Edward Wakefield (statistician)|Edward Wakefield]] (1774–1854), a distinguished surveyor and land agent, and Susanna Crush<ref>((Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QK9JAAAAYAAJ&q=crush+felsted+history&pg=PA969|title=Marriages and Deaths of Considerable Persons|year=1791|pages=969))</ref> (1767–1816).<ref name="DNB00" /> His grandmother, [[Priscilla Wakefield]] (1751–1832), was a popular children's author and helped to establish savings banks.((sfn|Garnett|1911|p=248))

Wakefield's siblings were Catherine Gurney Wakefield (1793–1873), the mother of [[Charles Torlesse]] (1825–1866); [[Edward Gibbon Wakefield]] (1796–1862); [[Daniel Wakefield (judge)|Daniel Wakefield]] (1798–1858); [[Arthur Wakefield]] (1799–1843); John Howard Wakefield (1803–1862); [[Felix Wakefield]] (1807–1875);<ref name="DNB00">((cite DNB|wstitle=Wakefield, Edward (1774-1854) <!--NB dash not ndash on wikisource--> |display=Wakefield, Edward (1774–1854)|first =Cæsar Litton |last =Falkiner|authorlink = Cæsar Litton Falkiner|volume = 59|quote=''sources:'' [Allibone's Dict. of Engl. Lit.; Edinburgh Review, xx. 346; Russell's Memoirs of Thomas Moore, iv. 129; Webb's Compendium of Irish Biography; Place MSS. Brit. Mus.; Edward Gibbon Wakefield, by Dr. R. Garnett, 1898.]))</ref> Priscilla Susannah Wakefield (1809–1887); Percy Wakefield (1810–1832); and an unnamed child born in 1813.

Wakefield was largely raised by his elder sister, Catherine, who found him a difficult child.((citation needed|date=July 2020))  As he grew older he came under the influence of his elder brother, [[Edward Gibbon Wakefield]], who was later to establish the [[New Zealand Company]].

== Imprisonment ==
In 1825, Wakefield became formally betrothed to Emily Sidney, but before they could be married he became involved with his elder brother Edward in the [[Shrigley Abduction|abduction of a wealthy heiress]] and both brothers were arrested.<ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=3002962 "''Philip Temple:'' A Sort of Conscience, The Wakefields"], review, NZ Herald</ref> While out on bail, Wakefield absconded to Paris, apparently to meet with Emily who was three months pregnant. He returned to England when the baby was born and was promptly arrested and held in [[Lancaster Castle]] until his trial, and subsequently sentenced to three years in jail. During this time, Emily Sidney died, leaving him with a daughter also named Emily.((citation needed|date=July 2020))

== Military service ==
Upon his release from jail, Wakefield spent some time with his daughter and his sister Catherine. In 1832 he travelled to [[Portugal]] and enlisted as a mercenary soldier in the service of [[Dom Pedro]], the Emperor of [[Brazil]]. Although he had no military experience, Wakefield was apparently able to enlist as a Captain. He survived the [[Siege of Porto]] and the subsequent campaigning, and earned several medals.((citation needed|date=July 2020))

After his time in Portugal, Wakefield returned briefly to England and enlisted in the [[British Legion (1835)|British Auxiliary Legion]] fighting for the infant Queen [[Isabella II of Spain]] in the [[First Carlist War]]. He emerged from the campaign as a major, re-enlisted, and was promoted to Colonel. Among his junior officers was [[Henry Inman (police commander)]]. Wakefield was one of the few officers to survive the campaign; he stayed until the Legion was disbanded in 1837 and returned to England the following year.((citation needed|date=July 2020))

==The ''Tory'' expedition==

In early 1839, the [[New Zealand Company]] in London was hurriedly organising its first expedition, eager to take advantage of the still uncertain governance situation in New Zealand. The Company's aim was to establish a model of English society in New Zealand by selling land to settlers at a profit and using the funds to pay for settlers' travel to New Zealand, encouraging immigration.<ref>((Cite web |date=5 October 2021 |title=Taming the frontier: Land issues on the eve of the Treaty of Waitangi |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/treaty/background-to-the-treaty/land-and-ideals |website=New Zealand History))</ref> In reality, the Company was more like a real estate agency, promising generous returns to its investors.<ref>((Cite book |last=Rossiter |first=Trish |title=Finding Thomas: The search for my great-great grandfather |year=2023 |page=22))</ref>

At the suggestion of his brother, Edward Gibbon, the New Zealand Company appointed Wakefield as commander of this first expedition. The [[New Zealand Company ships#Tory|''Tory'']] sailed from Plymouth on 12 May 1839,<ref>((Cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/people/william-wakefield|title=William Wakefield ((!)) NZHistory, New Zealand history online|website=nzhistory.govt.nz|access-date=20 February 2020))</ref> with Wakefield as sole and unqualified leader of the expedition. He was given set of instructions for the expedition's activities: to purchase land for the New Zealand Company, to gather knowledge about New Zealand, and to prepare for building settlements. Wakefield was expected to treat the Māori with the utmost fairness.((Citation needed|date=July 2023))

Wakefield's first sight of New Zealand's formidable mountain ranges was not encouraging. The expedition took on supplies of wood and water at Ship Cove in [[Queen Charlotte Sound (New Zealand)|Queen Charlotte Sound]] and met their first Māori, who were interested in trading.((citation needed|date=July 2020))

After five weeks in the [[Marlborough Sounds]] in the [[South Island]], the ''Tory'' sailed across [[Cook Strait]] to Te Whanganui-a-Tara ("The Big Harbour of Tara") and [[Port Nicholson]]. Here he began serious negotiations for purchasing land. The negotiations involved two [[iwi]] (tribes), [[Ngāti Toa]] and [[Te Atiawa]], and sixteen chiefs. After five days a deal was made that was subsequently endorsed by the paramount chief of the area, [[Te Rauparaha]]. Strong objections were raised by Te Rauparaha's nephew, [[Te Rangihaeata]].((Citation needed|date=July 2023))

The purchase completed, Wakefield and the ''Tory'' set out to explore a more of New Zealand, sailing up the west coast. The expedition were impressed with the potential of the [[Taranaki]] area for further settlement. They then sailed up to the [[Hokianga]], made contact with traders, and looked at buying land in that district. However, the expedition was cut short when the ''Tory'' ran aground in Hokianga Harbour. The ship was saved but it needed extensive repairs.((Citation needed|date=July 2023))

== Wellington settlement ==
Wakefield returned to Te Whanganui-a-Tara in early January 1840. The first British settlers’ ships arrived in Port Nicholson in January, encouraged by the New Zealand Company's advertisements promoting immigration. However, it became clear that the land around [[Petone]] was not suitable for settlement, being too swampy. A new site had to be selected and [[Wellington Harbour|Lambton Harbour]] was chosen, a few kilometres further west.((citation needed|date=July 2020)) 

This site was already occupied by Māori, being one of their residential areas. Wakefield had bought and paid for the land on behalf of the New Zealand Company, but soon realised that Māori had had a different understanding of the deal; they had expected to share the land with [[Pākehā|Pākeha]] (non-Māori), and were unwilling to move.((citation needed|date=July 2020)) 

When the missionary [[Henry Williams (missionary)|Henry Williams]] appeared in the district with copies of the [[Treaty of Waitangi]] for Māori to sign, he also claimed some of the land the New Zealand Company had purchased. Wakefield granted him one acre (4,000&nbsp;m²) of town land, but Williams was later to lose his role as a missionary for defrauding Māori.((citation needed|date=July 2020)) 

Wakefield believed that Port Nicholson's central position made it the obvious choice to be [[Capital of New Zealand|New Zealand's capital]] and seat of government. However, Governor [[William Hobson]] chose Auckland, possibly feeling that Port Nicholson was dominated by the New Zealand Company.  When the [[New Zealand Legislative Council (1841–1853)|General Legislative Council]] was formed in May 1841, Hobson appointed Wakefield as one of its members. Wakefield's membership terminated only a few months later.((sfn|Wilson|1985|p=27)) 

In 1842, Wakefield was joined in New Zealand by his daughter Emily, then sixteen years old. Shortly afterwards she became engaged to Francis Molesworth<!-- Q76000099 -->, but the engagement was broken off when an injury forced Molesworth to return to England. In late 1845, Emily met [[Edward Stafford (politician)|Edward Stafford]] of Nelson and they were married the following year.((citation needed|date=July 2020)) 

=== Criticism of land deals ===
The secretive and rushed way that the New Zealand Company had begun settlement ahead of the signing of the [[Treaty of Waitangi]] created problems for Wakefield. Governor [[William Hobson]] resented the New Zealand Company, seeing the Settlers' Council as an attempt to establish an illegal republic. The Acting Colonial Secretary [[Willoughby Shortland]] was dispatched with soldiers and mounted police to disband the council.((citation needed|date=July 2020))

Several land deals were renegotiated, as many settlers were either not happy with the land they had been allocated or hadn't received what they had paid for. To satisfy its commitments, the New Zealand Company needed about 500 square kilometres of land, which was difficult considering the terrain in the Wellington area and the fact that the Company had limited resources.((citation needed|date=July 2020))

Over the next few years, Wakefield was involved in disputes with the Crown, with Māori, and with his own surveyors, meaning that land deals were delayed by months or years. The New Zealand Company had guaranteed work for labourers that emigrated to New Zealand, but delays over land deals led to a lack of work, causing further anger. At one stage, the town of [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]] was almost in a state of armed rebellion against the Company’s agents.((citation needed|date=July 2020))

In 2003, the [[Waitangi Tribunal]] investigated the New Zealand Company's 1839 Port Nicholson deed of purchase and declared it invalid. The tribunal found that Māori were never paid for some ((Convert|120,000|acre|abbr=on)), the boundaries weren't clear, not all those with customary rights signed the deed, and those who did sign didn't understand it, as it was in English and [[Dicky Barrett (trader)|Richard Barrett's]] translation missed or confused several important facts.<ref>((Cite web |date=16 May 2003 |title=T E WHANGANU I A TARA M E O NA TA K I WA Report on the Wellington District |url=https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/Documents/WT/wt_DOC_68452530/Wai145.pdf |website=Waitangi Tribunal))</ref> 

== Personal troubles ==
The unruly behaviour of Wakefield's nephew, [[Jerningham Wakefield|Jerningham]], caused concern for Wakefield.((citation needed|date=July 2020)) Wakefield was also affected by the death of his brother [[Arthur Wakefield|Arthur]] in the [[Wairau Affray]], and felt partly responsible. This led Wakefield to clash with Governor [[Robert FitzRoy]] when FitzRoy declined to take action against Arthur's killers.((citation needed|date=July 2020))[[File:Wakefield Memorial.jpg|thumb|The [[William Wakefield Memorial]] in the [[Basin Reserve]] cricket ground in [[Wellington]], New Zealand.]]The New Zealand Company's issues were made worse by Wakefield's personality; he demonstrated no leadership qualities and was unwilling to take initiative in dealing with problems, alienating many settlers.((citation needed|date=July 2020)) One settler wrote that "the baneful influence of Colonel Wakefield has ruined every settler and the colony of Port Nicholson."((citation needed|date=July 2020)) Another described Wakefield as "the coldest mannered man they have met".((citation needed|date=July 2020)) 

In March 1847, Wakefield fought a duel with his doctor, [[Isaac Featherston]], over an editorial in the Wellington Independent newspaper that questioned his honesty. Featherstone fired first and missed, then Wakefield fired into the air, stating "I would not shoot a man who has seven daughters".<ref> Heughan, Sam and McTavish, Graham (2023). ''Clanlands in New Zealand.'' p. 37. </ref>

== Death ==
On 15 September 1848, Wakefield collapsed at a bath house following two strokes earlier that year, and he died four days later in a room at the [[Lambton Quay#History|Wellington Hotel]]. He was given what amounted to a state funeral. Governor [[George Grey]] attended as did nearly half of Wellington, both Māori and Pākeha. Māori chief [[Hōniana Te Puni-kōkopu]] was one of the pallbearers.<ref>((DNZB|last=Ballara |first=Angela |id=1t58|title=Te Puni-kōkopu, Hōniana|access-date=10 July 2020))</ref>

Soon after his death, Wakefield's friends began to fundraise for a memorial, but it was not until 1882 that the [[William Wakefield Memorial]] was unveiled at Wellington's [[Basin Reserve]].<ref name="Cricket Wellington">((cite web |title=William Wakefield Memorial |url= http://www.cricketwellington.co.nz/about/history/william-wakefield-memorial/ |publisher=Cricket Wellington |access-date=25 May 2014))</ref><ref name="NZHPT 1441">((NZHPT|1441||25 May 2014))</ref> The memorial is registered as a Category I heritage structure by the [[Heritage New Zealand]].<ref name="NZHPT 1441" />

==Notes==
((reflist))

==References==
((DNB poster|Wakefield, William Hayward))
*((DNZB|title=Edward Gibbon Wakefield biography|id=1W4|plainlink=y)) from the ''[[Dictionary of New Zealand Biography|Dictionary of New Zealand Biography.]]''
*((EB1911|wstitle=Wakefield, Edward Gibbon|volume=28|pages=248–249|first=Richard|last=Garnett|authorlink=Richard Garnett (writer)))
*[http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/wakefield-lieutenant-colonel-william-hayward/1 Biography] in 1966 ''[[An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand]].''
*Temple, Philip (2002). ''A sort of conscience: The Wakefields''. Auckland: Auckland University Press.
*((cite book |last= Wilson |first= James Oakley |title= New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 |edition= 4th |orig-year=First published in 1913 |year= 1985 |publisher=V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer |location= Wellington |oclc= 154283103))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Wakefield, William))
[[Category:1803 births]]
[[Category:1848 deaths]]
[[Category:Criminals from London]]
[[Category:New Zealand people of English descent]]
[[Category:Wellington City]]
[[Category:New Zealand duellists]]
[[Category:British Auxiliary Legion personnel]]
[[Category:Burials at Bolton Street Cemetery]]
[[Category:Wakefield family|William]]
[[Category:Military personnel from London]]
[[Category:Members of the New Zealand Legislative Council (1841–1853)]]
[[Category:Settlers of New Zealand]]
[[Category:History of Wellington]]

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