The first documented European exploration of what is now Wood County took place in the late 18th century, when Pedro Vial,[3] was sent on expeditions by the Spanish governor of Texas.[4] After marching all the way to Santa Fe in 1787, he headed east to Natchitoches.[4] The following year, he passed through today's Wood County on his way back to San Antonio.[3] Some archeological evidence suggests that a French trading post stood along Mill Race Creek in the early 1700s near the site of the modern town of Hainsville.[5] The French may have build a military post called Fort Ledout near Black Oak in Wood County, but other than the archeological evidence, little is known about any possible French settlements.[5]
An important archeological discovery made by a hunting party in 1887, southeast of Hainsville and north of Bromley, suggests that Native Americans may have engaged in a battle either between different tribes or with the Spanish. Despite finding many relics, including a cross, tomahawk pieces, a Spanish coin, and several broken muskets, no written record of any such encounter has been found.[6] Some Spanish and Mexican land grants were issued in the area, but settlement was sparse until after the Texas Revolution. The first White settler was Martin Varner. He built his home near the southeast side of what is now Hainsville at least by 1824. The first organized settlement was at Webster in 1845.[3]
In 1850, after Texas was annexed to the United States, the Legislature authorized the forming of the county from Van Zandt County.[3] In 1849, residents of what was then Van Zandt County north of the Sabine River, petitioned the legislature for the county to be reorganized. Reasons included that the majority of the population lived north of the river, and that travel to Jordan's Saline, then the county seat, was difficult in winter. Wood County was created and Van Zandt was reorganized with territory from adjacent counties.[7]
Early industry
Early industry included a number of sawmills, gristmills, steam mills, and cotton gins. A jug factory operated north of the Big Sandy Creek in the 1850s. A second jug factory was built some years later near Holly Creek. Two brick kilns are known to have been located in the area of Winnsboro. Wigley Furniture Company began operating in Mineola in 1874. A cane and rawhide-bottom chair factory opened in 1886. Tie-cutting became a major industry in the county in the 1870s with the coming of the railroads.[8] Pine Mills, Perryville, Ogburn, Merrimac, Peach, and Fouke got their start as sawmill towns.[8]
Civil War era
Wood County had only 17 slaves by 1850, but that number ballooned 10 years later to 923, estimated at 20% of the population.[3] Wood County voted for secession by a 70% majority. The two delegates to the Secession Convention, though, both opposed secession.[3]
The first soldiers raised for the Confederacy in Wood County were Company A, 10th Texas Cavalry Regiment.[8] A training ground called Camp Flournoy was established east of Quitman. Another company called the Wood County Rebels was formed on August 5, 1861. They then requested active duty as cavalry.[8]
Coming of the railroads
The Texas and Pacific Railroad came through the southern portion of the county in 1873 and formed a junction with the International and Great Northern Railroad at Sodom, which was later renamed Mineola, on a Longview-to-Dallas route. The railroads came to the northern portion of the county in 1876, when the East Line and Red River Railroad laid track from Jefferson to Greenville.[3] This segment later was absorbed by the Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas Railroad.[8] The Texas Shortline Railroad also ran between Alba and Grand Saline in Van Zandt County.[8]
Discovery of coal
Coal was discovered in the Alba area in sometime before 1900. The operating mines were for lignite coal.[8]
Discovery of oil
Oil was discovered in Wood County in 1941, and the county produced 25 million barrels (4.0 million cubic metres) of oil per year by 1948.[3] Developed oilfields in Wood County include the Pine Mills Oilfield and the Alba Oilfield.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 695.719 sq mi (1,801.903 km2), of which 645.234 sq mi (1,671.149 km2) are land and 50.484 sq mi (130.754 km2) (7.3%) are covered by water.[9]
The following are municipalities and towns which are incorporated under the laws of the state of Texas, meaning they have elected governments and officially recognized municipal, town, or village governments.
The following are towns in Wood County, Texas which are not incorporated but recognized as active settlements through community centers, churches, and similar geographic, historic, and physical landmarks.
Small communities, ghost towns, and former settlements
Wood County previously had a number of settlements. In 1884, there were 35 settlements in the county at which the Texas Legislature ordered schools to be established.[8]
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.
As of the census[14] of 2000, 36,752 people, 14,583 households, and 10,645 families were residing in the county. The population density was 56 inhabitants per square mile (22/km2). The 17,939 housing units averaged 28/sq mi (11/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 89.11% White, 6.12% African American, 0.55% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 2.93% from other races, and 1.09% from two or more races. About 5.72% of the population were Hispanics or Latinos of any race.
Of the 14,583 households, 26.70% had children under 18 living with them, 61.50% were married couples living together, 8.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.00% were not families. About 24.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.20% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.42, and the average family size was 2.85.
In the county, the age distribution was 21.80% under 18, 7.90% from 18 to 24, 22.90% from 25 to 44, 26.40% from 45 to 64, and 20.90% who were 65 or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.10 males.
The median income for a household in the county was US$32,885, and for a family was US$38,219. Males had a median income of US$30,558 versus US$20,209 for females. The per capita income for the county was US$17,702. About 10.80% of families and 14.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.50% of those under age 18 and 10.30% of those age 65 or over.
Transportation
Wood County includes the intersection of two major U.S. highways; US 69 and US 80 intersect in the city of Mineola's downtown area. Texas Highway 37 connects Mineola and Quitman off US 69.
Wood County is currently served by Amtrak's Texas Eagle passenger railway line.[15] The railroad tracks which run through the southern portion of Wood County and through Mineola are currently owned and operated by Union Pacific.[16]
Wood County is in the Tyler-Longview media market. It is currently served by two local newspapers, and daily newspapers and television stations from other parts of the East Texas area.
Newspapers
Wood County has five newspapers published within its borders: Wood County Now, Wood County Monitor, Winnsboro News, Yantis Tymes, and The Community Chronicle. The Winnsboro News also serves Franklin County, as Winnsboro is split between the two counties.
Wood County Monitor
In August 2016, two of the county's longstanding newspaper operations, the Mineola Monitor and the Wood County Democrat, were merged by their owner, Bluebonnet Publishing.[21] Prior to that, the Mineola Monitor operated under its own masthead in Mineola, and the Wood County Democrat operated under its own masthead in Quitman. Staffing at the newspapers did not change, and the staffs of both newspapers were merged.[21]
Winnsboro News
The Winnsboro News, founded in 1908 (1908),[22] is a weekly newspaper in Winnsboro, serving Wood and Franklin Counties. In August 2003, the newspaper gained notoriety for publishing an editorial by publisher Tom Pendergast outing an LGBTQ couple living in the city.[23][24]
Wood County Now
In 2020, in the midst of the coronavirus pandemic, a free news source available by social media and online was established. Owner Amanda Duncan originally created the social-media accounts to keep residents informed of the pandemic and rising case numbers, and to help showcase small businesses that were financially struggling. Within eight months, the news outlet grew to be the largest social-media and online news source in Wood County.
Radio stations
Wood County is served by two local radio stations.
KWNS
KWNS is a Southern Gospel radio station located in Winnsboro.[25] It broadcasts at 104.7 FM.[25]
KMOO
KMOO is located in Mineola, broadcasting at 99.9 FM. The country music station is currently owned by Hightower Radio. The station was formerly operated by Sam Curry, its founder, who founded it in 1963.[26] Under Curry's tenure, the station was referred to by its ownership and on-air personalities as, "K M Double O," and on-air personalities were not allowed to call the station "KMOO," with the last three letters pronounced in a manner similar to a noise made by cattle. Curry sold the station in 1995 when he planned to embark on a race for Wood County judge as a Democrat, a race he ultimately lost.
Government
Wood County is represented in the Texas House of Representatives by the RepublicanBryan Hughes, a lawyer in Mineola and a native of Wood County. The county is split between two different U.S. congressional districts, the First and the Fifth Congressional Districts. Thus, the county is represented by Congressman Nathaniel Moran and Congressman Lance Gooden. The county is currently represented in the Texas Senate by Kevin Eltife.[27]
The current county judge is Lucy Hebron, elected in 2018.[28] As county judge, Hebron is both the county's chief administrator and judge of the constitutional county court, which handles misdemeanor cases.
In 2017, former Sheriff Jim Brown and former Chief Deputy Miles Tucker were arrested for various offenses stemming from a shooting incident over access to an oilfield lease.[29] Two of the felony charges were dismissed, however as of January 2020,[update] four misdemeanor charges remain pending.[30]
Historic election results
In spite of an increasing number of voters in every U.S. presidential election since 1992, the percentage of registered Wood County voters turning out to vote in presidential elections has fallen about 10% between 1992 and 2012.
United States presidential election results for Wood County, Texas[31]
There were a number of so-called "subscription schools" in Wood County after 1854, when free public schools in Texas were on the rise due to legislative action. In 1852, a log schoolhouse in the western part of the county near Chaney Crossing on Lake Fork was built. By 1854, school was being taught in Quitman. By 1859, Quitman had three schools that required tuition to be paid.[8]
On January 8, 1884, the Texas legislature required the county to be divided into free public school districts. The school districts established by the legislature were Quitman, Lone Star, Myrtle Springs, Forest Hill, Cartwright, Caney, Rock Hill, Forest Home, Winnsboro, Chalybeate Springs, Spring Hill, Smyrna, Cold Springs, Shady Grove, Center Point, Pleasant Grove, Floyd's Common Ridge, Mount Pisgah, Liberty, Sand Springs, Fletcher, Pleasant Divide, Friendship, Lone Pint, Salem, Webster, Persimmon Grove, Cottonwood, Macedonia, Concord, New Hope, Dyess, Mount Enterprise, and "Albia" (Alba). Free school districts for African Americans were established at Quitman, Cedar Tree, Robinson's Chapel, Muddy Creek, Mount Zion, Tranquil, Center, Hawkins, Shiloh and "District 48" which encompassed all of the district west of Lake Fork.[8]
School districts
Portions of the county are served by 11 separate independent school districts, serving students in pre-kindergarten through 12th grade:
Wood County is home to a number of historic and natural preservation sites, Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks, special districts, and cities and businesses with special designations from various national and state bodies.
^"Texas 2016 Freight Railway Map"(PDF). ftp.dot.state.tx.us. Texas Department of Transportation. Archived(PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
^"Texas Airport Directory"(PDF). ftp.dot.state.tx.us. Texas Department of Transportation. Archived(PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
^Grimes, Andrea (6 October 2005). "Over the Edge". Dallas Observer. Voice Media Group. ISSN0732-0299. OCLC7095491. Archived from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2021. Tom Pendergast, the editor and publisher of the local newspaper with a penchant for picking public fights. On August 21, 2003, Pendergast published a scathing editorial in the Winnsboro News titled "About Fully Informing the Citizens." The 500-word article condemned the couple's homosexual lifestyle as "despicable" and "disgusting." It would change everything for Bear and Carmichael, even Winnsboro itself; the days of peaceful coexistence were past.
^Tucker, Larry (8 November 2017). "Former sheriff, chief deputy arrested". Wood County Monitor. OCLC1097161696. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2021. Brown was indicted on two misdemeanor counts of official oppression with bonds issued for $1,500 on each count. The former sheriff was also indicted on a state felony charge of abuse of official capacity over $2,500 and under $30,000 with a $20,000 bond. The indictment claims "Wood County Sheriff, did with intent to harm another, John Winston Forrester, did unlawfully then and there intentionally and knowingly misuse government property, services, personnel and any other thing of value belonging to the government that had come into custody and possession of James Brown by virtue of James Brown's office and employment, by using the services of Officer Dustin Moffett and a Wood County Sheriff's vehicle to obstruct and prevent access by John Winston Forrester to a tract of property owned by James Brown, and the value of the use of the services and vehicle misused was $2,500 or more but less than $30,000." Tucker had more indictments added to those from two months ago when he was arrested on two counts of tampering with evidence and one count of official oppression. At that time he had bonds of $50,000 each on the tampering charges and $1,500 on the official oppression. Tucker faces a new charge of aggravated perjury, a third-degree felony and two new charges of class A official oppression, following indictments filed on Oct. 25. He further has a state felony charge of abuse of official capacity which had a $15,000 bond. Tucker turned himself in Wednesday. He allegedly broke several laws to arrest a person who had cut a lock to gain access to a well in which he had the rights to, then tried to cover up evidence afterward.
^Bass, Gary (7 January 2020). "Judge dismisses abuse of official capacity charges against former Wood County sheriff". KLTV. Tyler, Texas. Archived from the original on 8 January 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2021. A district judge has dismissed two felony abuse of official capacity charges that were filed against former Wood County Sheriff James "Jim" Arthur Brown in connection with a shooting incident that occurred adjacent to his property in November 2015. However, four misdemeanor official oppression charges filed against Brown are still pending, according to online judicial records.
^"Texas Treasure Businesses"(PDF). Texas Historical Commission. Texas Historical Commission. Archived(PDF) from the original on December 27, 2016. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
United States
Texas
