Zaporizhzhia
Запоріжжя
City
Ukrainian transcription(s)
 • National/"BGN/PCGN"Zaporizhzhia
 • ALA-LCZaporiz͡hz͡hi͡a
 • ScholarlyZaporižžja
From top to bottom and left to right:
Flag of Zaporizhzhia
Flag
Coat of arms of Zaporizhzhia
Coat of arms
Official logo of Zaporizhzhia
Tourist logo (since 2017)
Zaporizhzhia is located in Zaporizhzhia Oblast
Zaporizhzhia
Zaporizhzhia
Zaporizhzhia is located in Ukraine
Zaporizhzhia
Zaporizhzhia
Coordinates: 47°51′00″N 35°07′03″E / 47.85000°N 35.11750°E / 47.85000; 35.11750
Country Ukraine
OblastZaporizhzhia Oblast
RaionZaporizhzhia Raion
HromadaZaporizhzhia urban hromada
Founded1770
City rights1806
Raions
7
Government
 • MayorAnatolii Kurtiev (acting Mayor since 30 September 2021)[1]
Area
 • City334 km2 (129 sq mi)
 • Metro
4,675 km2 (1,805 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)
 • City710,052
 • Density1,365.2/km2 (3,536/sq mi)
 • Metro
840,866
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
69xxx
Area code+380 61(2)
ClimateDfa

Zaporizhzhia[2][note 1] (Ukrainian: Запоріжжя, IPA: [zɐpoˈriʒʲːɐ] ⓘ; Russian: Запорожье, romanized: Zaporozhye, IPA: [zəpɐˈroʐje] ⓘ), until 1921 known as Aleksandrovsk or Oleksandrivsk,[note 2] is a city in southeast Ukraine, situated on the banks of the Dnieper River. It is the administrative centre of Zaporizhzhia Oblast.[3] Zaporizhzhia has a population of 710,052 (2022 estimate).[4]

Zaporizhzhia is known for the historic island of Khortytsia, multiple power stations and for being an important industrial centre. Steel, aluminium, aircraft engines, automobiles, transformers for substations, and other heavy industrial goods are produced in the region.

Names and etymology

The name Zaporizhzhia refers to the position of the city: "beyond the rapids"—downstream or south of the Dnieper Rapids. These were previously an impediment to navigation and the site of important portages. In 1932, the rapids were flooded to become part of the reservoir of the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station.[5]

Before 1921, the city was called Aleksandrovsk (or Oleksandrivsk), named after the original fortress that formed a part of the Dnieper Defence Line of the Russian Empire.

History

Main article: History of Zaporizhzhia

Zaporizhzhia was founded in 1770, when the Aleksandrovskaya (Александровская) Fortress was built as a part of the Dnieper Defence Line, to protect the southern territories of the Russian Empire from Crimean Tatar invasions.[6] Following the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca in 1775, the southern lands of the Russian Plain and the Crimean peninsula were absorbed into the Russian Empire. The Aleksandrovskaya Fortress then lost its military significance, and became a small rural town, which from 1806 to around 1930 was called Alexandrovsk.[5]

The opening of the Kichkas Bridge at the start of the 20th century, the first rail crossing of the Dnieper, was followed by the industrial growth of Zaporizhzhia.[7] In 1916, during World War I, the DEKA Stock Association transferred its aircraft engine manufacturing plant from Saint Petersburg to Zaporizhzhia.[8]

During the Russian Civil War (1918–1921), Zaporizhzhia was the scene of fierce fighting between the Red Army and the White armies of Denikin and Wrangel, Petliura's Ukrainian People's Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic, and German-Austrian troops. The opposing armies used the strategically important Kichkas Bridge to transfer troops, ammunition, and medical supplies. The Soviet government industrialized Zaporizhzhia still further during the 1920s and 1930s, when the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station, and the Zaporizhzhia Steel Plant, and the Dnieper Aluminium Plant were built.[9][10][11] In the 1930s, the American United Engineering and Foundry Company built a strip mill similar to the Ford River Rouge steel mill to produce rolling steel strip. The annual capacity of the mill reached 540,000 tonnes (600,000 short tons) of 170 cm (66 inches) wide steel.[12]

World War II (1941–1945)

A Red Army soldier near the Dnieper hydro-electric dam

After the outbreak of the War between the USSR and Nazi Germany in June 1941, the Soviet government began evacuating Zaporizhzhia's industries to Siberia.[13] and the Soviet security forces began shooting political prisoners in the city.[14] On 18 August 1941, elements of the German 1st Panzergruppe reached the outskirts of Zaporizhzhia on the right bank and seized the island of Khortytsia.[15]

The Red Army blew a 120 by 10 metres (394 ft × 33 ft) hole in the Dnieper hydroelectric dam on 18 August 1941, producing a flood wave that swept from Zaporizhzhia to Nikopol.[13] The flood killed local residents as well as soldiers from both armies, with historians estimating a death toll between 20,000 and 100,000.[16] Despite reinforcements, Zaporizhzhia was taken on 3 October 1941.[17] The German occupation lasted two years; during which the Germans shot over 35,000 people, and sent 58,000 people to Germany as forced labourers.[13]

The Germans reformed Army Group South in February 1943, and put its headquarters in Zaporizhzhia.[18] Adolf Hitler visited the headquarters in February 1943, and again the following month, where he was briefed by Field Marshal Eric von Manstein and his air force counterpart Field Marshal Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen, and in September 1943,[19] the month the Army Group moved its headquarters to Kirovohrad.[20]

In August 1943, the Germans built the Panther-Wotan defence line along the Dnieper from Kyiv to Crimea. They retreated back to this line in September 1943, holding the city as a bridgehead over the Dnieper with elements of 40th Panzer and 17th Corps.[21] The Soviet Southwestern Front, commanded by Army General Rodion Malinovsky, attacked Zaporizhzhia on 10 October 1943.[21] The defenders repelled these attacks, but the Red Army launched a surprise night attack on 13 October, which succeeded in reclaiming most parts of the city.[22]

1991–present

Modern Zaporizhzhia (2015)

In 2004, to alleviate congestion around the Zaporizhzhia Arch Bridge area, construction began on the New Zaporizhzhia Dniper Bridge, although construction was halted soon after it began, due to a lack of funding.[23]

During the 2014 Euromaidan regional state administration occupations, during protests against President Viktor Yanukovych,[24] Zaporizhzhia's regional state administration building was occupied by 4,500 protesters,[25] and there were clashes between Ukrainian and pro-Russian activists in April 2014.[26]

On 19 May 2016, the Verkhovna Rada approved the "Decommunisation Law".[27] Since the introduction of the law, the city council renamed over 50 streets and administrative areas of the city,[note 3] monuments of the Soviet Union leaders Lenin and Felix Dzerzhinsky have been destroyed,[28][29] and names honouring Soviet leaders in the titles of industrial plants, factories, culture centres, and the DniproHES have been removed.[30]

Russian invasion (2022)

Further information: 2022 bombing of Zaporizhzhia
Residential buildings in Zaporizhzhia after Russian missile strikes on 22 March 2023

Russian forces have been engaged in ongoing attacks on Zaporizhzhia since the beginning of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. On 27 February, fighting was reported in the southern outskirts,[31] and Russian forces began shelling the city later that evening.[32] Russia invaded and occupied part of Zaporizhzhia Oblast but failed to take Zaporizhzhia itself. On 3 March, Russian forces approached the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, raising concerns about a potential nuclear meltdown.[33][34] Russian military forces fired missiles on Zaporizhzhia on the evening of 12/13 May.[35]

On 30 September, hours before Russia formally annexed Southern and Eastern Ukraine, the Russian Armed Forces launched S-300 missiles at a civilian convoy in Zaporizhzhia, killing at least 30 people.[36] On 9 October, Russian forces launched rockets at residential buildings, killing at least 17 people.[37]

Geography

Zaporizhzhia is located in south-eastern Ukraine. The Dnieper splits the city in two; between them is Khortytsia Island. The city covers 334 km2 (129 sq mi) at an elevation of 50 m (160 ft) above sea level.[38] The New and Old Dnieper flow past around Khortytsia: The New Dnieper [uk] is about 800 m (2,600 feet) wide while the Old Dnieper [uk] is about 200 m (660 feet) wide. The island size is 12 km × 2 km (7.5 mi × 1.2 mi). Smaller rivers in the city also enter the Dnieper: Sukha [uk] and Mokra Moskovka [uk], Kushuhum [uk], and Verkhnia Khortytsia [uk].

The flora of Khortytsia is unique and diverse, due to the dry steppe air and a large freshwater basin, which cleans the air polluted by industry. The island is a national park. The ground surface is cut by large ravines ("balka"), hiking routes and historical monuments. The island, which is a popular recreational area, has sanatoriums, resorts, health centres, and sandy beaches.[39]

Climate

Climate data for Zaporizhzhia (1991–2020, extremes 1959–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 12.2
(54.0) 		17.1
(62.8) 		24.0
(75.2) 		31.4
(88.5) 		35.9
(96.6) 		36.5
(97.7) 		39.5
(103.1) 		40.2
(104.4) 		35.9
(96.6) 		35.0
(95.0) 		20.9
(69.6) 		16.0
(60.8) 		40.2
(104.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −0.3
(31.5) 		1.2
(34.2) 		7.5
(45.5) 		16.1
(61.0) 		22.6
(72.7) 		26.6
(79.9) 		29.3
(84.7) 		29.0
(84.2) 		22.7
(72.9) 		14.7
(58.5) 		6.5
(43.7) 		1.3
(34.3) 		14.8
(58.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.1
(26.4) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		3.0
(37.4) 		10.5
(50.9) 		16.7
(62.1) 		20.9
(69.6) 		23.2
(73.8) 		22.6
(72.7) 		16.7
(62.1) 		9.7
(49.5) 		3.1
(37.6) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		10.0
(50.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.8
(21.6) 		−5.3
(22.5) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		5.0
(41.0) 		10.9
(51.6) 		15.2
(59.4) 		17.1
(62.8) 		16.4
(61.5) 		11.3
(52.3) 		5.5
(41.9) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		5.5
(41.9)
Record low °C (°F) −29.3
(−20.7) 		−26.1
(−15.0) 		−25
(−13) 		−8.2
(17.2) 		−2
(28) 		3.9
(39.0) 		8.2
(46.8) 		3.9
(39.0) 		−3
(27) 		−8.9
(16.0) 		−18.6
(−1.5) 		−26.2
(−15.2) 		−29.3
(−20.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 39
(1.5) 		32
(1.3) 		37
(1.5) 		41
(1.6) 		51
(2.0) 		61
(2.4) 		45
(1.8) 		44
(1.7) 		38
(1.5) 		34
(1.3) 		40
(1.6) 		53
(2.1) 		515
(20.3)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 7
(2.8) 		8
(3.1) 		4
(1.6) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		1
(0.4) 		3
(1.2) 		8
(3.1)
Average rainy days 10 8 11 12 13 13 10 8 10 11 13 11 130
Average snowy days 14 14 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 13 58
Average relative humidity (%) 85.2 82.4 77.6 67.2 63.1 66.0 63.6 62.1 68.5 75.5 84.3 86.1 73.5
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[40]
Source 2: World Meteorological Organization (humidity 1981–2010)[41]

Governance

See also: List of mayors of Zaporizhzhia

Zaporizhzhia is the main city of Zaporizhzhia Oblast with a form of self-rule within the oblast. The city is divided into 7 administrative raions.


The population of the districts of the city of Zaporizhzhia as of 1 November 2015:[42]

№ Raion Population Percent of Total
1 Oleksandrivskyi 68,666 9.06
2 Zavodskyi 50,750 6.7
3 Komunarskyi 133,752 17.64
4 Dniprovskyi 135,934 17.95
5 Voznesenivskyi 101,349 13.37
6 Khortytskyi 115,641 15.27
7 Shevchenkivskyi 151,558 20.0
    Districts of Zaporizhzhia

Demographics

City population

People in Zaporizhzhia in 1990
People in Zaporizhzhia in 2018

The city population has been declining since the first years of state independence. In 2014–2015 the rate of the population decrease was −0.56%/year.[43]

In January 2017, the population was 750,685.[44] The total reduction of the population of the city since independence has been around 146,000 (not including 2017–2018).

Year Population Source
1781 329 [8]
1795 1,230 [8]
1804 2,500 [8]
1824 1,716 [45]
1859 3,100 [45]
1861 3,819 [8][46]
1864 4,354 [45]
1870 4,601 [47]
1885 6,707 [48]
1894 16,100 [49]
1897 16,393 [50]
year Population Source
1900 24,196 [51]
1902 35,000 [45]
1910 38,000 [52]
1913 63,000 [8]
1915 about 60,000 [45]
1916 72,900 [8]
1917 58,517 [53]
1926 55,744 [54][55]
1937 243,148 [55]
1939 289,188 [56][57]
1943 120,000 [56][58]
year Population Source
1956 381,000 [52]
1959 449,000 [57]
1970 658,000 [59]
1971 676,000 [57]
1979 781,000 [60]
1989 897,600 [61]
1991 896,600 [62]
2001 815,300 [63]
2010 776,918 [64]
2011 775,678 [65]
2015 757,650 [66]
2017 750,685 [67]

Ethnic structure

According to the 2001 census,[68] 70.28% of the population of Zaporizhzhia (total population 815,300) were Ukrainians, 25.39% were Russians, 0.67% were Belarusians, 0.44% were Bulgarians, 0.42% were Jews, 0.38% were Georgians, 0.38% were Armenians, 0.27% were Tatar, 0.15% were Azeris, 0.11% were Roma (Gypsies), 0.1% were Poles, 0.09% were Germans, 0.09% were Moldovans, and 0.07% were Greeks.

Language

Ukrainian is used for official government business. The native language of people living in Zaporizhzhia, according to censuses in Ukraine (by percent):

Language 1897[69] 1926[70] 1989[71] 2001[72]
Ukrainian  43.0  33.8  41.3  41.6
Russian  24.8  52.2  57.0  56.8
Yiddish  27.8  9.7  0.1

Religion

The following religious denominations are present in Zaporizhzhia:[73]

Christianity
Orthodoxy
Holy Protection Cathedral

Most of the citizens are Orthodox Christians of Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) or Orthodox Church of Ukraine. Among the Orthodox churches the Church of the Intercession [uk], which is under the Moscow Patriarchate, is most popular. There are also St. Nicholas Church and St. Andrew's Cathedral in the city.

Protestantism

Protestantism is represented by:

Catholicism

Catholicism is represented by:

The biggest Catholic church is Church of God, the Father of Mercy

Judaism

Orthodox Judaism is represented by one union and six communities.

Islam

In the Zaporizhzhia district there are five communities which are part of the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Ukraine and four independent Muslim communities.

Hinduism

The city hosts a branch of the Vedic Academy.

Economy

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Industry

Industry and river port

Zaporizhzhia is an important industrial centre of Ukraine, the country's main car manufacturing company, the Motor-Sich aircraft engine manufacturer. Well supplied with electricity, Zaporizhzhia forms, together with the adjoining Donets Basin (Donbas) and the Nikopol manganese and Kryvyi Rih iron mines, one of Ukraine's leading industrial complexes.

The city is a home of Ukraine's main automobile production centre, which is based at the Zaporizhzhia Automobile Factory (ZAZ), producing Ukrainian car brands such as Zaporozhets and Tavria.

After the end of the Russian Revolution, the city became an important industrial centre. The presence of cheap labor and the proximity of deposits of coal, iron ore, and manganese created favorable conditions for large-scale enterprises of the iron and mechanical engineering industries. Today Zaporizhzhia is an important industrial centre of the region with heavy industry (particularly metallurgy), aluminium, and chemical industry. Cars, avia motors and radioelectronics are manufactured in the city. The port of Zaporizhzhia is important for transshipment for goods from the Donbas.

Zaporizhstal, Ukraine's fourth largest steel maker, and ranking 54th in the world, is based in the city.

Electricity generation

Zaporizhzhia is a large electricity generating hub. There are hydroelectric power plant known as "DniproHES" Dnieper Hydroelectric Station and the largest nuclear power plant in Europe. Prior to the 2022 invasion, the plants generated about 25% of the Ukrainian electricity supply. Located near Enerhodar and about 60 km (37 miles) from Zaporizhzhia is the Zaporizhzhia thermal power station and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, the largest nuclear power plant in Europe.

Culture

Magara Academic Drama Theatre

Zaporizhzhia has an orchestra, museums, theatres, and libraries. These include the Magara Academic Drama Theatre, the Municipal Theatre Lab "VIE", the Theatre for Young-Age spectators, the Theatre of Horse Riding "Zaporizhzhian Cossacks", the Zaporizhzhia Regional Museum, the National Museum of the History of the Zaporizhzhian Cossacks, the Zaporizhzhia Regional Art Museum, the Motor Sich Aviation Museum, and the Zaporizhzhia Region Universal Scientific Library.

There are a number of small amateur groups of folk music bands, art galleries in Zaporizhzhia. The city regularly holds festivals, Cossack martial arts competitions, and art exhibitions.

Zaporizhzhia has an open-air exhibition-and-sale of Zaporizhzhia city association of artists «Kolorit» near the 'Fountain of Life' at the Mayakovskoho square [uk]. A daily exhibition of artists' organizations of the city is a unique place in Zaporizhzhia, where people can meet craftsmen and artists, watch carving, embroidery, beading classes, and receive advice from professional artists and designers.

Main sights

Khortytsya island.
'Fountain of Life' in Zaporizhzhia (built in 2004) with the daily exhibition of Zaporizhzhian artists.

The historical and cultural museum "Zaporizka Sich" is placed on the northern rocky part of Khotritsa Island. The museum is a reconstruction of the stronghold of the Zaporizhzhian Cossacks, and contains features of the military camp life and their lifestyle.

Each of the smaller islands between the dam and the island Khortytsia has its own legend. On one of them, Durnya Scala ("Rock of the Fool"), Tzar Peter the Great flogged the Cossacks for their betrayal of the Russians during the Great Northern War between Russia and Sweden. Another small island, Stolb ("Pillar"), has a geological feature, which looks like a large bowl in granite slabs, the Cossack's Bowl. It is said that in summer days, water can be boiled in this "bowl", and the Cossacks used it for cooking galushki (boiled dough in a spicy broth).[75]

Transport links

Zaporizhzhia International Airport in 2019

Zaporizhzhia is an important transportation hub in Ukraine that includes roads, as well as rail, river and air links for passenger and freight transport. Zaporizhzhia International Airport, located to the east of the city on the left-bank of the Dnieper, serves domestic and international flights. Shyroke Airfield is to the west of the city on the right-bank of the Dnieper.

Zaporizhzhia is bypassed beyond its eastern outskirts by a major national highway M18, which connects Kharkiv with Simferopol. The H08, which starts just outside Kyiv and travels southeast along the Dnieper through Kremenchuk, Kamianske, Dnipro, passes through Zaporizhzhia on the way to Mariupol. The H15 from Donetsk and the H23 [de] from Kropyvnytskyi via Kryvyi Rih, both end in Zaporizhzhia.

There are four road bridges and two rail bridges over the Dnieper, nearly all of which bridges cross Khortytsia Island. President Volodymyr Zelenskyy opened the first stage of the New Zaporizhzhia Dniper Bridge early in 2022.

The city has two rail stations, Zaporizhzhia-1 railway station and Zaporizhzhia-the-Second. The First is the central station, located in the southern part of the city and is a part of Simferopol-Kharkiv, the "north-south" transit route. The line of the Zaporizhzhia-the-Second station connects the Donbas coalfield with Kryvyi Rih. The city has an extensive tram network with 7 lines called the Zaporizhzhia Tram.

The city's two river ports are part of the national water transportation infrastructure that connects Kyiv to Kherson along the Dnieper. Freight ships and cutter boats travel between Zaporizhzhia and nearby villages. The island of Khortytsia splits the Dnieper into two; the main channel passes the island on its eastern side, with the Staryi Dnipro (Old Dnieper) flowing past the island on the western side.

Notable people

Valentyna Danishevska, 2019
Alina Gorlova, 2021
Valeriy Ivaschenko, 2015
Gosha Kutsenko, 2016
Maria Nikiforova, 1909

Sport

Vita Styopina, 2012
Denys Sylantyev, 2014

In popular culture

Zaporizhzhia is a setting in two Axis victory in World War II short novels by the American author Harry Turtledove, Ready for the Fatherland (1991) and The Phantom Tolbukhin (1998).

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine

Zaporizhzhia is twinned with:[76][77]

In 1969, the city renamed one of its streets after the city of Wrocław. The Wrocław authorities reciprocated, and a part of the Sudecka – Grabiszyńska Street towards the Square of the Silesian Insurgents was renamed Zaporoska Street.[78]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Also spelled as Zaporizhzhya or Zaporizhia
  2. ^ Russian: Александровск; Ukrainian: Олександрівськ
  3. ^ Since modern Zaporizhiazhia was greatly enlarged in the Soviet Union, many typography in the city had to be renamed. In the year of the fall of the Russian Empire (1917), the population of Alexandrovsk was about 60,000 people. In the year of Ukraine's declaration of independence (1991), the city's population reached almost 1 million people.

References

  1. ^ Мера Запоріжжя звільнили з посади [The mayor of Zaporizhzhia was fired]. Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  2. ^ "Про затвердження транслітерації написання географічної назви міста Запоріжжя латиницею. Рішення виконавчого комітету №476". Zaporizhzhia city council. Executive committee. 28 August 2017. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  3. ^ (in Ukrainian) [1] Archived 6 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.
  5. ^ a b Pospelov, pp. 25–26
  6. ^ Я. П. Новицкий. История города Александровска, (Екатеринославской губ.) в связи с историей возникновения крепостей Днепровской линии 1770–1806 г. Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine – Екатеринослав: Типография Губернского Земства, 1905. – 176 с. (in Russian)
  7. ^ The bridges of Zaporizhzhia (Мосты Запорожья) Archived 8 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, by L. Adelberg (Адельберг Л), pub RA Tandem st, Zaporizhzhia, 2005. (in Russian)
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Official Portal Zaporizhzhia city authorities, History (Офіційний портал, Запорізької міської влади, Історія міста) Archived 21 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 11 April 2011. (in Ukrainian)
  9. ^ "Sovetskai︠a︡ arkhitektura". Искусство. 27 October 1969 – via Google Books.
  10. ^ Меерович М. Г. Соцгород – базовое понятие советской градостроительной теории первых пятилеток Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ "История Запорожья". photoalbum.zp.ua. Archived from the original on 2 May 2008. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
  12. ^ The Soviet economy and the Red Army, 1930–1945, by Walter Scott Dunn, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995 ISBN 0-275-94893-5, page 13.
  13. ^ a b c The Great Patriotic War on the territory of Zaporizhzhia (Великая Отечественная война на территории Запорожья) Archived 20 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  14. ^ Germany and the Second World War, Volume IV The Attack on the Soviet Union, by Horst Boog, Jürgen Förster, Joachim Hoffmann, Ernst Klink, Rolf-Dieter Müller, Gerd R. Ueberschär, pub Clarendon Press, 1998, ISBN 0-19-822886-4, p. 909.
  15. ^ "The Eastern Front, Timeline 1941". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  16. ^ Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty Archived 22 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Ukrainian Activists Draw Attention To Little-Known WWII Tragedy , by Dmytro Moroz and Claire Bigg, 23 August 2013.
  17. ^ Germany and the Second World War, Volume IV The Attack on the Soviet Union, p. 607, says that Zaporizhzhia was captured on 1 October 1941.
  18. ^ Lost Victories, by Field Marshal Eric von Manstein, translated by Anthony G Powell, pdf version p267-270.
  19. ^ Lost Victories, by Field Marshal Eric von Manstein, pdf version p290-2.
  20. ^ Lost Victories, by Field Marshal Eric von Manstein, says that the Germans finished repairing the railway bridge only a few months before they lost the city in October 1943.
  21. ^ a b "The Eastern Front, Timeline 1943". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
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