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((Short description|American company of music boxes and instruments))
((About||the musical instrument retailer|E.U. Wurlitzer Music and Sound|the German clarinet manufacturer|Herbert Wurlitzer|the builder of string instruments|Rembert Wurlitzer Co.))
((more citations needed|date = May 2020))
((Use mdy dates|date=February 2012))
((Infobox company
|name             = Rudolph Wurlitzer Company
|logo             = [[File:Rudolph Wurlitzer label.jpg|246px|The Rudolph Wurlitzer Company logo on a pipe organ]]
|type             = [[Subsidiary]]
|genre            =
|foundation       = ((Start date and age|1853))
|founder          = Franz Rudolph Wurlitzer 
|location_city    = [[Cincinnati, Ohio]] and [[North Tonawanda, New York]]
|location_country = United States
|locations        = 
|area_served      =
|key_people       = 
|industry         =
|products         = [[Fairground organ|Band organ]]<br>[[Orchestrion]]<br>[[Nickelodeon (movie theater)|Nickelodeon]]<br>[[Pipe organ]] <br> [[Theatre organ]] 
|services         =
|market cap       =
|revenue          =
|operating_income =
|net_income       =
|assets           =
|equity           =
|owner            =
|num_employees    =
|parent           = [[Baldwin Piano Company]]
|divisions        =
|subsid           =
|homepage         = [https://web.archive.org/web/20070711154502/http://www.gibson.com/products/wurlitzer/ Wurlitzer Jukeboxes]
|footnotes        =
|intl             =
))

The '''Rudolph Wurlitzer Company''', usually referred to as simply '''Wurlitzer''', is an American company started in [[Cincinnati]] in 1853 by German immigrant (Franz) Rudolph Wurlitzer. The company initially imported stringed, woodwind and brass instruments from Germany for resale in the United States. Wurlitzer enjoyed initial success, largely due to defense contracts to provide musical instruments to the U.S. military.<ref>((cite web| title=Rudolph Wurlitzer (1831–1914)| url=http://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/entry.php?rec=45| date=June 26, 2013| first=Corinna| last=Ludwig| website=[[German Historical Institute Washington DC]]))</ref> In 1880, the company began manufacturing pianos and eventually relocated to [[North Tonawanda, New York]]. It quickly expanded to make [[fairground organ|band organs]], [[orchestrion]]s, [[player pianos]] and [[pipe organs|pipe]] or [[theatre organs]] popular in theatres during the days of silent movies.

Wurlitzer also operated a chain of retail stores where the company's products were sold. As technology evolved, Wurlitzer began producing [[Wurlitzer electric piano|electric pianos]], [[electronic organ]]s and [[jukebox]]es, and it eventually became known more for jukeboxes and vending machines, which are still made by Wurlitzer, rather than for actual musical instruments.

Wurlitzer's jukebox operations were sold and moved to Germany in 1973. The Wurlitzer piano and organ brands and U.S. manufacturing facilities were acquired by the [[Baldwin Piano Company]] in 1988, and most piano manufacturing moved overseas. The Baldwin Co., including its Wurlitzer assets, was acquired by the [[Gibson Guitar Corporation]] in about 1996. Ten years later, Gibson acquired Deutsche Wurlitzer and the Wurlitzer Jukebox and Vending Electronics trademarks, briefly reuniting Wurlitzer's best-known products under a single corporate banner in 2006. Baldwin ceased making Wurlitzer-brand pianos in 2009. Vending machines are still manufactured in Germany using the Wurlitzer name under Gibson ownership. The company ceased manufacturing jukeboxes in 2013, but still sells replacement parts.

((multiple image |align=right |direction=horizontal
 | link1  = #Band organs     | caption1 = <span style="font-size:90%;">[[#Band organs|Band organ]]</span>
 | image1 = Wurlitzer - Bayernhof Museum - DSC06374.JPG      | width1 = 82
 | link2  = #Nickelodeons and player pianos | caption2 = <span style="font-size:90%;">[[#Nickelodeons and player pianos|Nickelodeon]]</span>
 | image2 = Wurlitzer closed - Bayernhof Museum - DSC06202.JPG|width2 = 76
 | link3  = #Jukeboxes       | caption3 = [[#Jukeboxes|Jukebox]]
 | image3 = Wurlitzer 1015.jpg                               | width3 = 66
 | link4  = #Theatre organs  | caption4 = [[#Theatre organs|Theatre organ]]
 | image4 = Organo Wurlitzer Opus 2064 Berlin 040811.jpg     | width4 = 82
))<div style="position:relative;top:-2em;">((multiple image |align=right |direction=horizontal
 | link1  = #Acoustic pianos | caption1 = [[#Acoustic pianos|Acoustic piano]]
 | image1 = Wurlitzer Baby Grand Piano (by Daniel Means).jpg | width1 = 92
 | link2  = #Electric pianos | caption2 = [[#Electric pianos|Electric piano]]
 | image2 = Wurlitzer 206A.jpg                               | width2 = 84
 | link3  = #Electronic organs|caption3 = [[#Electronic organs|Electronic organ]]
 | image3 = Wurlitzer electronic organ (blur).jpg            | width3 = 93
 | link4  = #Electric guitars| caption4 = [[#Electric guitars|Electric guitar]]
 | image4 = Wurlitzer Gemini 1965 - silhouette.jpg                            | width4 = 37
))</div>

==History==
Franz Rudolph Wurlitzer (1831–1914), an immigrant from [[Schöneck, Saxony]], founded the Wurlitzer Company in [[Cincinnati]] in 1853. His sons Howard, Rudolph and Farny successively directed the company after his death. The company initially imported musical instruments from the Wurlitzer family in Germany for resale in the United States. Wurlitzer was an early American defense contractor, being a major supplier of musical instruments to the U.S. military during the American Civil War and Spanish–American War. In 1880, Wurlitzer started manufacturing its own pianos, which the company sold through its retail outlets in Chicago.<ref name=juke>((cite web| title=History| url=http://www.jukeboxhistory.info/WurliTzer/WUR-history.html| website=Jukeboxhistory| access-date=2017-07-28))</ref> In 1896, Wurlitzer manufactured its first coin-operated pianos.<ref>((cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uQg9XG6I9CsC&q=vas+you+ever+in+zinzinnati&pg=PA37| title=Legendary Locals of Cincinnati| publisher=Arcadia Publishing| year=2012| access-date=2013-05-07| last=Grace| first=Kevin| page=37| isbn=978-1-4671-0002-1))</ref>

In the late 1800s, fairs were popular. As crowds grew and mechanical rides began to appear, there was a need for louder music. The [[fairground organ]] was developed. [[Eugene de Kleist]] of North Tonawanda, New York, was an early builder of such organs (also called "[[barrel organ]]s") for use in [[carousels]]. Wurlitzer bought an interest in de Kleist's [[North Tonawanda Barrel Organ Factory]] in 1897. In 1909, Wurlitzer bought the entire operation, and he moved all Wurlitzer manufacturing from Ohio to New York.<ref name=juke/> In 1909, the company began making innovative automatic harps that were more durable than European prototypes, and from 1924 to the 1930s, eight models were available. The ''"Mighty Wurlitzer"''&nbsp; theatre organ was introduced in late 1910 and became Wurlitzer's most famous product. Wurlitzer theatre organs are installed around the world in theatres, museums, churches and private residences.

[[File:American Mohawk Lyric Radio Ad.jpg|thumbnail|left|165px|American Mohawk Lyric Radio as Mfd. by Wurlitzer c. 1920s]]

With the onset of [[World War I]], imports from Germany became problematic, and Wurlitzer found it necessary to increase manufacturing in the US. In the early 1930s, Wurlitzer built a new, state-of-the-art manufacturing and marketing facility in North Tonawanda, complete with employee recreation areas, showers and a cafeteria. It had two landscaped avenues which fanned out over the area in front of the factory, creating a park and parkway setting off of Niagara Falls Boulevard. Some tree and lamp post installations, laid diagonal, remain to mark these roads. The growing company held its first annual Convention of associated businesses in [[Buffalo, New York]] at the [[Statler Hotel]] in September of 1937, complete with a three day program of events and a parade. The surviving complex, particularly the central front tower building and main entrance hall, is now a National Historic Landmark.<ref>((cite web| title=Wurlitzer Manufacturing Company| url=http://www.nthistory.com/collections/show/52| website=NTHistory| access-date=July 28, 2017))</ref>  Wurlitzer abandoned production of nickelodeons but continued to manufacture the [[music roll]]s for [[player piano]] music through a wholly owned subsidiary called the Endless Roll Music Company. Wurlitzer also assumed production of Lyric brand radios from the All American Mohawk Radio Company in Chicago. Lyric radios were a high-end console radio, which retailed for as much as $425 in 1929 (approximately $5,800 in 2014 dollars).<ref>((cite news| title=All American Mohawk Corporation Lyric Radio Now establishes a new high standard of perfection... and opens wide the doors to joys you have missed in radio| url=https://idn.duke.edu/ark:/87924/r4kw5818t| newspaper=[[New York Daily News]]| via=Duke University Libraries Ad Collection| access-date=July 28, 2017))</ref>

In addition to business acquisitions, Wurlitzer entered into several joint ventures with [[Allan Herschell Company#History|James Armitage, George Herschell]], and other businessmen from the area.  He constructed a separate plant at Goundry and Oliver Streets in downtown North Tonawanda specializing in short production runs to manufacture organs and [[hurdy-gurdy|hurdy-gurdies]] for amusement parks, circuses, roller rinks and carnival midways. Amusement rides, particularly [[carousel]]s, were assembled at the facility.

Circa 1933, the Wurlitzer name gradually became more associated with jukeboxes than with musical instruments. In 1942, organ production at the North Tonawanda factory ceased and production was shifted to the manufacture of bomb [[proximity fuses]] for [[World War II]]. After the war, normal production efforts resumed but with more focus on radios, [[jukeboxes]] and small electronic organs for private homes. The [[Riviera Theatre (North Tonawanda, New York)|Rivera Theatre]], also in North Tonawanda, possesses one of these historic organs as well as [[Shea's Performing Arts Center]] in Buffalo, New York.

((anchor|Electronic organs))
((multiple image |align=right |direction=horizontal
 | image1   = Wurlitzer Model 44 Electrostatic Reed Organ.png|width1=115
 | caption1 = Wurlitzer '''Model 44''' [[Electrostatic pickup|electrostatic]] reed organ (1953–64)<ref>((cite web| first=Frank| last=Pugno| title=Wurlitzer Organs| url=http://www.theatreorgans.com/hammond/keng/kenhtml/wurlitzer%20organs%20by%20frank%0pugno.htm| website=VintageHammond.com))</ref>
 | image2   = Wurlitzer 4100 BP.jpg                          |width2=185
 | caption2 = Wurlitzer 4100 BP electronic organ with chord unit (1959–1963)
))((multiple image |align=right |direction=horizontal
 | image3   = Wurlitzer electronic organ (blur).jpg          |width3=129
 | caption3 = Wurlitzer '''Model 805''' [[electronic organ]] with '''Orbit III''' [[Monophonic synthesizer|monophonic synth]] <span style="font-size:90%;">(upper mini key)</span>
 | image4   = Wurlitzer Omni 6500.jpg                        |width4=171
 | caption4 = Wurlitzer '''Omni 6500''' (1985)
))

Among Wurlitzer's electronic instruments, beginning with [[electrostatic reed organ]]s in 1947, the most important have been the fully [[electronic organ]]s, especially the two-manual-and-pedals spinet type (from 1971 with synthesizer features) for domestic use. In the mid-1950s, Wurlitzer began manufacturing portable [[Wurlitzer electric piano|electric piano]]s.

Rembert Wurlitzer (1904–1963) independently directed the firm's violin department from 1949 until his death in 1963, building it into a leading international center for rare string instruments.

In the 1960s, Wurlitzer ventured into new instrument markets. In 1964, Wurlitzer bought the rights, registered trademarks, copyrights, patents, engineering records and factory of the Henry C. [[Martin Band Instrument Company]], which manufactured brass wind instruments in Elkhart, Indiana (not to be confused with the C.F. Martin & Company guitar maker). In 1967, Wurlitzer entered the guitar market as the sole distributor of Holman-Woodell guitars, which were originally sold under the Wurlitzer brand. Wurlitzer then switched to an Italian guitar maker, Welson, before abandoning guitar sales altogether in 1969.

While original Wurlitzer jukeboxes sold well, technology soon outpaced Wurlitzer. By the 1950s, other companies dominated the jukebox market. Wurlitzer sold its Martin rights to [[Leblanc (musical instrument manufacturer)|LeBlanc]] in 1971, to focus on its core markets with pianos and jukeboxes.<ref>((cite web| title=Martin Instrument Models| url=http://saxpics.com/?v=man&manID=14| website=The Vintage Saxophone Gallery| access-date=July 28, 2017))</ref> In 1973, Wurlitzer sold its jukebox brand to a German company and closed the North Tonawanda factory. The former Wurlitzer complex today hosts a business park, contractors' supply store, storage, offices, restaurants and a Platter's Chocolate factory. Piano and organ manufacturing continued in [[Mississippi]] and [[Arkansas]] factories for several years. 

The [[Baldwin Piano Company]] purchased Wurlitzer's piano-making assets and brand in 1988. Subsequently, the [[Gibson Guitar Corporation]] acquired Baldwin and operated it as a wholly owned subsidiary. Meanwhile, Gibson acquired Deutsche Wurlitzer Jukebox and Electronics Vending brand in 2006, briefly bringing the primary Wurlitzer product lines back under one owner. However, Baldwin stopped using the Wurlitzer name on pianos by the end of 2009. Gibson now uses the Wurlitzer brand name exclusively for jukeboxes and vending machines.<ref>((cite web| title=Wurlitzer| url=http://www.gibson.com/Products/Wurlitzer/Jukebox%20Museum/History/| website=Gibson| access-date=July 28, 2017| archive-date=August 10, 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810123855/http://www.gibson.com/Products/Wurlitzer/Jukebox%20Museum/History/| url-status=dead))</ref> Wurlitzer continues to manufacture jukeboxes and vending machines at its factory in Hullhorst, Germany.  Wurlitzer headquarters are located in Hullhorst, and it has distribution and sales offices in Gurnee, Illinois and Oxfordshire, England.

== Products ==
=== Acoustic pianos ===
[[File:Detalle de piano Wurlitzer 04.JPG|left|thumb|Keyboard of a Wurlitzer acoustic piano]]
Beginning in about 1880, Wurlitzer built a full line of upright and grand pianos. In 1914, Wurlitzer became the sole distributor of Melville Clark Pianos and in 1919 acquired the Melville Clark company. Wurlitzer continued to manufacture pianos at the Clark factory in DeKalb, Illinois under the Melville Clark name. Other brands which have been manufactured by Wurlitzer are Apollo, De Kalb, Julius Bauer, Farney, Kingston, Kurtzman, Merrium, Schaff Bros. and Underwood.<ref>((cite web| title=Wurlitzer Pianos| url=http://www.total-piano-care.com/wurlitzer-pianos.html| website=Total Piano Care| access-date=July 28, 2017))</ref>

Wurlitzer excelled in piano design. It developed the "Pentagonal Soundboard", "Tone crafted hammers", and other unique innovations to help its pianos produce a richer, fuller tone. In 1935, it was one of the first manufacturers to offer the spinet piano to the mass market. This 39-inch high piano was an instant sensation. The spinet came at an opportune time, when many Americans could not afford a full upright or grand.

((clear left))

=== Butterfly grand pianos ===
[[File:Wurlitzerbutterfly.jpg|left|thumb|Wurlitzer Butterfly Art Deco Deluxe 88-key piano – Model 1411]]
In the mid thirties, Wurlitzer unveiled a line of symmetrical grand pianos, or "Butterfly" grands.  At this point in Wurlitzer history, all piano manufacturing was exclusively in DeKalb, Illinois.  Models ranged from the Student Butterfly having 44 keys, to the 88 key Deluxe Art Deco Streamline Model 1411.

Model 1411 had many innovative patented features.  A quartet of raised banding around the body were actually functional sound port slots that radiate all the way around the case, allowing sound to escape the cabinet with the lids closed.  The most notable feature was the symmetrical lids that opened like butterfly wings.  These lids open to reveal a secondary ported removable inner lid. These lids are decoratively cut out to allow the sound to ring out via a large F hole, similar to a violin, as well as multiple radial slots along the outer edge.  Another design innovation was the "Tone Amplifier".  The device consists of a metal flat bar between the piano rim, running under the bass bridge to a fixed point on the soundboard, designed to bring out the tone on a smaller piano.  A screw mechanism on top of the bridge allowed adjustment of the tonal output.

Wurlitzer made at least three different versions of the 73 key model butterfly.   Each had variations in appointments, such as legs, lyres, and sheet music stands.<ref>((cite web| url=http://wurlitzerbutterfly.com| title=Welcome| website=Wurlitzer Butterfly Piano Registry| access-date=July 28, 2017))</ref>

((clear left))

=== Band organs ===
((See also|List of Wurlitzer Band Organs|North Tonawanda Barrel Organ Factory))
[[Image:Wurlitzer 125 Band organ (1924), Pullen Park Carousel, Raleigh, NC.jpg|thumb|246px|The [[Pullen Park Carousel]] Wurlitzer 125 Band Organ<!-- The early model 105 would appear identical to this, but without the drums. -->in [[Raleigh, North Carolina]]]]

After the [[United States Government]] imposed high [[import tariff]]s on street and fairground organ importation in 1892,<ref>((cite web| url=http://www.carouselnews.com/February-2008/Some-History-on-Limonaire-Freres-And-Its-Famous-Band-Organs.html| first=Tim| last=Trager| title=Some History on Limonaire Freres And Its Famous Band Organs| work=Carousel News| date=April 2008| access-date=April 20, 2008))</ref>  Wurlitzer began producing mechanical organs. Most were small [[barrel organ]]s, playing from a pinned barrel and powered by either steam or cranked by hand. Many of these organs have cases finished in dark (and sometimes black) wood, with gold incised designs, not unlike those of the European manufacturers of barrel organs.

As parts were not subject to import tariffs, almost all Wurlitzer band organs are copied from designs by European manufacturers. For example, the style 104 and style 105 were copied from a Gebrüder Bruder barrel organ. The style 146 was identical copied from Brüder's model 79 fairground organ, except that the side wings (portions of the façade concealing the drums) were removed. The style 157 was copied from a [[Gavioli]] special style of organ (only 2 or 3 of this style of organ are known to exist; the former organ at [[Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom]] was one, but it was destroyed in a fire). And, the style 165 is copied from the Gebrüder Bruder "Elite Apollo Orchester."

As demand for organs grew from the fairground operators, Wurlitzer was approached by [[Eugene de Kleist]], an-ex employee of [[Limonaire Frères]] and the founder of the [[North Tonawanda Barrel Organ Factory]]. After de Kleist developed the tonophone for the company, which won a gold medal at the 1901 [[Pan-American Exposition]], Wurlitzer invested in his company. Wurlitzer bought de Kleist's interest in the business in 1909 and assumed operation of the North Tonawanda factory. The new company invested in new technology, resulting in the adoption of electric motors, and the music source was changed from pinned barrels to perforated paper rolls similar to a player piano roll.
[[File:Wurlitzer 153 Duplex.jpg|thumb|Duplex roll mechanism of a Wurlitzer 153 band organ]]

In addition to manufacturing band organs, Wurlitzer also converted band organs made by other companies to their roll scales. This generally resulted in the converted organ having an expanded musical library due to the vast amount of available Wurlitzer music rolls. However, these conversions sometimes required modifications to the organ's pipes and could permanently change the sound of the converted organ.[[File:FratiBandOrgan LakesidePark.jpg|thumb|alt=A Frati Band Organ.|The Frati & Co. Band Organ at the [[Lakeside Park Carousel]] in [[Port Dalhousie]], Ontario, is an example of a band organ converted by Wurlitzer to play the Wurlitzer 150 roll scale.]]

The production of Wurlitzer organs ceased in 1939, the last organ to leave the factory being a style 165 organ in a 157 case (done because Wurlitzer had an extra 157 case remaining in the factory and the owner didn't mind the change). During the Great Depression leading up to the end of production, various cost-cutting measures were made, such as the substitution of brass horn and trumpet pipes for ones made of wood (though arguably the change from brass to wood may have been due to the shrill sound produced by the brass pipes which some people may have found unpleasant; wood pipes produced a mellower sound).

Some orchestrions made by the company can be found at [[Clark's Trading Post]], [[Lincoln, New Hampshire]], the Music Hall, [[Nevada City, Montana]], and the [[Jasper Sanfilippo]] Collection at [[Sanfilippo Place de la Musique|Victorian Palace]], [[Barrington Hills, Illinois]].

===Nickelodeons and player pianos===
[[Image:Musée Mécanique 143.JPG|thumb|246px|Wurlitzer nickelodeon]]
Wurlitzer, starting around 1900 until circa 1935 produced nickelodeon pianos, or coin pianos, which are electrically operated player pianos that take coins to operate, like a jukebox.

The company produced various models of nickelodeons, such as the early Wurlitzer Mandolin Quartette – Wurlitzer's alternative to the Regina Sublima Piano. This machine has a reiterating piano with mandolin attachment along with an accompanying piano. They later introduced the Wurlitzer A.P.P. roll; a universal roll to be used on all subsequent Wurlitzer nickelodeons. Models such as the B(X), C(X), D(X) and I(X) use this roll.

Wurlitzer also produced an automatic roll changer system so when a roll finished rewinding another was put on in a carousel-like system. An 'X' at the end of a model number indicates that model was fitted with a roll changer.

Records indicate Wurlitzer sold player piano mechanisms to other manufacturers who installed Wurlitzer components in their own pianos and sold them under other brand names. One example is the Milner player piano company. Milner pianos were built in Cincinnati at a time consistent with Wurlitzer's presence there. Company records suggest Wurlitzer acquired the Milner company<ref>((cite web| title=Inventory of the Wurlitzer Company, DeKalb, Illinois Records| url=http://library.niu.edu/ulib/content/collections/rhc/collections/RC/RC%2520169.pdf&sa=U&ved=0ahUKEwiS-7eX1MbVAhUp6YMKHUTxDioQFggGMAE&client=internal-uds-cse&usg=AFQjCNHUyjwmbIkxaA2QwOPQmsnkPzgmkQ| website=Northern Illinois University Libraries| access-date=2017-08-07))</ref> in addition to the several other companies acquired by Wurlitzer over the years, but it is possible that Milner may have simply used Wurlitzer components in their own product.

=== Theatre organs ===
[[File:Berlin Wurlitzer Spieltisch 3.jpg|thumb|246px|The keyboard of a "Mighty Wurlitzer", from the [[Berlin Musical Instrument Museum]]]]
[[File:Stahls Automotive Collection December 2021 152 (1923 Wurlitzer Theatre Pipe Organ).jpg|thumb|246px|A 1923 Wurlitzer Theatre Pipe Organ at [[Stahls Automotive Collection]]]]
[[File:MIM Mighty Wurlitzer.jpg|thumb|upright|Mighty Wurlitzer type 250, [[Berlin Musical Instrument Museum]]]]
((See also|Robert Hope-Jones|Wurlitzers in the United Kingdom))

Perhaps the most famous instruments Wurlitzer built were its [[pipe organ]]s (from 1914 until 1943), which were installed in theatres, homes, churches, and other venues. These were marketed as ''The Mighty Wurlitzers''.<ref>((cite journal| title=It's a Wurlitzer| url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/its-a-wurlitzer-61398212/| last=Miller| first=Mary K.| date=April 2002| journal=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]| access-date=November 29, 2017))</ref>

[[Robert Hope-Jones]] is considered the inventor of the [[theatre organ]].<ref>((cite journal| url=http://www.atos.org/Pages/Journal/HopeJones/hopejones_1.html| title=Homage to Robert Hope-Jones| journal=Theatre Organ| date=December 1973 – April 1974| first=Stevens| last=Irwin| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101191404/http://www.atos.org/Pages/Journal/HopeJones/hopejones_1.html| archive-date=January 1, 2011))</ref> Between 1887 and 1911 his company employed 112 workers at its peak, producing 246 organs.<ref>((cite book| first=David H.| last=Fox| title=Robert Hope-Jones| location=Richmond, Virginia| publisher=Organ Historical Society| isbn=978-0-9134-9909-2| year=1992))</ref> But shortly after merging his organ business with Wurlitzer, he committed suicide in 1914 in Rochester, New York, frustrated by his new association with the Wurlitzer company, it is said.<ref name=Resonance>((cite journal |first=Jonathan |last=Ortloff |title=A Robert Hope-Jones Organ in Rochester |journal=Resonance |page=15 |date=Spring 2005 |publisher=[[Eastman School of Music]] |url=http://www.esm.rochester.edu/organ/PDF/Resonance5.pdf |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626124037/http://www.esm.rochester.edu/organ/PDF/Resonance5.pdf| archive-date=26 June 2013 ))</ref> Moving the business to their [[North Tonawanda Barrel Organ Factory]], from 1914 to 1942, Wurlitzer built over 2,243 pipe organs: 30 times the rate of Hope-Jones company, and more theatre organs than the rest of the theatre organ manufacturers combined.

A number were shipped overseas, with the largest export market being the [[Wurlitzers in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]. The first of these theatre pipe organs to be shipped to the United Kingdom was dispatched from the North Tonawanda factory on 1 December 1924. It opened at its first location – The Picture House in [[Walsall]], at the end of January 1925. This particular instrument (Britain's oldest Wurlitzer organ) is now located at the Congregational Church in [[Beer, Devon]]. Regular concerts and shows are hosted on the Beer Wurlitzer.<ref>((cite web| title=Friends of Beer Wurlitzer| url=http://www.beerwurlitzer.org.uk| access-date=28 October 2014| archive-date=November 30, 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130100714/http://beerwurlitzer.org.uk/| url-status=dead))</ref>

The largest Wurlitzer organ originally built (in terms of pipes), was the four-[[Manual (music)|manual]] / 58-rank (set of pipes) instrument at [[Radio City Music Hall]] in New York City. The Music Hall instrument is actually a concert instrument, capable of playing a classical as well as non-classical repertoire. It, along with the organ at the [[Paramount Theatre (Denver, Colorado)|Paramount Theatre]] in Denver Colorado are the only Wurlitzer installations still in use that have dual [[organ console|consoles]]. While Denver's is the typical "master-slave" system, Radio City is the only surviving original Wurlitzer installation to have two identical and completely independent consoles playing the same organ. Both instruments have been substantially altered in more recent years.

[[Manual (music)|5-Manual]] theatre organ consoles are extremely rare, and only three were built by Wurlitzer:
* Opus 1351 (28 ranks), originally installed in the [[Michigan Building|Michigan Theatre]], in [[Detroit]]. The organ was removed in 1956 and is now installed in a private residence in [[Racine, Wisconsin]]. Six additional ranks were added, to make it a 34-rank.<ref>((cite news| title=3,000-pipe organ rules Caledonia man's 'basement bijou'| url=http://archive.jsonline.com/greensheet/3000-pipe-organ-rules-caledonia-mans-basement-bijou-b99608588z1-343229442.html| first=Chelsey| last=Lewis| newspaper=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]| date=November 8, 2015| access-date=July 27, 2017))</ref>
* Opus 1587 (21 ranks), originally installed in the Marbro Theatre, in [[Chicago]]. It is now installed at the [[Providence Performing Arts Center]] in Rhode Island.<ref>((cite web| title=Providence Performing Arts Center| url=http://www.rirocks.net/Search/loewspalace.htm| website=Rhode Island Rocks| access-date=July 28, 2017))</ref>
* Opus 1942 (21 ranks), originally installed in the [[Paradise Theatre (Chicago)|Paradise Theatre]], in Chicago.<ref name="http://barton.theatreorgans.com">((cite web| title=Wurlitzer Opus List|page= 242| url=http://www.theatreorgans.com/AU/opus/OPUSLIST/opus.asp?Page=242| website=Vintage Hammond| access-date=July 28, 2017))</ref>

In 1955, a group of enthusiasts met in the dining room of [[Richard Simonton]], an early investor of [[Muzak]] and formed the ''American Theatre Organ Enthusiasts'' (ATOE) to preserve remaining theatre organs, including those by other builders, such as [[Robert Morton Organ Company|Morton]], [[M. P. Moller|Möller]], [[W.W. Kimball Company|Kimball]], [[Marr and Colton]], [[Barton Organ Company|Barton]], and [[Kilgen]]. The ATOE is now known as the [[American Theatre Organ Society]] (ATOS).<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.atos.org/about/history/atos |website=American Theatre Organ Society |title=ATOS History |access-date=July 29, 2017))</ref> A similar society formed in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] in 1952 known as the [[Cinema Organ Society]].<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.cinema-organs.org.uk/ |website=The Cinema Organ Society |title=About Us |access-date=October 14, 2009))</ref>

=== Jukeboxes ===
((multiple image
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((See also|Jukebox|Homer E. Capehart))

The Wurlitzer was the iconic jukebox of the [[Big Band]] era, to the extent that Wurlitzer came in some places to be a generic name for any jukebox. (In [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], "wurlitzer" still means "jukebox", for example &ndash; despite Hungarian only using the letter W for words of foreign origin). Wurlitzer's success was due to a first rate marketing department (headed by future [[Indiana]] Senator [[Homer Capehart]]), the reliable Simplex record changer, and the designs of engineer Paul Fuller who created many cabinet styles in the "light-up" design idiom.  Another significant factor contributing to Wurlitzer's success was the end of Prohibition in 1933 and the resulting increase in the market for coin-operated music machines in bars and dance halls.

Wurlitzer's original jukeboxes played only ten 78 rpm records, one side only, later expanded to 24. With the advent of smaller 45 rpm records, Wurlitzer was beat to the punch by Seeburg mechanisms which could play both sides of 50 different records, yielding 100 song choices.<ref name=juke /> Although Wurlitzer ceded the crown of industry leader to rival [[Seeburg Corporation|Seeburg]] in the 1950s, Fuller's designs are so emblematic of jukeboxes in general that 1940s era Wurlitzers are often used to invoke the Rock n' Roll period in films and television. Wurlitzer struggled on for 20 years or so and made one final effort to keep its jukebox business viable with a nostalgic 1971 model called the "1050". The model did not sell well and only 1,600 units were produced. The jukebox line was sold to a German company in 1973.

Already in 1960 Wurlitzer founded a wholly owned subsidiary in Hullhorst, Germany, the DEUTSCHE WURLITZER GMBH, which was building electronic organs, vending machines, mostly cigarette vendors, and jukeboxes for the European market. Deutsche Wurlitzer was at that time a major factor in Europe for vending machines and coin-operated phonographs, the internal word for jukeboxes. 
In 1974, when Wurlitzer in the US ceased to build jukeboxes, Deutsche Wurlitzer continued and served the European markets and partly also the USA by own distributors.
Deutsche Wurlitzer GmbH was sold in 1985 to the Australian "Nelson Group of Companies, based in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
As it is said below Gibson Guitar Corporation bought Deutsche Wurlitzer by acquiring Baldwin Piano Company, who bought the US Wurlitzer company before. The Australian owned German company continued to manufacture vending machines and jukeboxes and was acquired by Gibson Guitar around 2008. Reason was, that the major shareholder of the Gibson Group would not like the German company to have the right to use the WURLITZER name and logo. 2013 Deutsche Wurlitzer went out of business and the remaining part was sold to German investors. An attempt to continue with products and a new name was not successful.

Jukeboxes bearing the Wurlitzer name were in production until the company ceased manufacturing in 2013. The Gibson Guitar Corporation acquired the German jukebox and vending machine manufacturer that made them in 2006. The more recent models are able to play CDs.

[[Image:Wurlitzer210.png|thumb|246px|Wurlitzer 210 electric piano]]

=== Electric pianos ===
((Main|Wurlitzer electronic piano))

From 1955 to 1982, the company also produced the Wurlitzer electric piano series, an electrically amplified piano variant.

=== Electric guitars ===
In 1966, music store owner Howard Holman used his contacts at the Martin Band Instrument Company, owned by Wurlitzer at that time, to convince Wurlitzer to distribute a line of electric guitars manufactured by Holman's start-up company in Kansas. Wurlitzer became the sole distributor of guitars made by the Holman-Woodell Company of Neodesha, Kansas.

The guitar labels reflected Wurlitzer's Elkhart, Indiana, location, but with the exception of a handful of prototypes made above Holman's music store in Independence, Kansas, the guitars themselves were built in a small two-story building on Main Street in Neodesha. Three models were available: the Cougar, Wildcat and Gemini, all of which were functionally similar but featured different body shapes. The majority of the Kansas-made instruments were six-string guitars, with only a handful of basses being manufactured.<ref name="macy97">((cite journal |last1=Macy |first1=Kevin |first2=Michael |last2=Wright |title=Holman Guitars |url=http://www.wurlitzerguitars.com/files/holmanguitars.pdf |journal=[[Vintage Guitar (magazine)|Vintage Guitar]] |date=July 1997 |pages=22–27))</ref> Distinguishing features of the first Wurlitzer branded guitars are the W-shaped cut-out in the tremolo mounting plate and the Rock/Jazz selection rocker switch above each pick-up. Another feature of the earliest Wurlitzer electrics was that they were wired for stereo output. In 1967, Wurlitzer ceased its affiliation with the Holman-Woodell Company, possibly due to problems with the finish on Holman-Woodell guitars which resulted in many instruments being returned to the factory.

<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Wurlitzer Branded Electric Guitar Wildcat Model in White.jpg|framed|center|Circa 1966 Wurlitzer Gemini Electric Guitar (mfd. by Holman-Woodell)]] -->
Beginning in 1967, Wurlitzer-branded guitars were manufactured by Welson in Italy, and the Wurlitzer line expanded to include semi-hollow body electric as well as acoustic guitars.<ref name="macy97" /><ref>((cite journal| title=Welson| first=Jack| last=Marchal| url=http://www.fetishguitars.com/welson/welson-uk/| website=FetishGuitars.com))</ref> Wurlitzer continued to distribute Welson-made guitars under the Wurlitzer name until 1969 when Wurlitzer stopped selling guitars under its own brand name.

==References==
((Reflist|2))

==External links==
((Commons category))
<!--  WARNING TO ALL: Do not add your commercial, BBS or spam website here without first discussing it on the Discussion page of this article, or it WILL be deleted. -->
; Official sites
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070711154502/http://www.gibson.com/products/wurlitzer/ Wurlitzer Jukeboxes]
* [http://www.wurlitzer.de/?L=1/ Deutsche-Wurlitzer USA]

; Archive sites
* [http://www.wurlitzerbandorgans.com/ Wurlitzer Band Organs]
* [http://www.wurlitzerguitars.com/ Wurlitzer Guitar history]
* [http://wurlitzerbutterfly.com Wurlitzer Butterfly Piano Registry Project]
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((Theatre Organs))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Wurlitzer| ]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Cincinnati]]
[[Category:Musical instrument manufacturing companies of the United States]]
[[Category:North Tonawanda, New York]]
[[Category:1853 establishments in Ohio]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1853]]
[[Category:1988 mergers and acquisitions]]

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