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((Short description|Goguryeo military dictator (603–666)))
((More citations needed|date=November 2019))
((family name hatnote|Yeon||lang=Korean))
((Infobox officeholder
| name                = Yeon Gaesomun
| image               = Yon Kaesomun.gif
| caption             = Portrait of Yeon Gaesomun<br />(Portrait painted by guessing)
| width               = 150px
| office              = Dae Magniji (Grand Prime Minister) of Goguryeo
| term_start          = 642
| term_end            = 666
| predecessor         = None
| successor           = [[Yeon Nam-saeng]]
| birth_date          = 594
| birth_place         = 
| death_date          = 666
| death_place         = 
| nationality         = 
| other_names         = 
| occupation          = 
| children            = [[Yeon Nam-saeng]]<br />[[Yeon Nam-geon]]<br />[[Yeon Namsan|Yeon Nam-san]]
| father              = [[Yeon Taejo]]
| module              = ((Infobox Korean name | child = yes
|hangul=연개소문
|hanja=淵蓋蘇文
|rr=Yeon Gaesomun
|mr=Yŏn Kaesomun
))
))
'''Yeon Gaesomun'''<ref name=name>Some Chinese and Korean sources stated that his surname was Yeongae (((korean|labels=no|hangul=연개|hanja=淵蓋))) and personal name was Somun (((korean|labels=no|hangul=소문|hanja=蘇文))), but the majority of sources suggest a one-syllable surname and a three-syllable personal name.</ref> (594–666) was a powerful military dictator in the waning days of the [[Goguryeo]] kingdom,<ref name="Lee">((cite book|last1=Lee|first1=Ki-Baik|title=A New History of Korea|date=1984|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=067461576X|page=48))</ref> which was one of the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea|Three Kingdoms]] of ancient [[Korea]]. He is remembered for his successful resistance against [[Tang dynasty|Tang China]] under [[Emperor Taizong of Tang|Emperor Taizong]] and his son [[Emperor Gaozong of Tang|Emperor Gaozong]].<ref name="Lee" />

Traditional Korean histories from Joseon painted Yeon Gaesomun as a despotic leader, whose cruel policies and disobedience to his monarch led to the fall of [[Goguryeo]]. However, his achievements in defending Goguryeo against Chinese onslaughts have inspired early Korean nationalist historians, most notably the 19th-century Korean historian and intellectual [[Sin Chaeho]], to term Yeon Gaesomun the greatest hero in Korean history. In popular culture Yeon Gaesomun is often remembered as an exceptional soldier-statesman without equal in [[History of Korea|Korean history]].

==Biography==
Yeon Gaesomun was born into the influential and distinguished Yeon family as the first son of [[Yeon Taejo]], "Magniji" (Korean: 막리지; Hanja: 莫離支, a position equivalent to a modern era office of [[prime minister]]) of [[Goguryeo]] during the reigns of [[Pyeongwon of Goguryeo|King Pyeongwon]] and [[Yeongyang of Goguryeo|King Yeongyang]]. His grandfather [[Yeon Ja-yu]] was also a prime minister.

Information about Yeon Gaesomun comes largely from the ''[[Samguk sagi]]''(('))s biographical accounts of [[Yeongnyu of Goguryeo|King Yeongnyu]],<ref>((cite web|last1=Kim|first1=Busik|title=Samguk Sagi: Volume 20|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B720|website=Wikisource|access-date=17 July 2016))</ref> [[Bojang of Goguryeo|King Bojang]],<ref>((cite web|last1=Kim|first1=Busik|title=Samguk Sagi: Volume 21|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B721|website=Wikisource|access-date=17 July 2016))</ref><ref>((cite web|last1=Kim|first1=Busik|title=Samguk Sagi: Volume 22|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B722|website=Wikisource|access-date=17 July 2016))</ref> and Yeon Gaesomun himself,<ref>((cite web|last1=Kim|first1=Busik|title=Samguk Sagi: Volume 49|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B749|website=Wikisource|access-date=17 July 2016))</ref> and tomb engravings and biographical accounts, from the [[New Book of Tang]], dedicated to his sons [[Yeon Namsaeng]] and [[Yeon Namsan]].

[[Tang dynasty|Tang Chinese]] historical records give Yeon Gaesomun's surname as Cheon (((zh|labels=no|c=泉|p=Quán)) in Chinese, meaning "water spring"), because Yeon (((zh|labels=no|t=淵|p=Yuān)) in Chinese, meaning "riverhead") was the given name of [[Emperor Gaozu of Tang|Emperor Gaozu]] (((zh|labels=no|p=Lǐ Yuān|t=李淵))), the founding emperor of Tang, and thus subject to the [[naming taboo]] by Chinese tradition. Yeon Gaesomun is also sometimes referred to as Gaegeum (((korean|labels=no|hangul=개금|hanja=蓋金))). In the [[Nihon Shoki]], he appears as Iri Kasumi (((script|Hani|伊梨柯須彌))).<ref>[[Nihon Shoki]], First year of [[Empress Kōgyoku]] (642); ((script|Hani|秋九月。大臣伊梨柯須彌殺大王。并殺伊梨渠世斯等百八十餘人。))</ref> Since both Yeon Gaesomun and Iri Kasumi are transcriptions from Chinese and Japanese intending to approximate his Korean name, his actual name can be reconstructed as "Eol Kasum".<ref>((cite book|last=Chang|first=Sekyung|author-mask=장세경 [Chang Sekyung]|script-title=ko:고대 차자 복수 인명 표기 연구|trans-title=Study on the different ancient transcriptions of the same personal names|location=Seoul|publisher=Dongguk University|year=1990|language=ko|oclc=26398687))</ref>

Very little is known of Yeon Gaesomun's early days, until he became the Western Governor (((script|Hani|西部大人))), where he oversaw the building of the [[Cheolli Jangseong]], a network of military garrisons to defend [[Liaodong Peninsula|Liaodong]] from Tang.

Yeon Gaesomun had at least three sons: (eldest to youngest) [[Yeon Namsaeng]], [[Yeon Namgeon]], and [[Yeon Namsan]].

===Overthrow of the throne===
In the winter of 642, [[Yeongnyu of Goguryeo|King Yeongnyu]] was apprehensive about Yeon Gaesomun and plotted with his other officials to kill him. When Yeon Gaesomun discovered the plot, he arranged a lavish banquet to celebrate his rise to the position of Eastern Governor (((script|Hani|東部大人))) to which one hundred of the opposing politicians of the nation were invited. Yeon Gaesomun ambushed and killed all one hundred politicians present, and then proceeded to the palace and murdered King Yeongnyu. According to traditional Chinese and Korean sources, Yeon Gaesomun's men dismembered the king's corpse and discarded it without proper ceremony.

After placing [[Bojang of Goguryeo|King Bojang]] (((r.|642–668))),a nephew of King Yeongnyu, on the [[Goguryeo]] throne, Yeon Gaesomun appointed himself the "Dae Magniji" (((korean|labels=no|hangul=대막리지|hanja=大莫離支)); [[generalissimo]]) and assumed absolute [[de facto]] control over [[Goguryeo]] affairs of state until his death around 666.<ref name="Kim">((cite book|last1=Kim|first1=Jinwung|title=A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict|date=5 November 2012|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253000781|pages=50–51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA50|access-date=17 July 2016|language=en))</ref>

Yeon Gaesomun's [[coup d'état]] came as the culmination of a lengthy power struggle between those in the government who favored appeasement toward [[Tang dynasty|Tang China]] and those who advocated military confrontation; Yeon Gaesomun belonged to the hard-liners. Traditional Chinese and Korean historians assumed that Yeon Gaseomun's motive was simply his thirst for power, but many modern Korean historians assert that his motive was to make Goguryeo assume a tougher stance against Tang China, as opposed to King Yeongnyu who submitted to Tang for a peaceful diplomatic relationship. Yeon Gaesomun's role in the murder of King Yeongnyu was taken as the primary pretext for the failed [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] invasion of 645.

===Wars with China===
((See also|First conflict of the Goguryeo–Tang War))
((See also|Goguryeo–Tang War))

The series of wars between [[Goguryeo]] and [[Tang dynasty|Tang China]] comprise some of the most important events in the ancient history of Northeast Asia, leading to the Tang–Silla alliance, the ultimate demise of powerful Goguryeo, and the unification of the [[Korean Peninsula]] under [[Silla]] control. Yeon Gaesomun was a central protagonist in this series of conflicts, as well as its primary cause.

At the outset of his rule, Yeon Gaesomun took a brief conciliatory stance toward Tang China. For instance, he supported [[Taoism in Korea|Taoism]] at the expense of [[Korean Buddhism|Buddhism]], and to this effect in 643, sent emissaries to the Tang court requesting Taoist sages, eight of whom were brought to Goguryeo. This gesture is considered by some historians as an effort to pacify Tang and buy time to prepare for the Tang invasion Yeon thought inevitable given his ambitions to annex Silla.

Relations with Tang deteriorated when Goguryeo launched new invasions of Silla. In 645, the [[first conflict of the Goguryeo–Tang War]] began and [[Emperor Taizong of Tang|Emperor Taizong]]'s noted military acumen enabled him to conquer a number of major Goguryeo border fortresses.

Eventually, however, Emperor Taizong's invasion was met with two major setbacks. First, his main army was stymied and bogged down for several months at [[Ansi Fortress]] due to the resistance of the celebrated commander [[Yang Manchun]].<ref name="Lee" /><ref name="Kim" /> Second, the elite marine force that he sent to take [[Pyongyang]], Goguryeo's capital, was defeated by Yeon Gaesomun who, according to the ''[[Joseon Sanggosa]]'', then immediately marched his legions to relieve Yang Manchun's forces at Ansi Fortress.

[[Emperor Taizong of Tang|Emperor Taizong]], caught between Yang Manchun's army in the front and Yeon Gaesomun's counter-attacking forces closing in from behind, as well as suffering from the harsh winter and dangerously low food supplies, was forced to retreat homeward.<ref>((cite book|last1=Sima|first1=Guang|title=Zizhi Tongjian))</ref> Before setting off, Emperor Taizong left behind 100 bolts of silk cloth out of respect to Yang Manchun.<ref name="Kim" /> The retreat was difficult and many of his soldiers died.<ref>((cite book|last1=Graff|first1=David|title=Medieval Chinese Warfare 300–900|date=2 September 2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134553532|page=168|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gpmBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA198|access-date=2 November 2016|language=en))</ref> Emperor Taizong's campaign against Goguryeo was unsuccessful.<ref name="Maps">((cite book|last1=Injae|first1=Lee|last2=Miller|first2=Owen|last3=Jinhoon|first3=Park|last4=Hyun-Hae|first4=Yi|title=Korean History in Maps|date=15 December 2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107098466|page=29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=46OTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|access-date=17 July 2016|language=en))</ref><ref name="Tucker">((cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Spencer C. |title=500 Great Military Leaders |date=2014 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781598847581 |page=447 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SZHgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA447 |access-date=12 October 2019 |language=en))</ref> However, he succeeded in inflicting heavy casualties on Goguryeo. Upon returning home, Emperor Taizong founded the [[Fayuan Temple|Minzhong Temple]], the oldest temple in Beijing, to commemorate his soldiers who died in Goguryeo.<ref>((cite web|title=Record of Restoring the Buddha Relic at Minzhong Temple|url=http://museum.sinica.edu.tw/exhibition_item.php?id=2&item=397&lang=en-us|website=Museum of the Institute of History and Philology|publisher=Academia Sinica|quote=The Minzhong Temple is known today as the Fayuan Temple in Beijing.  The temple was built by Emperor Li Shimin to mourn and salvage the lost souls in his failed attempt to conquer Goguryeo.))</ref><ref>((cite book|last1=Haw|first1=Stephen G.|title=Beijing – A Concise History|date=22 November 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134150335|page=171|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J8J8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA171|access-date=2 November 2016|language=en))</ref><ref>((cite book|last1=Perkins|first1=Dorothy|title=Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture|date=19 November 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135935696|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsIeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT112|access-date=2 November 2016|language=en))</ref><ref>((cite book|last1=Jaivin|first1=Linda|title=Beijing|date=15 May 2014|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=9781780233000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJAOBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT23|access-date=2 November 2016|language=en))</ref> He invaded Goguryeo again in 647 and 648, but was defeated both times, and thus was unable to accomplish his ambition of conquering Goguryeo in his lifetime.<ref name="Kim" /><ref name="Tucker" />

Conquering Goguryeo had been an obsession with Emperor Taizong,<ref>((cite book|last1=Walker|first1=Hugh Dyson|title=East Asia: A New History|date=20 November 2012|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781477265178|page=161|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GBvRs-za0CIC&pg=PA161|access-date=4 November 2016|language=en))</ref> and after his death in 649, his son [[Emperor Gaozong of Tang|Emperor Gaozong]] continued his ambition. After the Tang-Silla alliance conquered [[Baekje]], Emperor Gaozong invaded Goguryeo in 661 and 662.<ref name="Maps" /><ref>((cite book|last1=Ring|first1=Trudy|last2=Watson|first2=Noelle|last3=Schellinger|first3=Paul|title=Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136639791|page=486|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC&q=stalwart+defenses|access-date=16 July 2016|language=en))</ref> One of Yeon Gaesomun's greatest victories came in 662, when his forces defeated Tang general Pang Xiaotai (((lang|zh|龐孝泰))) and his [[Lingnan]] army at the Sasu River (((script|Hani|蛇水)), probably [[Pothong River|Botong River]]). Pang Xiaotai and all his 13 sons were killed in combat.<ref>((cite book|script-title=ko:옆으로 읽는 동아시아 삼국지 1|date=2 September 2013|publisher=EASTASIA|isbn=9788962620726|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfevAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT348|access-date=5 November 2016|language=ko))</ref><ref>((cite web|script-title=ko:통일기|url=http://www.culturecontent.com/content/contentView.do?search_div_id=CP_THE003&cp_code=cp0901&index_id=cp09010004&content_id=cp090100040001&search_left_menu=1|website=한국콘텐츠진흥원|publisher=Korea Creative Content Agency|access-date=5 November 2016))</ref> Famed Tang general [[Su Dingfang]], who was instrumental in conquering Baekje, was unable to overcome [[Pyongyang]]'s defenses and was forced to withdraw due to harsh snowstorms. With increasing domestic turmoil in China, Tang was once again forced to retreat.

However, Goguryeo's population and economy were severely damaged due to the long years of continuous warfare.<ref name="Lee2"/> Yeon Gaesomun died in 666 of a natural cause, and Goguryeo was thrown into chaos and further weakened by a succession struggle among his sons and younger brother,<ref name="Kim" /><ref>((cite book|last1=Kim|first1=Djun Kil|title=The History of Korea, 2nd Edition|date=30 May 2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695824|page=49|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IgxvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|access-date=17 July 2016|language=en))</ref> with his eldest son defecting to Tang and his younger brother defecting to Silla.<ref name="Lee2">((cite book|last1=Lee|first1=Ki-Baik|title=A New History of Korea|date=1984|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=067461576X|page=67))</ref> Tang mounted a fresh invasion in 667, aided by Silla and the defector [[Yeon Namsaeng]], and was finally able to conquer Goguryeo in 668.<ref name="Lee2" />

===Death===
The most likely date of Yeon Gaesomun's death is that recorded on the tomb [[stele]] of his eldest son [[Yeon Namsaeng]] on the twenty-fourth year of the reign of [[Bojang of Goguryeo|King Bojang]] (665). However, the ''[[Samguk sagi]]'' records the year as 666, and the [[Nihon Shoki]] gives the year as the twenty-third year of the reign of King Bojang (664).

==Legends==
According to a local Chinese legend in the 19th-century Funing County Annals (((script|Hani|阜宁县志))): during a campaign, Emperor Taizong was scouting ahead of his army and was almost captured when he discovered Yeon Gaesomun's encampment and was recognized by the latter, but narrowly escaped by hiding in a decrepit well; later, Emperor Taizong had a pagoda (((script|Hani|朦朧塔))) erected near the location.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://jhwsw.com/zzdzb/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=3204|title = 迷趣重重朦胧塔之诗文选萃【散文】))</ref><ref>((cite AV media|script-title=ko:HD역사스페셜 제22편 세계전쟁사의 수수께끼!! 고구려 수당전쟁(2/2)|url=http://www.kbs.co.kr/1tv/sisa/hdhistory/vod/vod/1363960_13796.html|medium=Documentary|publisher=KBS|location=South Korea|date =7 October 2005))</ref>

==Historical depictions==
[[Tang dynasty|Tang]] and [[Silla]] sources portrayed Yeon Gaesomun as a brutal and arrogant dictator who carried five swords at a time, and had men prostrate themselves so that he could use their backs to mount and dismount his horse.

==In popular culture==
Yeon Gaesomun sometimes appears as a [[door god]] in [[Taoist temple]]s in partnership with the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] general [[Xue Rengui]]. In some Chinese legends, Xue Rengui and Yeon Gaesomun are the reincarnations of the [[White Tiger (China)|White Tiger]]'s Star and [[Azure Dragon]]'s Star, respectively.<ref>((cite web |title=White Tiger in Ancient China |url=http://en.chinaculture.org/focus/focus/2010spring/2010-01/26/content_367602.htm |website=Chinaculture.org |publisher=Chinadaily.com.cn |access-date=12 October 2019))</ref>

===Film and television===
*Portrayed by Jo Kyung-hwan in the 1992 [[Korean Broadcasting System|KBS]] TV series ''Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms''.
*Portrayed by [[Lee Won-jong]] in the 2003 film ''[[Once Upon a Time in a Battlefield]]'' and its 2011 sequel ''[[Battlefield Heroes (film)|Battlefield Heroes]]''.
*Portrayed by [[Yoo Dong-geun]], [[Lee Tae-gon]] and [[Eun Won-jae]] in the 2006-2007 [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]] TV series ''[[Yeon Gaesomun (TV series)|Yeon Gaesomun]]''.
*Portrayed by [[Kim Jin-tae (actor)|Kim Jin-tae]] in the 2006–2007 KBS TV series ''[[Dae Jo-yeong (TV series)|Dae Jo Yeong]]''.
*Portrayed by Ko In-beom in the 2011 [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]] TV series ''[[Gyebaek (TV series)|Gyebaek]]''.
*Portrayed by Choi Dong-joon in the 2012–2013 KBS TV series ''[[Dream of the Emperor|The King's Dream]]''.
*Portrayed by [[Choi Min-soo]] in the 2013 [[KBS2]] TV series ''[[The Blade and Petal]]''.
*Portrayed by [[Yu Oh-seong]] in the 2018 film ''[[The Great Battle (film)|The Great Battle]]''.

===Literature===
Yeon Gaesomun (under the name ''Gai Suwen'') appears in [[Peking opera]] as the archvillain of the famed [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] general [[Xue Rengui]], who rescues [[Emperor Taizong of Tang|Emperor Taizong]] from Yeon Gaesomun's pursuit.<ref>((cite web|title=Court: Peking Opera logo violated artist's copyright|url=http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2012-07/25/content_15616631.htm|website=China Daily|access-date=17 July 2016))</ref><ref>((cite web|title=Gai Suwen|url=http://www.paulnoll.com/China/Opera/list-opera-109.html|website=Paul and Bernice Noll's Window on the World|access-date=17 July 2016))</ref>

Yeon Gaesomun appears in numerous classical Chinese literature about [[Xue Rengui]], who rescues [[Emperor Taizong of Tang|Emperor Taizong]] from certain death at the hands of Yeon Gaesomun himself.<ref>((cite book|last1=McLaren|first1=Anne Elizabeth|title=Chinese Popular Culture and Ming Chantefables|year=1998|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004109986|page=196|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hi3FGnfecBoC&pg=PA196|access-date=17 July 2016|language=en|quote=The Tang emperor engages in siege warfare of fortresses in snow-swept Liaodong in the kingdom of Gaoli (Koguryo) in modern-day Korea. The military dictator is regarded in some accounts as a barbarian to be sinified, and in others as a usurper who deserves execution. The terrain is treacherous and the enemy sophisticated. The emperor leads the campaign personally, against the advice of his ministers, and his very life is imperilled at one point. Xue Rengui's rescue of the Emperor Taizong at Yuni River from certain death at the hands of the Korean dictator is a highlight of fictional accounts.))</ref>

Age of Empires: World Domination, a mobile game produced in collaboration with series owner Microsoft,<ref>((cite web|title=Age of Empires: World Domination Launched for Android and iOS|url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/age-of-empires-world-domination-launched-for-android-and-ios-775709|website=NDTV Gadgets360.com|access-date=16 June 2016))</ref> includes Yeon Gaesomun as a selectable hero of the Korean civilization.<ref>((cite web|title=Age of Empires: World Domination|url=https://www.aoewd.com/index.php|website=KLabGames|access-date=16 June 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603115730/https://www.aoewd.com/index.php|archive-date=3 June 2016))</ref>

==See also==
*[[History of Korea]]
*[[Three Kingdoms of Korea]]

==References==
((Reflist|30em))

((S-start))
((Succession box| before = [[Yeon Taejo]]
| title = Daedaero of the Western Province of [[Goguryeo]]
| years = 642–665
| after = [[Yeon Namsaeng]]))
((Succession box| before = [[Eulji Mundeok]]
| title = Magniji (Prime Minister) of Goguryeo
| years = 642 - ?
| after = [[Yeon Namsaeng]]))
((Succession box
| before = '''None'''
| title = Dae Magniji (Grand Prime Minister) of Goguryeo
| years = 642–665
| after = [[Yeon Namsaeng]]))
((S-end))
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Yeon, Gaesomun))
[[Category:Military history of Korea]]
[[Category:Goguryeo generals]]
[[Category:7th-century government officials]]
[[Category:603 births]]
[[Category:666 deaths]]
[[Category:Chinese gods]]
[[Category:7th-century Korean people]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Yeon Gaesomun (edit)
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