Zaynab bint Khuzayma
Mother of the Believers
زينب بنت خزيمة
Bornc. 596 CE
Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia (present-day Saudi Arabia)
DiedRabiʽ al-Thani 4 AH ; c. September/October 625 CE
Medina, Hejaz (present-day Saudi Arabia)
Resting placeJannat al-Baqi, Medina
Known forFifth wife of Muhammad
TitleUmm al-Masakin
Spouses
Parent(s)Khuzayma ibn Al-Harith (father)
Family

Zaynab bint Khuzayma (Arabic: زينب بنت خزيمة) (c. 596 – 625), also known as Umm al-Masākīn (Arabic: أم المساكين, "Mother of the Poor"),[1] was the fifth wife of Muhammad. As a result of her early death, less is known about her than about his other wives.

Early life

Zaynab was the first of Muhammad’s wives who was not from the Quraysh tribe.[2][3] Her father, Khuzayma ibn al-Harith, was from the Hilal tribe in Mecca.[4] Her mother is sometimes said to have been Hind bint Awf, but this tradition is weak.[5]

Her first husband was her cousin, Jahm ibn ‘Amr ibn al-Harith.[4]

While Zaynab was still a polytheist,[6][7] she acquired a reputation for extreme generosity. "She was called 'Mother of the Beggars' because of her kindness to them and her pity for them."[4]

It is not known exactly when Zaynab converted to Islam, but her second husband was a prominent Muslim, Abdullah ibn Jahsh.[5] This marriage must have ended in divorce, since Zaynab was already remarried at the time of Abdullah’s death;[6][8]: 68  and she is not listed among the people whom he took to Medina in 622.[9]

Zaynab's next husband was Tufayl ibn al-Harith, a Muslim from the Muttalib clan;[6] but this marriage also ended in divorce.[7][10]

Afterwards Zaynab married Tufayl's brother, Ubayda,[4][6][7][10] who was more than thirty years older than herself. In 622 they joined the general emigration to Medina, where they lived on a plot of land that was shared with Ubayda's two brothers.[8]: 36–37  Ubayda was killed at the Battle of Badr in March 624,[8]: 37  and Zaynab remained a widow for nearly a year.[6]

Marriage to Muhammad

There are conflicting reports as to whether Zaynab was "beautiful"[11] and refused many offers of marriage or whether she was shunned.[10][12] However, in February 625 her cousin Qubaysa (brother of her first husband) arranged for her to marry Muhammad, who gave her a dower of either 400 dirhams[4] or 12½ aowqiyas.[6][10] This was about a month after his marriage to Hafsa bint Umar.[13]

It has been suggested that Muhammad proposed or agreed to the match in order to provide for a deserving widow who would otherwise have been reduced to poverty.[14][15] It was said the marriage was meant to reassure his followers that their deaths in battle would not mean their families would starve and be neglected.[11] An alternative suggestion is that the marriage was politically motivated, "cultivating good relations with her own tribe of ‘Amir b. Sa’sa’ah."[16]

One story about their married life tells how a poor man came to Zaynab’s house to beg for some flour. She gave him the last of what she had and had no food for herself that night. Moved by her compassion, Muhammad told his other wives about it, saying: "If you have faith in Allah ... he will provide for your sustenance even as he does for the birds, who leave their nest hungry in the morning but return full at night".[10]

Death

Jannat al-Baqi cemetery, where Zaynab is buried.

Zaynab's marriage to Muhammad lasted only a few months. She died at aged about thirty. Muhammad carried her to Jannat al-Baqi and recited the funeral prayers, then three of her brothers descended into her grave to lay the corpse.[6]

Her house at the mosque remained empty for six months until Muhammad's sixth wife, Umm Salama, was moved into it.[17]

References

  1. ^ Lings, Martin (1983). Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions, 201.
  2. ^ Prophet Muhammad for All, Hadrat Zainab
  3. ^ Bodley, Ronald V. "The Messenger: The Wives of Mohammed", 1946.
  4. ^ a b c d e Abdulmalik ibn Hisham, Notes to Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasulallah, #918, in Guillaume, A. (1955), The Life of Muhammad. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 794.
  5. ^ a b Ismail ibn Umar ibn Kathir. The Life of the Prophet Muhammad Volume 3. Translated by Trevor Le Gassick (2000). Reading, UK: Garnet, 122.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Muhammad ibn Sa'd. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir Volume 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). The Women of Madina. London: TaHa Publishers, 82.
  7. ^ a b c Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. Tarikh al-Rusul wa’l-Muluk. Translated by Landau-Tasseron, E. (1998). Volume 39: Biographies of the Prophet’s Companions and Their Successors. Albany : State University of New York Press, 163-164.
  8. ^ a b c Muhammad ibn Sa'd. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir Volume 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). The Companions of Badr. London: TaHa Publishers.
  9. ^ Muhammad ibn Ishaq. Sirat Rasulallah. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). The Life of Muhammad. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 215.
  10. ^ a b c d e Ahmed, M. Mukkaram. "Encyclopaedia of Islam", 2005. p. 141
  11. ^ a b Wessels, Antonie (1972). "A Modern Arabic Biography of Muhammad". Leiden: Brill, 107
  12. ^ Hatimy, Said Abdullah Saif. "Woman in Islam", 1979. p. 105
  13. ^ Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. Tarikh al-Rusul wa’l-Muluk. Translated by McDonald, M. V. (1987). Volume 7: The Foundation of the Community. Albany: State University of New York Press, 107.
  14. ^ Mus'ad, M. F. (1991). The Wives of the Prophet Muhammad: Their Strives and Their Lives. Cairo: Islamic Inc. Publishing & Distribution, 99.
  15. ^ Rizvi, S. A. (1999). The Life of Muhammad The Prophet. Darul Tabligh North America, 93.
  16. ^ Watt, W. M. (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 287.
  17. ^ Muhammad ibn Sa'd. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir Volume 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). London: TaHa Publishers, 65.
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