Yererouk (Armenian: Երերույքի տաճար, Yereruyk’i tachar), also Yereruyk or Ererouk, is an ancient Armenian church near the village of Anipemza in the Shirak Province of Armenia. Yererouk was built on a plateau near the Akhurian River, which defines the frontier with Turkey, about 5 km southeast of the ancient city of Ani.[1]
The basilica is considered one of the ancient examples of Armenian architecture, belonging to the Paleo-Christian epoch (4th–6th century). It was initially started in the 4th century,[2] then was postponed in the 5th century[3] and finally completed in the 6th century.[4] Because the basilica isn't mentioned in any historical sources, the dates are hypothetical. However, the most recent studies have analysed the architectural characteristics with stratigraphic tests, the study of the sculptural decoration and epigraphy,[5] the comparation with similar churches in Syria.[6][7][8]
Because the basilica of Yererouk is one of the earliest surviving Christian monuments in Armenia, it was added to the UNESCOWorld Heritage Tentative List on August 25, 1995, in the Cultural category.[9]
Etymology and history
Plan of Yererouk basilica
Yererouk means quivering in the Armenian language. According to popular tradition, the name of the temple was derived from its unique architectural solution of the structure which seems quivering on its 6 columns for viewers from a distance.
Yererouk is one of the earliest examples of the Armenian church architecture and one of the greatest structures of the early medieval ages that partly survived. According to Toros Toramanian, Yererouk is a clear and perhaps the earliest example of the basilica style of the Armenian church buildings that are constructed on pillars.[10] The church was surrounded with thick walls. From the surrounding buildings, underground rooms and the water reservoir, it becomes clear that the church was the centre of a developed residential community.
Yererouk dates back to the 4th and 5th centuries. It is located in the Shirak canton of the Ayrarat province of Ancient Armenia. Not much is known about the founders of the basilica. However, the church was renovated during the 11th century by the efforts of King Hovhannes-Smbat's wife.
The building, with three aisles, structured with thick lateral walls, is one of the biggest Armenian churches of the period.[11] With arcades on the north, west and south sides, two little chapels near the apse and two absidal niches at the end of the lateral arcades, the basilica in origin could be covered wooden trusses. The north-east chapel keeps the most part of two superimposed vaults which the superior is inclined (taller near the nave).[12]
Yererouk Basilica is similar to Syrian basilicas in the architectural system (high angular towers protruding on the West facade) and in the sculptural decoration (decorative band on the windows).
With Tekor[21] (end of the 5th century) and Zvartnots, Yererouk Basilica is one of the rare Armenian churches totally built on a base of 5–6 steps like a crepidoma. The archeological excavations revealed the lack of a continuous platform under the building which foundations are directly on rock.
Along the south and north sides there are tympanum portals adorned with dentils with inscribed an arch, modeled with a banded cornice based on two columns with acanthus leaves capitals.[23]
The west facade is characterized by two windows like the ones on the principal facade, with different decorative elements and, in the high part of the facade, with a three-mullioned window that lights the nave.
The sculptural decorations, realized with the technique of bass-relief on the architrave and capitals in the apse and on the head of the arcades, give importance to the emblematic and apotropaic motive of the Maltese cross (with four identical limbs) inscribed in a medallion, sometimes decorated with animals and/or trees. The central crossed medallion is often completed by two lateral medallions made like rose-windows or daisies.
^Patrick Donabédian, Ereruyk: nouvelles données sur l'histoire du site et de la basilique, Mélanges Jean-Pierre Mahé, Travaux et Mémoires 18, Paris, 2014, p. 241-284.
^Murad Hasratian, Early christian architecture of Armenia, Zakneftegazstroy Ed, Mosca, 2000
^Patrick Donabédian, Ereruyk: nouvelles données sur l'histoire du site et de la basilique, Centre de Recherche d'Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance
^Jean Claude Bessac, Observations sur la construction de la Basilique d'Ererouk en République d'Arménie in Syria, Beirut, Presses de l'Ifpo, 2012, p. 331-336.
^H. Abich, Aus dem Kaukasischen Landern: Reisebriefe von Hermann Wien, 1896
^Armen, Garbis (1992), An Architecture of Survival, p. 71, ISBN0-9695988-0-7
^Edwards, Robert W. (2016). "Ereruk". In Paul Corby Finney (ed.). The Eerdmans Encyclopedia of Early Christian Art and Archaeology. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 507–508. ISBN978-0-8028-9016-0.
^A. Khatchatrian, L'architectture Arménienne du IV au VI siècle, Paris, 1971, pp.45–48;95–96
^K. J. Basmadjian, Les inscriptions arméniennes d'Ani de Bagnair et de Marmachen, Revue de l'Orient chrétien, vol. III
^H. H. Eprikian, Patkerazard bnashkharhik bararan (Illustrated Geographic Dictionary), vol. I, Venice, 1900, pag.694
^G. Hovsepian, Kartez hay hnagroutian (Atlas of Armenian antiques), Shoghakat, n.1, Vagharshapat, 1913, pag.179
^S. Djalaliants, Djhanaparhordouthioun i Metzn Hayastan (Journey to Major Armenia), vol. III, Tiflis, 1858, pag.15
^H. Manandian, Knnakan tesoutioun Hay zoghovrdi patmouthian (Critical Anthology of the history of Armenian people), vol. III 2^ part, Erevan, 1960, pag.273
^H. A. Orbeli, Divan Hay vimagrouthian (Corpus Inscriptionum Armenicarum), vol. I, Erevan, 1966, pag.58
^H. Shahkhatouniants, Storahrouthioun Kathoghikè Edchmiatzni yev hing garavatsn Ayrarata (Description of Edchmiatzin convent and the five Regions of Ayrarat), vol. II, Edchmiatzin, 1842, pp.43–44
^T. Thoramanian, Patmakan hay djhartarapetouthioun, Tekori dachar(i) (Architettura armena storica; il tempio di Tekor), vol. I, Tiflis, 1911, pp.50–52
^D. K. Kouymjian, Ereroukj basilikaji patmoutian hetkerov (Le traccie storiche della basilica di Ererouk), vol.XLIII, Antelias, 1974, pp-296-310
^G. Cubinasvili, Razyskanija po armjanskoy achitektury, Tiflis, 1967, pp.90–94
^Aa.Vv., Architettura armena dal IV al XVIII secolo, Milan, 1968
^S. Der Nersessian, Armenia and the Byzantine Empire, Cambridge, Mass., 1945, pp.63;86
^S. Der Nersessian, The Armenians, London, 1969, pp.101–102
^O. Kh. Ghalpakhtchian, G. A. Sarkisian, A. V. Vlasov, Architektura armenii (Armenian Architecture), vol. III, Moscow, 1966, pp. 208–212
^V. M. Haroutiounian, S. A. Safarian, Pamjatniki Armjanskovo zodcestva (The Monuments of Armenian architecture), Moscow, 1951, pp.35–36
^G. Hovsepian, Hay djhartarapetouthioun(i) Strzygowoskou nor ashkhathiamb (Armenian architecture according to Strzygowki studies), vol. I-II, Vagharshapat, 1921–1922, pp.291–292
^A. I. Jakobson, Ocerk istorii zodcestvenii V-XVII vekov (About the history of Armenian architecture from 5th to 17th century), Moscow, 1950, pp.12–17
^A. Khatchatrian, Annexes des églises byzantines a plan central, Actes du XII° Congrès International des Etudes Byzantines, vol. III, Beograd, 1964
^A. Khatchatrian, L'architecture arménienne, Vostran vol. I, Paris, 1948–1949, pp.35–51
^D. K. Kouymjian, Armenian Architecture (IVth-VIIth Centuries): A Reassessment on the Occasion of an Exhibition, Beirouth, 1973, pag.15
^R. Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, Baltimore, 1965, pp.213–214
^N. Ja. Marr, Ererujkskaja bazilika, armjanskij chram V-VI vv. (Ererouk Basilica, an Armenian temple in 5th–6th centuries), vol. XVIII, St. Petersburg, 1907
^N. Ja. Marr, Materialy k istorii amjanskovo iskusstva v Sirake, Kamsarakanovskij period. Ererukskaja bazilika (Tools for the study of art history of Shirak Province. Period of Kamsarakan. Ererouk Basilica), vol. III, St. Petersburg, 1909, pag. 1091
^N. Ja. Marr, Novije archeologiceskije dannye o prostrojkach tipa Ererujskoj baziliki (New documents about the structure of Ereouk Basilica), vol. XIX, St. Petersburg, 1909, pp.64–68
^N. Ja. Marr, Ereruiskaja bazilika, armyanskij chram V-VI vv. v okrestnostjach Ani (Ererouk Basilica, the Armenian temple of 5th–6th century near Ani), Erevan, 1968
^St. Mnatsakanian, Nikoghayos Mar(i) yev haykakan djhartarapethoution(i) (Nicola Marr and Armenian architecture), Erevan, 1969, pp.57–65
^S. Mnatsakanian, N. Stepanian, Architectural monuments in the Soviet Republic of Armenia, St. Petersburg, 1971, pag.46
^E. Neubauer, Armenische Baukunst vom vierten bis vierzehnten Jahrhundert, Dresda, 1970, pp.12–14
^A. Sahinian, Kasakhi Bazilikayi djhartarapetoutioun(i) (The architecture of Kasakh Basilica), Erevan, 1955, pp.87–99
^A. Sahinian, Haykakan djhartarapetouthioun(i) vagh feodalizmi darashrdchanoum, IV-VI dd. (Armenian architecture in the first era of feudalism, 4th–6th centuries), vol. II, Erevan, 1964, pp.105–110
^A. Sahinian, Les basiliques a trois nefs de l'époque paleochrèttienne de l'Arménie, Bergamo, 1975
^J. Schwieger, Neue Wege zur Erforschung von Ursprungsfragen altarmenischer Kirchenbauten, Vienna, 1927, pag.253
^V. V. Sleev, Iskusstvo Armenii (Armenian art), vol. II, Moscow, 1960, pag.77
^J. Strzygowski, Die Baukunst der Armenier und Europa, Vienna, 1918
^j. Strzygowski, Origin of Christian Church Art, Oxford, 1923, pag.69
^M. Thierry, L'architecture arménienne du IV au VI siècle, Paris, 1971, pp.457–458
^N. M. Tokarskij, Architektura drevnej Armenji (Ancient Armenian architecture), Erevan, 1946, pp.49–53
^N. M. Tokarskij, Po stranicam istotij Armjanskoj architektury (Along the pages of Armenian architecture history), Erevan, 1973
^E. Utudjian, Mission technique en Arménie, Paris, 1962, pp.101–108
^E. Utudjian, Armenian Architecture 4th to 17th Century, Paris, 1967, pag.35
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