The Zionist Congress was established in 1897 by Theodor Herzl as the supreme organ of the Zionist Organization (ZO) and its legislative authority. In 1960 the names were changed to World Zionist Congress (Hebrew: הקונגרס הציוני העולמי HaKongres HaTsioni HaOlami) and World Zionist Organization (WZO), respectively. The World Zionist Organization elects the officers and decides on the policies of the WZO and the Jewish Agency,^[2][3] including "determining the allocation of funds."^[4] The first Zionist Congress was held in Basel, Switzerland in 1897.^[3] Any Jew over age 18 who belongs to a Zionist association is eligible to vote, and the number of elected delegates to the Congress is 500.^[5][6] 38% of the delegates are allocated to Israel, 29% to the United States of America, and 33% to the remainder of the countries of the Diaspora.^[2] In addition there are about 100 delegates which are appointed by International Organizations (e.g. B'nai B'rith, see below) affiliated with WZO.^[6]

After the First Zionist Congress in 1897, the Zionist Congress met every year until 1901, then every second year from 1903 to 1913 and 1921 to 1939. Until 1946, the Congress was held every two years in various European cities, save for interruptions during the two World Wars. Their goal was to build an infrastructure to further the cause of Jewish settlement in Palestine. Since the Second World War, meetings have been held approximately every four years. Also, since the creation of the State of Israel, the Congress has met every four or five years in Jerusalem.^[7]

The 38th World Zionist Congress took place in 2020.

Representatives at the World Zionist Congress

The World Zionist Congress includes representatives of Zionist World Unions, Women's Zionist Organizations with Special Status and International Jewish Organizations.^[2]

Zionist World Unions

Zionist participants in the World Zionist Congress are free to form Brit Olamit or Zionist World Unions (ideological groupings), which are somewhat like political parties. While Israeli political parties can participate in the Congress, brits are also organized and voted into the Congress by non-Israelis, making the Congress a multinational deliberative body for the Jewish diaspora. However, as aliyah has brought Jews to Israel from other countries, Israeli representation in the legislature has increased at the expense of non-Israeli Jewish diaspora representation. A Brit Olamit (World Union) must have representation in at least five countries to send a delegation to the Congress.

There are currently six Zionist World Unions (with full voting rights):

• World Zionist Union: Labor Zionist Movement – Arzenu – World Union of Meretz
• United Faction: Kadima–HaNoar HaTzioni– MERCAZ
• World Mizrachi/Ichud Le'umi/Herut/Yisrael Beytenu/Moledet/Tkuma
• World Likud/Shas
• Hadassah/Confederation
• Over The Rainbow – the Zionist movement

Israeli representatives

Since the creation of the State of Israel, there are no elections held for Israeli delegates to the World Zionist Congress. Rather, elections to the Knesset, Israel's parliament, are deemed to fulfill this function, and Zionist parties represented in the Knesset are apportioned a number of Congress delegates proportional to their strength in the Knesset. The late left-wing leader Shulamit Aloni on several occasions criticized this practice, stating that "Most Israeli citizens neither know nor care that when they go to the polls they are among other things also electing delegates to the World Zionist Congress. (...) Had the Zionist Movement been required to do in Israel what it does in other countries - i.e., recruit paying members and get these members to hold specific elections to the World Zionist Congress - there might have been revealed an embarrassing low number of committed Zionists in Israel".^[8]

Zionist organizations with special status

Two women's organizations have special status in the Zionist Organization and have full voting rights:

• Women's International Zionist Organization – is an international, non-party Zionist body, which receives global representation by virtue of an agreement entered into in 1964.
• Hadassah – received special status by virtue of a decision of the Zionist General Council, in 1994.^[2]

International Jewish organizations

The international Jewish organizations have also been represented in the Zionist Congress since 1972, provided that they accept the Jerusalem Program,^[9] even if not all their members are declared Zionists. These bodies have limited voting rights – they do not vote on matters of candidature and elections to the institutions of the WZO.^[2]

The following are the International Jewish Organizations (limited voting rights):

• B'nai B'rith International
• Maccabi World Union
• Na'amat
• Women's International Zionist Organization
• World Council of Conservative Masorti Synagogues
• World Emunah
• World Organization of Orthodox Synagogues & Communities in Israel and the Diaspora
• American Sephardi Federation
• World Union for Progressive Judaism
• World Union of Jewish Students
• Zionist Council in Israel

Other participants in Congress (advisors, observers)

• In addition to the delegates with full voting rights participating in Congress, there are also participants in an advisory capacity which can participate in debates but have no voting rights. These may consist of office holders such as members of the Zionist Executive, members of the Zionist General Council who were not elected as delegates to Congress, Chairs of the Zionist Federations, judicial office holders - the President of the Zionist Supreme Court, the Attorney, the Comptroller and representatives of the Aliyah Movement.^[2]
• Observers with no speaking or voting rights can be invited by the Zionist Executive or the Congress Presidium.

Former participants

• Aytzim

The course of the Congress

The Zionist Congress is conducted by the Congress Presidium. Congress deliberations are divided into five stages:^[2]

• Opening of the Congress, including a speech by the Chairman of the Executive, and other speeches determined in the agenda, election of the Congress Presidium, the report of the President of the Zionist Supreme Court on the election results, reports of the members of the Zionist Executive in supplement to the printed report, election of the Congress committees.
• Election of the new Executive, according to the proposal of the Congress Standing Committee.
• Meetings of the committees.
• Reports of the committees and voting on the draft resolutions presented by them. The report of the Standing Committee and voting on its proposals for members of the Zionist General Council, the Comptroller and the Legal Institutions.
• Congress closing ceremony.

History

The Zionist Congress, later to become the World Zionist Congress, was held at intervals of 1 year (1897–1901), then 2 years (1903–1939) until the outbreak of the Second World War, with an eight-year break (1913–1921) due to the First World War.

Number	Name	City	Country	Year
1	First Zionist Congress[10]	Basel	Switzerland	1897
2	Second Zionist Congress[11][12][13]	Basel	Switzerland	1898
3	Third Zionist Congress[14][12][13]	Basel	Switzerland	1899
4	Fourth Zionist Congress[15][12][13]	London	United Kingdom	1900
5	Fifth Zionist Congress[16][12][13]	Basel	Switzerland	1901
6	Sixth Zionist Congress[17][12][13]	Basel	Switzerland	1903
7	Seventh Zionist Congress[18][12][13]	Basel	Switzerland	1905
8	Eighth Zionist Congress[19][12][13]	The Hague	Netherlands	1907
9	Ninth Zionist Congress[20][12][13]	Hamburg	German Empire	1909
10	Tenth Zionist Congress[21][12][13]	Basel	Switzerland	1911
11	Eleventh Zionist Congress[21][12][13]	Vienna	Austria-Hungary	1913
12	Twelfth Zionist Congress[22][12][13]	Carlsbad (Karlovy Vary)	Czechoslovakia	1921
13	Thirteenth Zionist Congress[23][13][24]	Carlsbad (Karlovy Vary)	Czechoslovakia	1923
14	Fourteenth Zionist Congress[25][13][26]	Vienna	Austria	1925
15	Fifteenth Zionist Congress[27][13][28]	Basel	Switzerland	1927
16	Sixteenth Zionist Congress[29][13][30]	Zürich	Switzerland	1929
17	Seventeenth Zionist Congress[31][13]	Basel	Switzerland	1931
18	Eighteenth Zionist Congress[32][13]	Prague	Czechoslovakia	1933
19	Nineteenth Zionist Congress[33][13]	Lucerne	Switzerland	1935
20	Twentieth Zionist Congress[13]	Zürich	Switzerland	1937
21	Twenty-first Zionist Congress[13]	Geneva	Switzerland	1939
22	Twenty-second Zionist Congress[13][34]	Basel	Switzerland	1946
23	Twenty-third Zionist Congress[13]	Jerusalem	Israel	1951
24	Twenty-fourth Zionist Congress	Jerusalem	Israel	1956
25	Twenty-fifth Zionist Congress	Jerusalem	Israel	1960
26	Twenty-sixth Zionist Congress	Jerusalem	Israel	1964
27	Twenty-seventh Zionist Congress	Jerusalem	Israel	1968
28	Twenty-eighth Zionist Congress	Jerusalem	Israel	1972
29	Twenty-ninth Zionist Congress	Jerusalem	Israel	1978
30	Thirtieth Zionist Congress	Jerusalem	Israel	1982
31	Thirty-first Zionist Congress	Jerusalem	Israel	1987
32	Thirty-second Zionist Congress	Jerusalem	Israel	1992
33	Thirty-third Zionist Congress	Jerusalem	Israel	1997
34	Thirty-fourth Zionist Congress	Jerusalem	Israel	2003
35	Thirty-fifth Zionist Congress	Jerusalem	Israel	2006
36	Thirty-sixth Zionist Congress[35]	Jerusalem	Israel	2010
37	Thirty-seventh Zionist Congress	Jerusalem	Israel	2015
38	Thirty-eighth Zionist Congress[36]	Jerusalem	Israel	2020

Important moments

• The First Zionist Congress, held in 1897 in Basel, Switzerland, had Theodor Herzl acting as chairperson. The Congress was attended by some 200 participants who formulated the Zionist platform, known as the "Basel programme", and established the Zionist Organization (ZO). In contrast with the older Hibbat Zion movement, the ZO took a clear stance in favour of political Zionism, stating in its programme that

"Zionism seeks to establish a home in Palestine for the Jewish people, secured under public law."

Herzl wrote in his diary,

"Were I to sum up the Basel Congress in a word - which I shall guard against pronouncing publicly - it would be this: At Basel I founded the Jewish State."^[12]

• The Twenty-third Zionist Congress, held in 1951 in Jerusalem, was the first to be held after the establishment of the State of Israel, and the first held in Jerusalem, which would become the norm. It was opened at the graveside of Theodor Herzl, whose remains had been moved from Vienna and reburied on the top of a hill in Jerusalem that was renamed after him, Mount Herzl. The Congress issued the "Jerusalem Program", placing its main focus on the newly created state as the central unifying element for the Jewish people.^[13]
• Ruth Popkin was the first woman to be Chair of the Presidium and President of the World Zionist Congress, being elected to both positions in 1987.^[37]