Wind power in Germany is a growing industry. The installed capacity was 55.6 gigawatts (GW) at the end of 2017, with 5.2 GW from offshore installations. In 2020, 23.3% of the country's total electricity was generated through wind power, up from 6.2% in 2010 and 1.6% in 2000.[2]
More than 26,772 wind turbines were located in the German federal area by year end 2015, and the country has plans for further expansion.[3][4] As of the end of 2015, Germany was the third largest producer of wind power in the world by installations, behind China and the USA.[5] Germany also has a number of turbine manufacturers, like Enercon, Nordex and Senvion.
In the first half of 2021, with 22% a contribution to German electric generation, wind was the second most important contributor, following coal, which was the top producer, with 27%. In 2020 wind was the top generator.[6]
The German Federal Government has enacted plans to expand offshore wind energy, with targets of 30 gigawatts by 2030, increasing to 70 gigawatts by 2045. This move is part of a strategy to enhance the country's renewable energy portfolio and reduce dependence on energy imports.[7] To achieve these goals, the government is implementing measures to streamline planning and approval processes for wind energy projects.[8]
Onshore wind power
Since 1995, onshore wind energy has been an important and major industry in Germany.[citation needed]
In 1995, the gross production of onshore wind power was 1,530 GWh. By 2019, gross production from onshore wind power was over 101,000 GWh, allowing Germany to power about a fifth of the country from wind.[9]
Larger onshore installations are in the works, which could possibly see a larger percentage of wind energy powering Germany.[citation needed] Germany is also notable for having some major wind turbine manufacturers based there, such as Enercon in Aurich, Senvion in Hamburg, and Nordex in Rostock.
Offshore wind energy also has great potential in Germany.[10] Wind speed at sea is 70 to 100% higher than onshore and much more constant. As of 2007, a new generation of 5 MW or larger wind turbines which are capable of making full use of the potential of wind power at sea had been developed. This made it possible to operate offshore wind farms in a cost-effective way.[11]
On 15 July 2009, the first offshore German windturbine completed construction. This turbine is the first of a total of 12 wind turbines for the alpha ventus offshore wind farm in the North Sea.[12]
Following the 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents, Germany's federal government began work on a new plan for increasing renewable energy commercialization, with a particular focus on offshore wind farms.[13] Under the plan, large wind turbines were to be erected far away from the coastlines, where the wind blows more consistently than it does on land, and where the enormous turbines won't bother the inhabitants. The plan aimed to decrease Germany's dependence on energy derived from coal and nuclear power plants.[14]
The German government wanted to see 7.6 GW installed by 2020 and as much as 26 GW by 2030.[15]
A major challenge was the lack of sufficient network capacities for transmitting the power generated in the North Sea to the large industrial consumers in southern Germany.[16]
In 2014 410 turbines with 1747 megawatts were added to Germany's offshore windparks. Due to not yet finished grid-connections, only turbines with combined 528.9 megawatts were added to the grid feed at the end of 2014. Despite this, the gigawatt offshore windpower barrier was reportedly breached by Germany around the end of 2014[17] During 2015 offshore windpower was tripled to over 3 gigawatts capacity, signalling the growing importance of this sector.[18]
At the end of 2019, Germany had installed 1,469 offshore wind turbines with a total capacity of 7.52 GW. Capacity in the North Sea reached 6.44 GW, capacity in the Baltic Sea reached 1.08 GW. In total, 25.8 TWh of power were produced in German offshore wind parks in 2019.[19]
In 2016, Germany decided to replace feed-in tariffs with auctions from 2017, citing the mature nature of the windpower market being best served in this way.[21] These auctions have resulted in some future offshore wind farms to be operated at market prices and receive no subsidy.[22]
As part of measures to increase wind power installations and usage, the Scholz cabinet adopted a law requiring Germany to set aside 2% of its total land area by 2032 for wind energy use.[23]
The 2010 "Energiewende" policy has been embraced by the German federal government and has resulted in a huge expansion of renewables, particularly wind power. Germany's share of renewables has increased from around 5% in 1999 to 17% in 2010, reaching close to the OECD average of 18% usage of renewables.[24] Producers have been guaranteed a fixed feed-in tariff for 20 years, guaranteeing a fixed income. Energy co-operatives have been created, and efforts were made to decentralize control and profits. The large energy companies have a disproportionately small share of the renewables market. Nuclear power plants were closed, and the existing 9 plants will close earlier than necessary, in 2022.
The reduction of reliance on nuclear plants has so far had the consequence of increased reliance on fossil fuels and on electricity imports from France. However, in good wind Germany exports to France; in January 2015 the average price was €29/MWh in Germany, and €39/MWh in France.[25] One factor that has inhibited efficient employment of new renewable energy has been the lack of an accompanying investment in power infrastructure (SüdLink) to bring the power to market.[24][26] The transmission constraint sometimes causes Germany to pay Danish wind power to stop producing; in October/November 2015 this amounted to 96 GWh costing 1.8 million euros.[27]
The German states have varying attitudes to the construction of new power lines. Industry has had their rates frozen and so the increased costs of the Energiewende have been passed on to consumers, who have had rising electricity bills. Germans in 2013 had some of the highest electricity costs in Europe.[28]
Public opinion
Wind power Germany 2016 fact sheet: electricity generation, development, investments, capacity, employment and the public opinion.[4]
In Germany, hundreds of thousands of people have invested in citizens' wind farms across the country and thousands of small and medium-sized enterprises are running successful businesses in a new sector that in 2015 employed 142,900 people and generated 12.3 percent of Germany's electricity in 2016.[30]
However, more recently, there has been increasing local resistance to the expansion of wind power in Germany, due to its impact on the landscape, incidents where patches of forest where removed to build wind turbines, the emission of low frequency noise,[31][32] and the negative impact on wildlife, such as birds of prey and bats.[33][34]
Repowering
Repowering, the replacement of first-generation wind turbines with modern multi-megawatt machines, is occurring in Germany. Modern turbines make better use of available wind energy and so more wind power can come from the same area of land. Modern turbines also offer much better grid integration since they use a connection method similar to conventional power plants.[35][36]
Statistics
Annual Wind Power in Germany 1990-2015, shown in a semi-log plot with installed capacity (MW) in red and power generated (GWh) in blue
Installed wind power capacity and generation in recent years is shown in the tables below:
Total
Total installed capacity and generation in Germany (land and sea-based combined)[18]
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Installed Capacity (MW)
55
106
174
326
618
1,121
1,549
2,089
2,877
4,435
Net Generation (GW·h)
71
100
275
600
909
1,500
2,032
2,966
4,489
5,528
Capacity factor
14.74%
10.77%
17.99%
21.01%
16.79%
15.28%
14.93%
16.21%
17.81%
14.23%
Year
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Installed Capacity (MW)
6,097
8,738
11,976
14,381
16,419
18,248
20,474
22,116
22,794
25,732
Net Generation (GW·h)
9,513
10,509
15,786
18,713
25,509
27,229
30,710
39,713
40,574
38,648
Capacity Factor
17.76%
13.73%
15.05%
14.85%
17.69%
17.03%
17.12%
20.50%
20.26%
17.15%
Year
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Installed Capacity (MW)
26,903
28,712
30,979
33,477
38,614
44,541
49,534
55,550
59,420
61,357
Net Generation (GW·h)
37,793
48,882
50,671
51,708
57,357
79,084
78,416
103,707
107,889
123,545
Capacity Factor
16.04%
19.43%
18.62%
17.63%
16.96%
20.27%
18.02%
21.31%
20.73%
22.99%
Year
2020
2021
Installed Capacity (MW)
62,708
63,865
Net Generation (GW·h)
129,644
111,734
Capacity Factor
23.54%
19.97%
Offshore only
Total installed capacity and generation (sea-based only) [18]
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
Installed Capacity (MW)
30
80
188
268
508
994
3,283
4,152
5,406
6,393
7,555
7,774
7,774
Generation (GW·h)
38
174
568
722
905
1,449
8,162
12,092
17,414
19,179
24,379
26,903
24,014
Generation in the North Sea (in TWh)
20.2
22.8
18.5
Generation in the Baltic Sea (in TWh)
4.1
4.2
3.5
% of Wind Gen.
0.1
0.5
1.2
1.4
1.8
2.6
10.5
16.0
16.8
14.99
19.2
20
21.1
Capacity Factor
12.39%
24.83%
34.49%
30.67%
20.34%
16.64%
28.38%
33.15%
36.77%
34.25%
36.84%
39.40%
35.26%
By State
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2018)
^Burger, Bruno (3 January 2024). Öffentliche Nettostromerzeugung in Deutschland im Jahr 2023 [Public Net Electricity Generation in Germany in 2023] (PDF) (in German). Freiburg, Germany: Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
^"Community Wind Farms". Archived from the original on July 20, 2008. Retrieved April 7, 2012.((cite web)): CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^Wang, Shifeng (April 2015). "Ecological impacts of wind farms on birds: Questions, hypotheses, and research needs". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 44: 599–607. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.031.
^Voigt, Christian (April 2015). "Wildlife and renewable energy: German politics cross migratory bats". European Journal of Wildlife Research. 61 (2): 213–219. doi:10.1007/s10344-015-0903-y. S2CID15232410.
^Hochstätter, Matthias; Paulsen, Thorsten; Grotz, Claudia (May 2006). "A clean issue -- Wind energy in germany"(PDF). BWE-Bundesverband Windenergie. p. 18. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2009-03-18. Retrieved 2007-06-21.
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