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((Short description|Emperor of Ethiopia from 1871 to 1889))
((Use dmy dates|date=October 2016))
((Infobox royalty
| name         = Yohannes IV <br> ((lang|ti|ዮሓንስ ፬ይ))
| image        = Yohannes IV - 4.jpg
| caption      = 
| succession   = [[Emperor of Ethiopia]]
| reign        = 11 July 1871 – 10 March 1889
| coronation   = 12 January 1872
| predecessor  = [[Tekle Giyorgis II]]
| successor    = [[Menelik II]]
| spouse       = ''Woizero'' Tibebe Selassie
| issue        = [[Araya Selassie Yohannes|Ras Araya Selassie]]<br>[[Ras Mengesha Yohannes|Ras Mengesha]]
| full name    = 
| dynasty      = [[Solomonic dynasty|House of Solomon]]
| father       = ''Dejazmatch'' [[Mercha Wolde Kidan]], ''Shum'' of Tembien
| mother       = ''Woizero'' [[Silass Dimtsu]] of Chelekot, [[Enderta Province|Enderta]]
| birth_date   = ((birth date|1837|7|11|df=yes))
| birth_place  = [[Degol Woyane|May Baha]], [[Tembien Province|Tembien]], [[Ethiopian Empire]]
| death_date   = ((death date and age|df=yes|1889|3|10|1837|7|11))
| death_place  = [[Gallabat]], [[Mahdist State]]
| religion     = [[Ethiopian Orthodox]]
))
((Infobox royal styles|name=Yohannes IV of Ethiopia|image=Yohannes IV seal.jpg|reference=((lang-ti |ግርማዊ)) ''girmāwī''<br />[[Imperial Majesty (style)|His Imperial Majesty]]|spoken=((lang-am |ጃንሆይ)) ''djānhoi''<br />Your Imperial Majesty<br/><small>(lit. "O [esteemed] royal")</small>|alternative=((lang-am |ጌቶቹ)) ''getochu''<br />Our Lord (familiar)<br /><small>(lit. "Our master" (pl.))</small> yohanes))
'''Yohannes IV''' ([[Tigrinya]]: ዮሓንስ ፬ይ ''Rabaiy Yōḥānnes''; [[horse name]] '''Abba Bezbiz''' also known as '''Kahśsai'''; born '''''Lij'' Kahssai Mercha'''; 11 July 1837&nbsp;– 10 March 1889)<ref>((cite web|url=http://rulers.org/indexy.html#yohan|title=Index Y|publisher=Rulers.org|access-date=2 December 2017))</ref> was [[Emperor of Ethiopia]] from 1871 to his death in 1889 at the [[Battle of Gallabat]], and [[Negus|king]] of [[Tigray Region|Tigray]] from 1869 to 1871. During his reign he successfully defended Ethiopia against a large scale [[Ethiopian–Egyptian War|Egyptian invasion]].

In his earlier years, he rebelled against [[Tewodros II]]; having risen to power in the 1860s, he maintained the policy of Tewodros, that of continued unification and also implemented a policy of touring entire regions and meetings with governors. He assisted the British in their [[British expedition to Abyssinia]] which ended in Tewodros' suicide, from which Yohannes was rewarded in ammunition and artillery. He regarded Islam as a hindrance to the stability of the state and worked to strengthen Christian dominance in Ethiopia. In foreign policy, he had disagreements and military conflicts with both [[Isma'il Pasha]] of the [[Khedivate of Egypt]] and [[Muhammad Ahmad]] during the latter's [[Mahdist War]].

== Origin and early life ==
On the side of his father, [[Mercha Wolde Kidan]], Yohannes descended from the ruling family of [[Tembien]] where both his father and grandfather bore the traditional title of ''šum Tembien'', while his mother, Silas Dimtsu, was a daughter of ''balgäda'' Demtsu of Enderta and Tabotu Woldu of Agame, hence a niece of [[Sabagadis Woldu]]. He thus descended from the ruling families of Tembien, Agame, and Enderta.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-iv-imperatore-d-etiopia_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/|title=Giovanni IV Imperatore d'Etiopia in "Dizionario di Storia"|website=Treccani.it|access-date=2 December 2017))</ref><ref name="ch4">((cite book |last1=Smidt |first1=W |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |chapter=A Short History and Ethnography of the Tembien Tigrayans |series=GeoGuide |date=2019 |publisher=Springer Nature |pages=63–78 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_4 |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199170267 |url=https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_4))</ref> Yohannes Solomonic lineage is through his paternal grandmother Woizero Workewoha KaleKristoss of Adwa, the granddaughter of Ras [[Mikael Sehul]] and his wife [[Aster Iyasui|Aster Iyasu]], daughter of [[Mentewab|Empress Mentewab]] and [[Melmal Iyasu]], who was a Solomonic prince and nephew of [[Bakaffa|Emperor Bakaffa]].<ref>((Cite book |last=Mekonnen |first=Yohannes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSgmwugWCGMC&dq=Melmal+Iyasu&pg=PA265 |title=Ethiopia: the Land, Its People, History and Culture |date=2013-01-29 |publisher= Yohannes Mekonnen|isbn=978-1-4823-1117-4 |pages=265 |language=en))</ref><ref>((cite web |title=Kassa Mercha - Yohannes IV (John IV) Throne name |url=https://ethiopiandynasty.weebly.com/tigray-dynasty-1871-1889.html |url-status=dead |access-date= |website= |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125113113/https://ethiopiandynasty.weebly.com/tigray-dynasty-1871-1889.html ))</ref> Therefore Yohannes is descendent from the [[Gondarine period|Gondar-Branch]] of the Solomonic Dynasty.

The story of the first half of his life is poorly documented. Even the date of his birth is uncertain; various sources place it between 1831 and 1837. The available sources merely indicate that he was the youngest of his siblings, that he had a seriously ailing childhood, that he received some church education, and that he was initiated to manhood after killing some wild animals (lions and/or elephants) for trophies. The first mention of his appearance in the political arena comes up in connection with his visit to the imperial court of [[Tewodros II]] in 1864–1865 in the company of his brothers, Gugsa and Maru. Gugsa was given the title of ''däjazmač'', and Maru that of ''fit’awrari''. The lowest title, of ''balambaras'', was bestowed upon Kaśa, who was subsequently assigned to administer a sub-district within the governorship of his elder brother, Gugsa.<ref name=":0">((Cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica|last=Uhlig|first=Siegbert|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz|year=2014|volume=5: Y-Z|pages=73))</ref>
[[File:SMITH(1890) p211 JOHANNIS, KING OF ABYSSINIA.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Portrait of Emperor Yohannes IV|268x268px]]
Shortly after their return to [[Tigray Region|Tigray]], Kaśa rebelled against the rule of Tewodros. What prompted his rebellion is not well established. Often two explanations, which are not essentially contradictory, are forwarded by the sources: the first is related to his dissatisfaction with the rank and function given to him by the sovereign, while the second interprets his rebellion as a response to the appeal of ''abunä'' Salama who in 1867 wrote from prison to many notables condemning his perceived injustices of Tewodros. In any case, for some time he (together with his followers) retired to the eastern lowlands and found refuge among the [[Afar people|Afar]], from which ethnic group he married a Muslim after she had been baptized with the name Tebaba Sellasie.<ref name=":0" />

Returning to the highlands, he raised more men and began his military campaign: in the years 1864–1867, he consecutively defeated ''šum seraye'' Gebre Mikael, ''däjazmač'' Barya'u Gebre Sadeq of Adwa and ''däjazmač'' Tekle Giyorgis Qalos of Shire. Barya'u transferred his allegiance to Kaśa whom he served faithfully until he was killed in a battle some ten years later. Tekle Giyorgis (who had killed Kaśa's mother, Silass) fell in battle, and Kaśa subsequently assumed his title of ''däjazmač''. Kaśa then formed an alliance with ''wag šum'' Gobez Gebre Medhin of Lasta against Tewodros and began to harass the imperial representatives on both sides of the [[Mareb River]]. He defeated the governors of Selewa and [[Kilte Awulaelo]]. In [[Hamasien]], ''däjazmač'' Haylu Tewolde Medhen, who contemplated resistance, was confined and replaced with ''däjazmač'' (later ''ras'') Woldemichael Solomon who had actively participated in Kaśa's military campaign against the imperial officials in Tigray.<ref name="google2">((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnxeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174|title=Understanding Contemporary Ethiopia: Monarchy, Revolution and the Legacy of Meles Zenawi|author1=Prunier, G.|author2=Ficquet, É.|date=2015|publisher=Hurst|isbn=9781849046183|access-date=8 January 2017))</ref>

== Rise to power ==
The imperial ambitions of Yohannes are consolidated towards the end of the reign of [[Tewodros II]]; as early as 1867, he presented himself, during a correspondence with the British, as ruler of Ethiopia.<ref name="marcus-history712">Harold G. Marcus, ''A History of Ethiopia'', University of California Press, 2002, ((p.|71)).</ref> During the same year, a diplomatic dispute between Tewodros and the British government led the [[British expedition to Abyssinia|expedition to Abyssinia]] in order to free the European captives imprisoned there by Tewodros. From February 1868, Yohannes came into contact with British officers, including the commander of the expedition, [[Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala|Sir Robert Napier]], who sends Major [[James Augustus Grant]], a British explorer, to meet the ruler of Tigray.<ref name="marcus-life303">Harold G. Marcus, ''The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913'', Lawrenceville, Red Sea Press, 1995, ((p.|30)).</ref> Yohannes is then perceived by James as a “weak and easily manipulated man, aspiring to become a great leader of the [[Ethiopian Empire]]."<ref>Major Trevenen J. Holland et Captain Henry Hozier, ''Record of the Expedition to Abyssinia'', Londres, 1870, i. 394; cité dans Harold G. Marcus, ''The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913'', ((p.|30)).</ref> After three hearings, Yohannes officially agrees to help Napier. This then facilitates the provisioning of the troops by installing markets near the main camp sites.<ref name="marcus-life303"/> Yohannes assures the British that he will help them “with all [his] power."<ref>Major Trevenen J. Holland et Captain Henry Hozier, ''Record of the Expedition to Abyssinia'', Londres, 1870, i. 396; cité dans Harold G. Marcus, ''The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913'', ((p.|30)).</ref>

Yohannes undertakes to protect the supply routes from the coast to [[Amba Mariam|Magdala]] and to repress those who disturb the [[Telegraphy|telegraph]].<ref name="marcus-life313">Harold G. Marcus, ''The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913'', Lawrenceville, Red Sea Press, 1995, ((p.|31)).</ref> In return, Yohannes asked Napier during a meeting on February 28, 1868, for the participation of British forces in his fight against [[Tekle Giyorgis II|Wagshum Gobeze]].<ref>Major Trevenen J. Holland et Captain Henry Hozier, ''Record of the Expedition to Abyssinia'', Londres, 1870, i. 415; cité dans Harold G. Marcus, ''The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913'', ((p.|31)).</ref> Napier refused but maintained the possibility, after the campaign, of military assistance which Yohannes and his 10,000 men greatly needed.<ref name="marcus-life313"/> On April 10, 1868, the expeditionary force arrived at the foot of Magdala and, three days later, after refusing to surrender to the British, the Nəgusä nägäst [[Tewodros II]] committed suicide. Napier's victory and the ease with which the expedition reached Magdala was made possible by Yohannes.<ref name="marcus-life313"/> The British officers themselves admit that they were "lucky" to have obtained the cooperation of the leader of Tigray.<ref>Major Trevenen J. Holland et Captain Henry Hozier, ''Record of the Expedition to Abyssinia'', Londres, 1870, i. 416; cité dans Harold G. Marcus, ''The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913'', ((p.|31)).</ref> A report written by one of the British officers stating that: “The British army could not have reached Magdala during this season, without having received the help of the chiefs and the people of the country”.<ref>Major Trevenen J. Holland et Captain Henry Hozier, ''Record of the Expedition to Abyssinia'', Londres, 1870, ii. 50; cité dans Harold G. Marcus, ''The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913'', ((p.|31)).</ref>

In return for the help that Yohannes provided the British, he received military equipment, estimated at 500,000 [[Pound sterling|Pounds sterling]], including: six [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]], six [[Howitzer|howitzers]], approximately 900 [[musket|muskets]] and rifles, ammunition, powder and 585,480 primers percussion.<ref>Great Britain, House of Commons, ''Report from the Select Committee on the Abyssinian War'', (London, 1869), ((p.|18)) et Major Trevenen J. Holland et Captain Henry Hozier, ''Record of the Expedition to Abyssinia'', Londres, 1870, ii. 95-6; cité dans Harold G. Marcus, ''The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913'', ((p.|32)).</ref> This armament is added to the already important arsenal of Yohannes.<ref name="marcus-history72">Harold G. Marcus, ''A History of Ethiopia'', University of California Press, 2002, ((p.|72)).</ref> After the Magdala expedition, the British disengaged completely and Yohannes' offers of cooperation were rejected or ignored. Even after his seizure of imperial power, he failed to arouse the interest of the British.<ref name="bahru493">Bahru Zewde, ''A History of Modern Ethiopia, 1855-1991'', James Currey, Londres, 2002, ((p.|49)).</ref> Nevertheless, the Napier expedition had an impact on the struggle for power; in addition to military equipment, a British instructor, [[John Kirkham (adventurer)|John C. Kirkham]], agrees to stay in Ethiopia to train the troops of Yohannes. He is responsible for training the troops of Yohannes and preparing them for the use of modern weapons received from the British.<ref>John C. Kirkham, lettre à l’éditeur, ''The Times'', 27 juillet 1871; cité dans Harold G. Marcus, ''The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913'', ((p.|33)).</ref> According to the Historian [[Bahru Zewde]], the combination of new weapons and the training provided by John Kirkham determined the fight against [[Tekle Giyorgis II|Tekle Giyorgis]].<ref name="bahru493"/>

Following the death of Tewodros, Gobeze Gebre Medhin, had himself crowned as ''nəgusä nägäst'' Tekle Giyorgis II.<ref name="google4">((cite book |author1=Akyeampong, E.K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA5-PA164 |title=Dictionary of African Biography |author2=Gates, H.L. |date=2012 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=9780195382075 |volume=6 |pages=5–164 |access-date=8 January 2017))</ref> He successfully suppressed rebellions of ''ras'' Wolde Maryam of Begemender and Fares Ali of Yejju. Yohannes however, refused to acknowledge the new metropolitan ''abunä'' Atnatyos sent from Alexandria in June 1869, and kept him in his dominion.<ref>Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'' (New York: Palgrave, 2000), p. 146</ref> However, Tekle Giyorgis is not fooled and he quickly understands Yohannes' intentions. Although having a much larger army in numbers, Tekle Giyorgis does not have the modern weapons which Yohannes have. In addition to that, his troops include many soldiers from [[Tigray Province|Tigray]] and he fears their change of camp in favor of Yohannes.<ref name="marcus-life344">Harold G. Marcus, ''The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913'', Lawrenceville, Red Sea Press, 1995, ((p.|34)).</ref> Thus, Tekle Giyorgis seeks the collaboration of Menelik in order to consolidate a purely numerical advantage. However, the Negus of Shewa refuses to join in the fight, preferring to see the two great Warlords confront each other and tire each other.<ref name="marcus-life344"/> Finally, on 11 July 1871, Tekle Giyorgis confronted Kaśa in the [[Battle of Adwa (1871)|Battle of Adwa]], but was defeated and confined to Enda Abba Selma, Tembien, where he would die two years later.

== Internal policy ==
[[File:Menelik campaign map 1 3.jpg|thumb|The conquests of Yohannes IV, Emperor [[Menelik II|Menelik]] and general [[Ras Alula]] in 1879–1889]]
The principle of Yohannes's internal policy was to continue the legacy of [[Tewodros II]] by trying to unite Ethiopia. To ensure the realization of this policy, he toured each region and meeting appointed governors, usually from the local nobility, regardless of their former attitudes toward him, as long as they submitted and expressed to him their unflinching loyalty. He thus managed, as the contemporary English vice-consul put it, "to hold the scales of justice with a firm and even hand"; "it was in 1884 the boast of King Yohannes that a child could pass through his dominions unharmed".<ref name=":0" /> In the first six years of his reign, he succeeded in achieving the unity of the predominantly Christian provinces, including Wag and Lasta, Semien and Begemder, [[Sayint]], Gojjam, Wollo and Shewa. He crowned [[Menelik II|Menelik]] King of Shewa in 1878 and [[Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam|Tekle Haymanot]] King of Gojjam and Kaffa in 1881 and encouraged them to expand their empire to the south, east, and west. However, this advice created rivalry between the two regional kings, which came to a climax in the [[Battle of Embabo]] in June 1882. Yohannes reprimanded both of them for fighting without his permission, punished them by taking away a province from the jurisdiction of each of them and defined the direction of territories to be conquered by each of the two kings.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:ET Mekele asv2018-01 img26 Atse Yohannes Museum.jpg|thumb|Atse Yohannes IV castle (museum) in [[Mekelle]]]]
When Yohannes was crowned emperor he established his capital in [[Debre Tabor]] which served as his seat for a decade before he shifted the capital in 1881 to [[Mekelle]], but he still retained Debre Tabor as his primary residence.<ref>((Cite book |last=Briggs |first=Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tqJyDwAAQBAJ |title=Ethiopia |date=2018 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-78477-099-0 |pages=385 |language=en))</ref><ref>((Cite book |last1=Hancock |first1=Graham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yaY0ReLwEwQC |title=Under Ethiopian Skies |last2=Pankhurst |first2=Richard |last3=Willetts |first3=Duncan |date=1983 |publisher=Éditions HL |isbn=978-0-946825-00-4 |pages=88 |language=en))</ref><ref>((Cite book |last=Levine |first=Donald Nathan |url=http://archive.org/details/waxgoldtradition0000levi |title=Wax & gold : tradition and innovation in Ethiopian culture |date=1965 |publisher=Chicago, University of Chicago Press |others=Internet Archive |pages=3))</ref>

=== Religious policy ===
Yohannes inherited the empire encumbered with three religious questions which provoked him to seek a solution: the internal dissensions of the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]] (EOC), Islam, and Christian foreign missionary activities. He regarded all of them as menaces to the unity and stability of the state.<ref name=":0" />

By 1878, Yohannes was ready to tackle the problems by summoning a council at Boru Meda, Wollo. Most of the high dignitaries and notables of Ethiopia were present at the council. The leading theologians of the three major disputing groups of the EOC — ''Karra'' (predominant in the north), ''Sägga'' or ''Śost Lədät'' (prevalent in Begemeder and Shewa) and ''Qəbat'' (based in Gojjam and Lasta) — tried to defend their respective doctrines. Yohannes readily accepted corrections made by a notable on procedural matters. Apparently, he had a long-prepared plan for the council, as he had a letter from the patriarch of Alexandria read out at the end of the disputation which endorsed the imperial tenet. The policy transcended Yohannes's reign, though there were indications that the suppressed tenets had by no means been eradicated.<ref name=":0" />

Yohannes was known to harbor deep resentment towards [[Islam]], a Sudanese official was reported stating "Yohannes is the most hateful of the [[Abyssinian people|Abyssinians]] towards Islam. Someone who knew him told me that if he saw a Muslim in the morning it would depress him so that he would immediately take the cross which he worships and put it over his face."<ref>((cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=David |title=Muslim societies in African history |date=12 January 2004 |pages=177 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521533669 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZEL3kdcQggC))</ref>  During the council at Boru Meda, he summoned the major Oromo chiefs of Wollo. According to an Ethiopian chronicler, Yohannes told them: 
((block quote|We are your apostles. All this [Wollo and the central highlands] used to be Christian land until [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi|Gragn]] ruined and misled it. Now let all, whether Muslim or Galla [Oromo], believe in the name of Jesus Christ! If you wish to live in peace and preserve your belongings, become Christians.<ref name="AutoAF-17">((cite book |last1=Erlikh |first1=Ḥagai |title=The Cross and the River: Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile |page=73))</ref>))
It is estimated that by 1880 some 50,000 Jebertis (Tigrinya speaking Muslims) and 500,000 Oromos had been forced to convert to Christianity.<REF name="AutoAF-17"/>

==Foreign policy ==
===War with Ottoman Egypt===
((further|Egyptian-Ethiopian War))[[File:Johannes IV Kaiser von Äthiopien nach Dr. Anton Stecker.jpg|thumb|left|Yohannes IV|307x307px]]Throughout his reign, Yohannes was embroiled in military struggles on his northern frontiers. First was from [[Khedive]] [[Isma'il Pasha]] of [[Egypt]], who sought to bring the entire [[Nile River]] basin under his rule. The [[Egyptians]] flirted with encouraging Menelik of Shewa against the King, but earned Menelik's enmity by marching from the port of [[Zeila]] and occupying the city-state of [[Harar]] on 11 October 1875. Both Menelik and Yohannes had regarded [[Harar]] as a renegade province of Ethiopia, and Egyptian seizure of the Emirate was not welcomed to either of them. The Egyptians then marched into northern Ethiopia from their coastal possessions around the port of [[Massawa]]. Yohannes pleaded with the British to stop their Egyptian allies and even withdrew from his own territory in order to show the Europeans that he was the wronged party and that the Khedive was the aggressor. However, Yohannes soon realized that the Europeans would not stop the Khedive of Egypt and so he gathered up his armies and marched to meet the Egyptian force.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://ethiopianhistory.com/Yohannes_IV/|title=Yohannes IV|website=ethiopianhistory.com))</ref>

The two armies met at Gundet (also called Guda-gude) on the morning of 16 November 1875. The Egyptians were tricked into marching into a narrow and steep valley and were wiped out by Ethiopian gunners surrounding the valley from the surrounding mountains. Virtually the entire Egyptian force, along with its many officers of European and North American background, were killed. News of this huge defeat was suppressed in Egypt for fear that it would undermine the government of the Khedive. A new Egyptian force was assembled and sent to avenge the defeat at Gundet. The Egyptians were defeated again at the [[Battle of Gura]] (7–9 March 1876), where the Ethiopians were led again by the Emperor, and his loyal general, the capable (and future ''Ras'') [[Alula Engida]]. This victory was followed by Menelik's submission to Yohannes on 20 March 1878, and in return, Yohannes recognized Menelik's hereditary right to the title of King (''Negus'') of [[Shewa]], and re-crowned him on 26 March. Yohannes took this opportunity to tie the Shewan King more closely to him by arranging for Menelik's daughter [[Zewditu]] (the future Empress of Ethiopia in her own right), to be married to his own son and heir, ''Ras'' [[Araya Selassie Yohannes|Araya Selassie]].<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.linkethiopia.org/article/1-the-reign-of-emperor-yohannes-iv/|title=01. The Reign of Emperor Yohannes IV))</ref> Victor of the [[Egyptian-Ethiopian War]] and undisputed [[Neguse negest|Neguse Negest]], in 1878 Yohannes was at the high point of his reign. (See [[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles]]).

Emperor Yohannes also convened a general council of the [[Ethiopian Church]] at Boru Meda later in 1878, which brought an end to the ongoing theological dispute in the local church; Christians, Muslims, and pagans were given respectively two, three and five years to conform to the council's decisions. Non-Christians were forbidden from participating in the government unless they converted and were baptized; the Muslims were given three months, while the pagans had to become Christians immediately. "Having concluded that Wollo was worth a mass," as Harold Marcus wryly puts it, his retainer ''Ras'' Mohammed of Wollo became disobedient of the tax rules, which he and the entire Wollo refused to pay tax to the government in which Emperor Yohannes had discovered, ''Ras'' Mohammed was conspiring with the Turks the Ottoman empire because of his Muslim affiliation. ''Ras'' Mohammed was brought to Emperor Yohannes and was confronted of his conspiracy in helping the Muslim colonizer and to bring down the Judeo Christian empire. ''Ras'' Mohammed was siding with Muslim Affiliates of Turkey. After meeting with King Yohannes and in learning that if he were to assist the Turks, in the end, he and the rest of Ethiopia would become a slave to the Arab/Muslim world. ''Ras Mohammed'' then chose to become a Christian to later inherit a Christian name (later ''Negus'') [[Mikael of Wollo]], the Emperor stood as his godfather at his baptism. The new convert was given Menelik of Shewa's other daughter, Shewarega Menelik, as his wife. Yohannes went one step further and pressured Menelik to expel all of the Roman Catholic missionaries from Shewa.<ref>((cite book |last= Marcus|first= Harold G.|title= The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913|year= 1995|publisher=Red Sea Press|location= Lawrenceville|isbn= 1-56902-010-8|pages=57–59))</ref> However this time, instead of a single Archbishop, he requested that Patriarch Cyril send four to serve the large number of Christians in Ethiopia, who arrived in 1881. They were led by ''Abuna'' Petros as Archbishop, ''Abuna'' [[Abuna Mattheos X|Matewos]] for [[Shewa]], ''Abuna'' Luqas for [[Gojjam]] and ''Abuna'' Markos for [[Gondar]]. ''Abuna'' Markos died shortly after arriving, so his diocese was included with that of ''Abuna'' Atnatewos. It was the first time that the Coptic Patriarch of Alexandria had appointed four Bishops for Ethiopia.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.ethiopiantreasures.co.uk/pages/yohannes.htm|title=Ethiopian Treasures - Emperor Yohannes IV, Battle of Metema - Ethiopia|website=www.ethiopiantreasures.co.uk))</ref>

===War with Sudan===
[[File: World heads of state in 1889.jpg|thumb|left|World heads of state in 1889. Yohannes is first from the left.]]
[[File:Alula Engida.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Ras (title)|''Ras'']] [[Alula Engida]], Grand General of Yohannes IV, participated in the [[Egyptian-Ethiopian War]], the [[Mahdist War]], and the [[First Italo-Ethiopian War]].]]
When [[Muhammad Ahmad]] proclaimed himself the [[Mahdi]] (a prophesied Islamic leader who would precede the [[Last Judgement#Islam|Day of Judgement]]), and incited [[Turkish Sudan]] into a [[Mahdist revolt|long and violent revolt]], his followers successfully drove part of the Egyptian garrisons out of Sudan and isolated the rest at [[Suakin]] and at various posts in the south. Yohannes agreed to British requests to allow these Egyptian soldiers to evacuate through his lands, with the understanding that the [[British Empire]] would then support his claims on important ports like [[Massawa]] on the [[Red Sea]] to import weapons and ammunition in the event that Egypt was forced to withdraw from them. This was formalized in a treaty signed with the British at Adwa known as the [[Hewett Treaty]]. According to the treaty, the Ethiopians would allow the Egyptians to safely evacuate out of certain cities such as [[Kassala]], which aggravated the Mahdists even more. [[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles#Ras|''Ras'']] [[Ras Alula|Alula Engida]] defeated an invading Mahdist army at the [[Battle of Kufit]] on 23 September 1885. About the same time, [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]] took control of the port of Massawa, frustrating Ethiopian hopes and angering Yohannes.<ref>((Cite book|title=A history of modern Ethiopia, 1855-1991|last=Bahru Zewde|date=2001|publisher=James Curry|isbn=9780821445723|edition= 2nd|location=Oxford [England]|pages=56–59|oclc=70782212))</ref>

Yohannes attempted to work out some kind of understanding with the Italians, so he could turn his attention to the more pressing problem of the Mahdists, although ''Ras'' Alula took it upon himself to attack Italian units that were on both sides of the ill-defined frontier between the two powers. Domestic problems increased when the Neguses of both Gojjam and Shewa rebelled against Yohannes, and the Emperor had to turn his attention from the encroaching Italians to deal with his rebellious vassals. Yohannes brutally crushed the Gojjame rebellion, but before he could turn his attention to Shewa news arrived that the Mahdist forces had sacked [[Gondar]] and burned its holy churches. He marched north from Gojjam to confront the armies of the Mahdi.

==Death==
((further|Battle of Gallabat))
[[File: Yohannes IV - 5.jpg|thumb|left|An Amharic inscription remembering Yohannes IV's call to arms.]]
Yohannes was killed by the Beni Amir of Eritrea at the [[Battle of Gallabat]] that took place on 9–10 March 1889 in [[Metemma]] near the Sudanese border. Evidence suggests that Emperor Yohannes had acted rashly and had made himself vulnerable, going beyond enemy lines in a range of enemy shots as victory was going to his side. Mortally wounded from a gunshot, he had been carried to his tent, where he announced that his nephew ''Ras'' Mengesha was actually his natural son, and named him his heir (his elder son ''Ras'' Araya Selassie had died a few years earlier). He died hours later. Although the Ethiopian army had almost annihilated their opponents in this battle, hearing that their ruler had been slain shattered their morale and they were scattered by the nearly beaten Sudanese army.

Yohannes's body was carried back to Tigray guarded by a small party, who were overtaken by the Mahdist troops of Zeki Tummal near the [[Atbara River]], who captured the sovereign's body. Augustus B. Wylde, who claimed to have heard the story from a priest who managed to escape the slaughter, wrote how Yohannes' uncle ''Ras'' Araya stood beside the body of his dead master with "a few of his soldiers and the bravest of the king's servants, who had lost their all, and had no more prospects to live for".
: ''Ras'' Areya was last seen standing alongside the box containing the king's body, after having expended all his ammunition, with his shield and sword in his hands, defending himself, till at last he was speared by a Dervish from behind, and died fighting gamely, "like the fine old warrior that he was".<ref name=Wylde-43>Augustus B. Wylde, ''Modern Abyssinia'' (London: Methuen, 1901), p. 43</ref>

According to Wylde, as he saw death come ''Ras'' Areya announced "that he was now old and done for, that his time had come, and it was useless at his age to serve another master that he knew little about, and it was better to die like a man fighting unbelievers, than like a mule in a stable."<ref name=Wylde-43/> The Mahdists brought the Emperor's body back to their capital at [[Omdurman]], where the head was put on a pike and paraded through the streets.

On 2 May of the same year 1889, Emperor Menelik signed then the [[Treaty of Wuchale]] with the Italians which later on led to the Battle of Adwa.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://hornaffairs.com/2011/08/17/text-of-wuchale-treaty-1989-ethio-italian-treaty/|title=Text of Wuchale Treaty ((!)) 1889 Ethio-Italian Treaty|date=17 August 2011|website=Horn Affairs|access-date=2 December 2019))</ref>

== Descendants ==
((unreferenced section|date=January 2021))
[[File:Yohannesson.jpg|thumb|Emperor Yohannes IV with his son and heir at right, Ras Araya Selassie Yohannes.]]
Although a group of Tigrean nobles led by ''Ras'' Alula attempted to promote the claim of ''Ras'' [[Ras Mengesha Yohannes|Mengesha Yohannes]] (the "natural" son of Yohannes) as Emperor, many of the dead monarch's other relatives on both the Enderta and Tembien sides of his family objected and went into open rebellion against Mengesha. Many refused to accept ''Ras'' Mengesha as the son of Yohannes, having long known him as his nephew. Tigray was torn assunder by the rebellions of various members of the Emperor's family against Mengesha and each other. Menelik of Shewa took advantage of Tigrean disorder, and after the Italians occupied [[Hamasien]], (a district Yohannes IV had bestowed upon ''Ras'' Alula) he was proclaimed Emperor of Ethiopia as [[Menelik II]]. The death of Yohannes reduced the influence of Tigrayans in the Ethiopian government and opened the way for Italians to occupy more districts previously held by Tigrayan nobles. The seizures made by the Italians at this time ultimately resulted in the creation of the colony of [[Eritrea]] and the defeat of Italy at the [[Battle of Adwa]] at the hands of Emperor Menelik II. The Tigrean nobility retained influence at the Imperial court of Menelik and his successors, although not at the level they enjoyed under Yohannes IV. The descendants of Yohannes ruled Tigray as hereditary Princes until the Ethiopian Revolution and the fall of the monarchy in 1974 ended their rule.

===Araya Selassie Yohannes===
There are two lines of descent from Yohannes IV, one "legitimate" and one "natural."  The legitimate line is through his elder son, ''Ras'' [[Araya Selassie Yohannes]]. Araya Selassie Yohannes was born to his wife [[Wolete Selassie]]. The son of Araya Selassie Yohannes was ''Ras'' [[Gugsa Araya Selassie]]. His son was the infamous ''Dejazmach'' [[Haile Selassie Gugsa]] who governed eastern Tigray in the 1930s and was married to Emperor Haile Selassie's daughter [[Princess Zenebework|Princess Zenebework Haile Selassie]]. However, following the death of his wife, ''Dejazmatch'' Haile Selassie Gugsa's relationship with Emperor Haile Selassie deteriorated, and in 1936, ''Dejazmatch'' Haile Selassie became the first high-ranking Ethiopian nobleman to defect to the Italians when the Fascist forces invaded Ethiopia. The people of [[Mekelle]] ransacked his house when this news was revealed. He was elevated to the title of ''Ras'' by the King of Italy. However, following the liberation of Ethiopia in 1941, Haile Selassie Gugsa was placed under house arrest and regarded as a traitor. Emperor Haile Selassie refused to acknowledge the title of ''Ras'' granted to his former son-in-law by the King of Italy, and so he reverted to the title of ''Dejazmatch''. He was freed by the [[Derg]] regime in 1974 following the fall of the monarchy. He died shortly thereafter. There are other descendants of Emperor Yohannes IV in this "legitimate" line, but because of the wartime actions of ''Dejazmatch'' Haile Selassie Gugsa, this branch of the family fell into disfavor at the Imperial court and lost its position and influence.

===Mengesha Yohannes===
The second, "natural" line is through ''Ras'' [[Ras Mengesha Yohannes|Mengesha Yohannes]] and is the better-known line. Although ''Ras'' Mengesha Yohannes ended his days under house arrest for his repeated rebelling against Emperor Menelik II. Ras Mengesha's son ''Ras'' [[Seyum Mangasha|Seyoum Mengesha]] first became governor of western Tigray, and following the treason of his cousin ''Dejazmatch'' Haile Selassie Gugsa, became Governor (''Shum'') of all of Tigray in 1936. He commanded troops against the Italians, but was forced to surrender and spent most of the Italian occupation under [[house arrest]] in Addis Ababa. Following the return of Emperor Haile Selassie in 1941, ''Ras'' Seyoum was restored to his governorate of Tigray, recognized as the hereditary Prince of that province. ''Ras'' Seyoum Mengesha was killed during the abortive coup by the [[Imperial Bodyguard]] in 1960 and was succeeded by his son ''Ras'' [[Mangasha Seyum|Mengesha Seyoum]] who served as Governor and hereditary Prince of Tigray until the 1974 Revolution toppled the Ethiopian monarchy. Ras Mengesha Seyoum is married to Princess [[Aida Desta]], a granddaughter of Emperor Haile Selassie and is the current head of the Tigrean branch of the Solomonic dynasty. Mengesha Seyum is the last person alive today who bears the title of ''Leul Ras''.

==Legacy==
((More citations needed section|date=April 2021))
((Quote box
| quote = A nobleman by birth, a cleric by education, a zealot by faith, moralist by tendency, a monk by practice, a nationalist by policy, and a soldier and emperor by profession
| source = [[Bairu Tafla]], Chronicle of Yohannes, Introduction
| align = right
| width = 400px
| bgcolor = #ffd068
))Yohannes undoubtedly had his weaknesses; they were not his own making, but rather imposed on him either by external pressure or inherited by his deep-seated values and traditional norms. During the eighteen years of his reign, he was preoccupied with defending his country against external aggressions perpetrated by the Egyptians, the Italians, and the Mahdists. Yohannes succeeded to a large extent in pacifying the country and expanding the empire by the device of power-sharing and accommodation.<ref>((Cite journal|last=Demoz|first=Abraham|date=1977|title=Review of Yohannes IV of Ethiopia: A Political Biography|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/615300|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=40|issue=2|pages=383–385|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00044207|jstor=615300|s2cid=154015214 |issn=0041-977X))</ref> Guiding principles of his administration were patience, tolerance, and forgiveness, as well as a tendency to preserve the status quo. Above all, his concerns were focused on promoting peace rather than his own personal or dynastic gain.<ref>((cite web |last1=Ghelawdewos Araia |title=The Martyred King of Kings: Emperor Yohannes IV of Ethiopia |url=https://www.africanidea.org/atse_yohannes.pdf |website=www.africanidea.org |access-date=25 November 2022))</ref>

The way he shared his authority with Menelik and Tekle Haymanot eventually resulted in undermining his own authority, but it contributed greatly to accelerating the process of reunification of the [[Ethiopian Empire]].<ref>((cite journal |last1=Haggai Erlich |title=Ras Alula and Tigray - Revisiting Modern History |journal=Ityopis))</ref> By preserving the status quo in the regional administration, the uncertainty and fear which were prevalent under previous reigns due to constant changes were reduced. The self-confidence and charitable attitude he displayed toward his vanquished enemies and rivals earned him the high esteem of his subjects.<ref>((cite web |last1=Ghelawdewos Araia |title=The Martyred King of Kings: Emperor Yohannes IV of Ethiopia |url=https://www.africanidea.org/atse_yohannes.pdf |website=www.africanidea.org |access-date=25 November 2022))</ref>

Early in his career after he defeated and seized ''Dejazmatch'' [[Gabre Mikael]] of [[Seraye]], who was responsible for the death of his own mother Woizero Silas Dimtsu, not only did he forgive him, but within a year, Gabre Mikael was reinstated as councilor and appeared as one of the important dignitaries during the mission of Major Grant to Adwa, in February 1868. Subsequently, Gabre Mikael's son, ''Dejazmach'' Birru, also held important posts. ''Ras'' Adal of Gojjam, after he killed his own cousin, ''Ras'' Desta Tedla Gualu, the newly appointed governor by Yohannes and submitted to Yohannes and asked for forgiveness, not only was he forgiven but he was given the command over Gojjam and eventually elevated as King of Gojjam and Keffa, under the name of Tekle Haymanot.
[[File:JohnIVmonument.jpg|thumb|Yohannes' monument in [[Axum]], [[Tigray Region|Tigray]], Ethiopia]]
King Menelik's ambition to seize the imperial crown was clearly evident since his escape from [[Maqdala|Mäqdalä]] and return to Shoa, in 1865. The submission of Menelik to Yohannes was not effected until 1878 after Yohannes gained substantial advantage over his rivals in terms of quality and quantity of firearms as a result of the booty gathered in his successive victories over the Egyptian army at [[Gundet]] and [[Gurae]], in 1875 and 1876, respectively. This advantage remained on Yohannes's side throughout his reign. Despite repeated pressure from his advisers on two occasions, in 1878, at the time of Menelik's submission and in 1881, after his two vassal kings, Menelik and Teklé Haymanot fought against each other at Embabo, to remove Menelik and replace him if need be, by one of his cousins, such as [[Meshesha Seifu]], Yohannes refused to yield on grounds that he was not going to destroy an effective power, which Menelik diligently built up for the sake of eliminating a possible threat to himself. Finally, Yohannes heard that both his vassal kings have defected and during his campaign in Gojjam, Tekle Haymant confessed that they had concluded an agreement to help one another and rebel against the authority of the Emperor. At this juncture, the temptation was great to cross the Abbay River ([[Blue Nile]]) to Showan territory and eliminate the internal threat. Yohannes's priority, however, was to avert the external threat and he decided to face the Mahdists who had penetrated twice as far as Gonder and burnt the churches, pillaged the country, and enslaved people.

Throughout his reign, Yohannes demonstrated selfless devotion to the defense of the territorial integrity of Ethiopian Empire against successive waves of external aggression, by Egyptians, Italians, and Mahdists Sudan. He also strove within the parameters of what was possible in his day to promote the welfare of his people. His devotion to his country and people culminated in the supreme sacrifice of his life at the border of his empire, in the Battle of Metemma.<ref>((cite book |last1=Zewde Gabre-Sellassie |title=Yohannes IV of Ethiopia A Political Biography |year=2014 |publisher=Red Sea Press |isbn=9781569020432))</ref>

==Full title==
"His Imperial Majesty John IV, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, za'imnaggada yīhūda, nigūsa TSion, nigūsa nagast za'ītyōṗṗyā, siyūma 'igzī'a'bihēr").<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DtIRbpUNp_oC&q=yohannes+iv&pg=PA49|title=Ethiopia|first=Paulos|last=Milkias|date=2 December 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|access-date=2 December 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9781598842579))</ref><ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WU92d6sB8JAC&q=yohannes+iv&pg=PA431|title=Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia|first1=David H.|last1=Shinn|first2=Thomas P.|last2=Ofcansky|date=11 April 2013|publisher=Scarecrow Press|access-date=2 December 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9780810874572))</ref>

==References==
((Reflist))

==Further reading==
* ((Cite book|title=Yohannes IV of Ethiopia: A Political Biography|last=Gabre-Sellassie|first=Zewde|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1975|edition= 1st|location=Oxford, England))
* ((Cite book|title=The Survival of Ethiopian Independence|last=Rubenson|first=Sven|publisher=Heinemann Educational Books|year=1976))
* ((Cite book|title=Chronicle of Emperor Yohannes IV (1872-89)|last=Tafla|first=Bairu|language=gez, en))
* ((cite book | last = Henze | first = Paul B.  | chapter=Yohannes IV and Menelik II: The Empire Restored, Expanded, and Defended|title = Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia | publisher = St. Martin's Press | location = New York | year = 2000 | isbn = 0-312-22719-1 ))
* ((cite book | last = Lewis | first = David Levering | chapter=Pawns of Pawns | title = The Race to Fashoda | publisher = Olympic Marketing Corp | location =  New York| year = 1987 | isbn = 1-55584-058-2 ))

==External links==
* [http://www.ethiopianhistory.com/modern/yohannes/ Yohannes IV]
* [http://www.ethiopiantreasures.toucansurf.com/pages/yohannes.htm Ethiopian Treasures – Emperor Yohannes IV, Battle of Metema – Ethiopia] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004101622/http://www.ethiopiantreasures.toucansurf.com/pages/yohannes.htm |date=4 October 2009 ))
* [http://www.angelfire.com/ny/ethiocrown/Yohannis.html Imperial Ethiopia Homepages – Emperor Yohannes IV]

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Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:MultiReplace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/e (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/h (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/m (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal bar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal bar/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:String2 (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd/i18n (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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