This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Xenusion auerswaldae
Temporal range: Cambrian: Late Stage 2→Early Stage 3
↓
Fossil specimen
Life restoration
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
(unranked): Panarthropoda
Phylum: †"Lobopodia"
Class: †Xenusia
Order: †Protonychophora
Family: †Xenusiidae
Genus: †Xenusion
Pompeckj, 1927
Species:
†X. auerswaldae
Binomial name
†Xenusion auerswaldae
Pompeckj, 1927

Xenusion auerswaldae is an early lobopodian known from two specimens found in glacial erratics on the Baltic coast of Germany.[1] They probably originated in the Kalmarsund Sandstone of Southern Sweden,[2] which was deposited in the Lower Cambrian (Upper Tommotian–Lower Atdabanian; Stages 2→3).[3] It is the oldest currently known lobopodian with soft body fossils.[4]

The specimens are not especially well preserved. The older specimen is 10 cm or so in length with a narrow, weakly segmented body. Assuming it was the posterior section, the specimen was estimated to be part of an animal about 20 cm in length.[1] A depression runs up the bottom on all but the rearmost segments. There is a slightly bulbous termination, and each segment before that seems to have a single pair of tapering annulated legs similar to the modern onychophoran, but without specialized feet and claws. More than 10 body segments were present.[5] There is presumably a spine on each body bump and faint transverse parallel striations on the annulations on the legs.[1][5] The legs of what is possibly the foremost segments are either absent or not preserved. The head is believed to be missing or poorly preserved. Based on a new specimen that shows the anterior section, it possibly had a long narrow proboscis,[1] but this also suggested to be a preservational artefact.[6]

Xenusion has been reinterpreted as an Ediacaran frond animal by Tarlo, and a drawing of that interpretation has been presented by McMenamin.[7] In a photograph presented in The Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Volume O, the organism's appearance seems to support the original interpretation more. Further studies of Xenusiid close the possibility of a Rangeomorphy affinity.[1][5]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Dzik, J.; Krumbiegel, G. N. (1989). "The oldest 'onychophoran' Xenusion: A link connecting phyla?". Lethaia. 22 (2): 169. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1989.tb01679.x.
  2. ^ Jaeger, Hermann; Martinsson, Anders (1967-01-31). "Remarks on the Problematic Fossil Xenusion Auerswaldae". Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar. 88 (4): 435–452. doi:10.1080/11035896709455501. ISSN 0016-786X.
  3. ^ Han, J.; Zhang, Z. -F.; Liu, J. -N. (2008). "A preliminary note on the dispersal of the Cambrian Burgess Shale-type faunas". Gondwana Research. 14 (1–2): 269–276. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2007.09.001.
  4. ^ Ou, Qiang; Mayer, Georg (2018-09-20). "A Cambrian unarmoured lobopodian, †Lenisambulatrix humboldti gen. et sp. nov., compared with new material of †Diania cactiformis". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 13667. Bibcode:2018NatSR...813667O. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31499-y. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6147921. PMID 30237414.
  5. ^ a b c Liu, Jianni; Dunlop, Jason A. (2014-03-15). "Cambrian lobopodians: A review of recent progress in our understanding of their morphology and evolution". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. Cambrian Bioradiation. 398: 4–15. Bibcode:2014PPP...398....4L. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.06.008. ISSN 0031-0182.
  6. ^ RAMSKÖLD, L. and CHEN, J.-Y. 1998. Cambrian lobopodians: morphology and phylogeny. In EDGECOMBE, G. D. (ed.) Arthropod Fossils and Phylogeny, Columbia University Press, New York, 107–150 pp.
  7. ^ McMenamin, Mark A. S. (1986). "The Garden of Ediacara". PALAIOS. 1 (2): 178–182. doi:10.2307/3514512. ISSN 0883-1351. JSTOR 3514512.

External links

Lobopodians
Taxon identifiers
Categories