Beli Orao (Serbo-Croatian for 'White Eagle') was a royal yacht built in 1938–39 for the Yugoslav Royal Navy, which intended her to serve as a patrol boat, escort, or guard ship in wartime. Upon completion, she was pressed into service as the admiralty yacht – used by senior admirals for transport and to review fleet exercises. She was captured in April 1941 by the Italians during the World War II Axisinvasion of Yugoslavia. The Regia Marina (Italian Royal Navy) replaced her guns and used her as a gunboat for harbour protection and coastal escort duties, briefly as Alba then Zagabria. She was then used to train anti-submarine warfare specialists from the naval base at La Spezia.
Sources vary on Beli Orao's length overall; both 60.45 metres (198 ft 4 in)[1] and 65 metres (213 ft 3 in)[2] are given. She had a length between perpendiculars of 60.08 m (197 ft 1 in),[2] a beam of 7.95 m (26 ft 1 in)[1] or 8.08 m (26 ft 6 in),[2] and a draught of 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in)[1] or 2.84 m (9 ft 4 in).[2] She had a standard displacement of 567 tonnes (558 long tons),[1][2] and displaced around 660 t (650 long tons) at full load.[1][2] She was powered by two CRDA-Sulzerdiesel engines driving two propellers.[1][2] Sources vary on the power of her engines. Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946 states that they generated 1,900 brake horsepower (1,400 kW),[2] but the naval historian Zvonimir Freivogel gives a higher output of 2,200 bhp (1,600 kW).[1] The engines were designed to drive her at a cruising speed of 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) and a top speed of 18.5 kn (34.3 km/h; 21.3 mph).[3] The size of her crew is unknown.[1][2] For wartime service she was to be armed with two 40-millimetre (1.6 in) anti-aircraft guns,[1][2] and two 15 mm (0.59 in) or 7.9 mm (0.31 in) machine guns.[1]Beli Orao, named after the double-headed white eagle on the Yugoslav coat of arms,[3] was laid down on 23 December 1938, launched on 3 June 1939, and completed on 29 October of that year, after World War II had broken out.[1][4][5]
Service history
When Beli Orao was completed, Yugoslavia had not yet been drawn into the war, but she was immediately pressed into service to replace the admiralty yacht Vila, which was used by senior admirals for transport and to review fleet exercises. This changed with the April 1941 German-led Axisinvasion of the country.[3] At the time of the invasion, Beli Orao was located at the main navy fleet base at the Bay of Kotor.[6] When the fleet flagship, the obsolete light cruiserDalmacija, was tasked to participate in an attack against the Italian enclave of Zara, the fleet staff transferred to Beli Orao.[3] After the Italians captured Kotor, the commander-in-chief of the fleet, Rear Admiral Emil Domainko, who was aboard Beli Orao anchored off Krtole within the bay, was summoned to meet with an Italian general whose troops were occupying Kotor.[7]Beli Orao then hosted the negotiations between the fleet staff and the Regia Marina (Italian Royal Navy) regarding the surrender of the fleet.[3] Domainko was allowed to sail in Beli Orao to Herceg Novi at the mouth of the bay, but returned to Kotor to surrender the ship.[7]
She was put into service with the Regia Marina as a gunboat, initially as Alba (Dawn), although her name was soon changed to Zagabria (the Italian name for Zagreb), probably to compensate for the fact that the Yugoslav destroyer Zagreb had been scuttled by two of her officers instead of being surrendered.[3]Zagabria's two 40 mm guns were replaced with two Oerlikon 20 mm (0.79 in) L/70 guns. At the time, she was one of the largest gunboats operated by the Italians. Like other Italian gunboats, she was employed only on harbour protection and coastal escort duties.[8]
The ship was used as a presidential yacht by Josip Broz Tito after World War II.
After refitting in Taranto, Beli Orao was used as a tender for a flotilla of motor gunboats (MGBs) that had been loaned to the Yugoslav Royal Navy-in-exile by the British Royal Navy. In 1944 and 1945, she was stationed at Malta where the British Royal Navy purged the remaining "royalists" from the flotilla, replacing those personnel with politically reliable crew loyal to the Yugoslav Communist Party-led Yugoslav Partisans.[3][10] The flotilla was then based at Livorno on the western coast of Italy, while it operated in the Tyrrhenian Sea.[3] The flotilla conducted operations in the Adriatic late in the war, under Commander Konstantin Jeremić,[3] based at Ancona on the eastern coast of Italy from 1 April 1945. In mid-April, four MGBs from the flotilla supported the capture of the island of Rab by Partisan troops, but distrust remained between the homegrown Partisan Navy and the remnants of the Yugoslav Royal Navy-in-exile, and even the British apparently limited the information they would share with the flotilla.[11]Beli Orao continued in service until the end of the war.[2] In the post-war communist era, Yugoslav historians criticised or ignored the operations of the flotilla, and little historical research has been conducted on the subject.[10]
After the war she was renamed Biokovo, and in 1949 she was renamed Jadranka, serving as an armed yacht in the Yugoslav Navy and also as a presidential yacht for the President of Yugoslavia, Josip Broz Tito. In 1969 she was serving as a dispatch boat,[12] and was deleted from the naval register in 1976 or 1977, after which a new Jadranka was built as a presidential yacht.[1] In 1978, the original Jadranka was still in service as a yacht,[2] but was scrapped soon after. Her ship's bell, wheel and the Yugoslav coat of arms she carried during her service are preserved at the Croatian Maritime Museum in Split.[1]
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Italy
Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
