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((Short description|1974 book by Robert M. Pirsig))
((Multiple issues|
((Original research|date=May 2021))
((More citations needed|date=May 2021))
))

((Infobox book
| name              = Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values
| image             = Zen motorcycle.jpg
| caption           = First edition
| author            = [[Robert M. Pirsig]]
| country           = United States
| language          = English
| genre             = [[Philosophical fiction]], [[Autobiographical novel]]<ref name="Abbeyreview">((Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/30/archives/novelistic-autobiography-autobiographical-novel-no-matter-zen-and.html |title=Novelistic autobiography, autobiographical novel? No matter |last=Abbey |first=Edward |date=March 30, 1975 |website=The New York Times))</ref>
| published         = 1974 ([[William Morrow and Company]])
| media_type        = Print ([[hardcover]] and [[paperback]])
| pages             = 418 pp
| isbn              = 0-688-00230-7
| dewey             = 917.3/04/920924 B
| congress          = CT275.P648 A3 1974
| oclc              = 673595
| followed_by       = [[Lila: An Inquiry into Morals]]
))

'''''Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values''''' is a book by [[Robert M. Pirsig]] first published in 1974. It is a work of fictionalized autobiography and the first of Pirsig's texts in which he discusses his concept of [[Pirsig's Metaphysics of Quality|Quality]].<ref>((Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/05/15/archives/a-successful-pirsig-rethinks-life-of-zen-and-science-after-what-he.html |title=A Successful Pirsig Rethinks Life of Zen and Science |date=15 May 1974 |work=[[The New York Times]]))</ref>

The title is an apparent play on the title of the 1948 book ''[[Zen in the Art of Archery]]'' by [[Eugen Herrigel]]. In its introduction, Pirsig explains that, despite its title, "it should in no way be associated with that great body of factual information relating to orthodox [[Zen|Zen Buddhist]] practice. It's not very factual on [[motorcycle]]s, either."  

Pirsig received 121 rejections before an editor finally accepted the book for publication—and he did so thinking it would never generate a profit. 50,000 copies sold in the first three months, and more than 5 million in the decades since.<ref>((Cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-robert-pirsig-obituary-20170424-story.html |title=Robert Pirsig dies at 88; wrote counterculture classic ‘Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance’  |date=24 April 2017 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]))</ref>

==Structure==
The book is a fictionalized autobiography of a 17-day journey that Pirsig made with his [[Honda CB77]] motorcycle from [[Minnesota]] to Northern [[California]] along with his son Chris in 1968.<ref name="Abbeyreview" /> The story of this journey is recounted in a [[first-person narrative]], although the author is not identified. Father and son are also accompanied, for the first nine days of the journey, by close friends John and Sylvia Sutherland, with whom they part ways in [[Montana]]. 

The journey is punctuated by numerous [[philosophy|philosophical]] discussions, referred to as [[Chautauqua]]s by the author, on topics including [[epistemology]], the history of philosophy, and the [[philosophy of science]].

Many of these discussions are accompanied by information concerning the narrator's own past self, who is referred to in the third person as Phaedrus (after [[Phaedrus (dialogue)|Plato's dialogue]]). Phaedrus, a teacher of creative and technical writing at [[Montana State College]], became engrossed in the question of what defines good writing, and what in general defines good, or "Quality", which he understands similar to [[Tao]]. Phaedrus's philosophical investigations eventually caused him to become insane, and he was subjected to [[electroconvulsive therapy]], which permanently changed his personality.

Towards the end of the book, Phaedrus's strong and unorthodox personality, presented as dangerous to the narrator, becomes more apparent and the narrator is reconciled with his past.

==Writing==
In a 1974 interview with [[NPR|National Public Radio]], Pirsig stated that the book took him four years to write. During two of these years, Pirsig continued working at his job of writing computer manuals. This caused him to adopt an unorthodox schedule, awakening very early and writing ''Zen'' from 2 a.m. until 6 a.m., then eating and going to his day job. He would sleep during his lunch break and then go to bed around 6 in the evening. Pirsig joked that his co-workers noticed that he was "a lot less perky" than everyone else.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4612364 (("'))Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance Author' Robert Pirsig"] at NPR online audio archive</ref>

==Themes==
===Philosophical content===

In the book, the narrator describes the "romantic" consideration of life of his friend, John Sutherland, who chooses not to learn how to maintain his expensive new motorcycle. John simply hopes for the best with his bike, and when problems do occur he often becomes frustrated and is forced to rely on professional mechanics to repair it. In contrast, the "classical" narrator has an older motorcycle which he is usually able to diagnose and repair himself through the use of rational [[problem-solving]] skills. For example, when the narrator and his friends come into [[Miles City, Montana]] he notices the engine running roughly, a possible indication that the fuel/air mixture is too [[Air–fuel ratio|rich]]. The next day he notes that both [[spark plug]]s are black, confirming a rich mixture. He recognizes that the higher elevation is causing the engine to run rich. The narrator rectifies this by installing new [[carburetor#Basics|jets]] and adjusting the [[Tappet|valves]], and the engine runs well again.((Citation needed|date=May 2021))

[[File:"The School of Athens" by Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino.jpg|thumb|''[[The School of Athens]]''—[[Ancient Greek philosophy]] depicted by [[Raphael]]]]

The narrator examines the modern pursuit of "Pure Truths", claiming it derives from the work of early [[Ancient Greek philosophy|Greek philosophers]] who were establishing the concept of truth in opposition to the force of "[[Form of the Good|The Good]]". He argues that although rational thought may find a truth (or The Truth) it may never be applicable completely and universally to every individual's experience; therefore what is needed is a method of thought that is more inclusive and has a wider range of application. He makes a case that originally the Greeks did not distinguish between "Quality" and "Truth"—they were one and the same, ''[[arete (moral virtue)|arete]]''—and that the divorce was, in fact, artificial (though needed at the time) and is now a source of much frustration and unhappiness in the world, particularly overall dissatisfaction with modern life.((Citation needed|date=May 2021))

The narrator explains that he seeks a perception of the world that embraces both the rational and the romantic, and that he seeks to demonstrate that rationality and Zen-like "being in the moment" can harmoniously coexist. He suggests such a combination of rationality and [[romanticism]] can potentially result in a greater [[quality of life]].((Citation needed|date=May 2021))

It has been noted that Pirsig's romantic/classical dichotomy resembles [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]'s [[Apollonian and Dionysian|Dionysian/Apollonian]] dichotomy as described in ''[[The Birth of Tragedy]]''. For example, in his book ''The Person of the Therapist'', Edward Smith writes, "In his popular novel ... Pirsig  also addressed the Apollonian and Dionysian worldviews, naming them respectively classical understanding and romantic understanding."<ref>Smith, Edward W. L. (2003). ''The Person of the Therapist'', McFarland & Company Inc, p. 97.</ref>

===The self and relationships===
Beverly Gross (1984) writes that Pirsig is seeking a synthesis of "the normal, everyday, functioning self with the person given to extremes, excesses, dizzying heights, obsessions—our crazy self with our sane self, the greatness in us with our ordinariness". The exceptional in the narrator is represented by Phaedrus, who, despite the narrator's attempt to keep him in the past, becomes a major item of his thought toward the book's end, threatening the narrator's stability and relationship with his son. However, the narrator's difficulties with his son during the journey also question whether surrendering parts of himself in exchange for "sanity" has even helped this relationship. Gross writes, "He relates to mechanical things, not to people. There is beauty in his recognition that personality inheres in motorcycles, riding gloves; there is sadness and sickness in his removal from the personality of people, his own most notably". The Chautauquas, which emphasize the narrator's tendency toward solitary thought and over-analysis, may reflect his avoidance of the problems before him: his relationships and the resurrection of Phaedrus. To the extent that the narrator denies Phaedrus, the Chautauquas are practical, but when he decides that he will admit himself to hospital again, he realizes the undeniable presence of Phaedrus in him, and the Chautauquas are given over to those more abstruse topics.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Gross |first=Beverly |date=1984 |title='A Mind Divided against Itself': Madness in 'Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance' |journal=The Journal of Narrative Technique |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=201–213 |jstor=30225102))</ref>

===Gumption traps===
According to the author, a ''gumption trap'' is an event or mindset that can cause a person to lose enthusiasm and become discouraged from starting or continuing a project. The word "gumption" denotes a combination of common sense, shrewdness, and a sense of initiative.<ref name=gumption>((cite web|title=gumption|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gumption|publisher=thefreedictionary.com|access-date=11 May 2014))</ref> Although the last of these traits is the primary victim of the "gumption trap," the first two suffer indirectly in that a reduction in initiative results in a reduction in constructive activity and therefore inhibits one's development of the first two traits. Pirsig goes on to inform his readers that the "trap" portion of the term refers to the [[positive feedback loop]] that the event or mindset creates: the reduction in the person's enthusiasm and initiative decreases both the person's likelihood of success in that project and the degree of success likely, thus doubly affecting the [[Expected value|expected outcome]] of the person's efforts. The usual result further discourages the person, whether it be a mere lack of success or a bigger outright failure complete with embarrassment and [[Rate of return#Risk and volatility|loss of the resources initially invested]].((Citation needed|date=May 2021))

The specific term "gumption trap" was invented by Pirsig, and the associated concept plays an important part in the practical application of his [[Pirsig's Metaphysics of Quality|Metaphysics of Quality]].((Citation needed|date=May 2021))

====Types====
((unreferenced section|date=May 2021))
((originalresearch-section|date=May 2021))

Pirsig refers to two types of gumption traps: ''setbacks'', which arise from external/"exogenous" events, and ''hang-ups'', which are the product of internal/"endogenous" factors such as a poor fit between one's psychological state and the requirements of a project.

=====Setbacks=====
The nature of setbacks can vary considerably.  For example, a minor setback might result from a minor injury.  Worse setbacks include the lack of knowledge that a certain procedural action or condition is necessary for a project's success:  If one attempts to keep working despite the [[Unknown unknown|lack of knowledge]] that this obstacle exists (let alone how to deal with it), one's lack of progress may prompt one to take long breaks from the project, to focus one's attention on other endeavors, or even to lose interest in the project altogether.  Pirsig suggests preventing these kinds of gumption traps by being slow and meticulous, taking notes that might help later, and [[troubleshooting]] in advance (''e.g.'', by laying out the requirements for one's project in logical and/or conceptual order and looking for procedural problems ranging from unaccounted-for prerequisites to gaps in one's instructions or plans).

====="Hang-ups"=====
Hang-ups stem from internal factors that can get in the way of starting or completing a project.  Examples of such hang-ups include anxiety, boredom, impatience, and the failure (often borne of excessive [[egotism]]) to realize that ''a'') one might not have all the information necessary to succeed and/or ''b'') certain aspects of the problem might be more or less important than one believes. Dealing with hang-ups can be as simple as reducing [[hyperfocus]] on a specific aspect of a problem by taking a short break from working on the problem or that specific aspect of it.

Pirsig notes several aspects of hang-ups.

* Affective (i.e. receptive or dynamic) understanding or '''"value traps"''': these can be described generally as an inability or reluctance to re-evaluate notions due to a commitment to previous values. On the whole these types of issues can be addressed by (1) rediscovering facts as they arise; (2) recognizing that the facts are available and apparent; (3) deliberately slowing down to allow unstructured processing of information; and (4) reassessing the weight attached to the current knowledge.
:* Egotism may encourage one to believe misleading information or disbelieve a potentially inconvenient fact. Appropriate recourses include humility, modesty, attentiveness and skepticism.
:* [[Anxiety]] may preclude the confidence necessary to begin a project or the self-assurance needed to patiently work through a project systematically. Appropriate recourses include research, study and preparation prior to beginning the project; detailing the anticipated steps required to accomplish the task; and understanding the personhood and fallibility of professionals.
:* [[Boredom]] may cause sloppy work and inattention to detail. Appropriate recourses include taking a break to allow interest in the project to rebuild or ritualizing common practices. Pirsig notes that at the first sign of boredom, it is important to stop work immediately.
:* [[Impatience]], like boredom, may cause sloppy work and inattention to detail. Appropriate recourses include allowing indefinite time for the project and value flexibility to rediscover aspects of the project.

* Cognitive understanding or '''"truth traps"''': these can be described as misunderstanding the feedback of a given action.
:* Reliance on yes-no duality may cause misinterpretation of results. Pirsig notes the concept of mu and suggests the answer to a particular question may indicate that the question does not match the situation. An appropriate recourse may be to reconsider the context of the inquiry.

* Psychomotor behavior or '''"muscle traps"''': these concern the interaction of the environment, machinist and machine.
:* Inadequate tools may result in a feeling of frustration. Appropriate recourses include proper equipment acquisition.
:* Environmental factors may result in frustration including inadequate lighting, temperature extremes and physically uncomfortable positions.
:* Muscular insensitivity or lack of [[proprioception]] may cause a disproportionate amount of force to be applied to a material that results in frustration. Misunderstanding of different tolerances of various materials may result in broken parts or inadequate tension.

==Reception==
At the time of its publication, [[Christopher Lehmann-Haupt]], in his book review for ''[[The New York Times]]'', wrote,

<blockquote>
I now regret that I lack the expertise in philosophy to put Mr. Pirsig's ideas to a proper test, for this book may very well be a profoundly important one—a great one even—full of insights into our most perplexing contemporary dilemmas. I just don't know. But whatever its true philosophical worth, it is intellectual entertainment of the highest order.<ref>((Cite news |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1974/04/16/148805272.html |title=The Motorcycles of Your Mind; Books of The Times |date=April 16, 1974 |website=The New York Times))</ref>
</blockquote>

Since then, ''Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance'' has become the best-selling philosophy book in the USA of all time.<ref>((Cite web |url=https://philosophynow.org/issues/122/Robert_Pirsig_and_His_Metaphysics_of_Quality |title=Robert Pirsig & His Metaphysics of Quality |first=Anthony |last=McWatt |issue=122 |date=October 2017 |website=[[Philosophy Now]]))</ref>

==See also==
((portal|Novels))
((div col))
* [[Dehumanized]]
* ''[[Lila: An Inquiry into Morals]]''
* [[Quality (philosophy)]]
* [[Pirsig's Metaphysics of Quality|Pirsig's metaphysics of Quality]]
((div col end))

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
* [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4612367 Audio: 1992 NPR Interview with Pirsig]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070111000631/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1951397,00.html ''Guardian'' interview from 2006: Short version] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727221639/http://www.robertpirsig.org/Observer%20Interview.htm Long version]

((Authority control))

[[Category:1974 books]]
[[Category:American autobiographical novels]]
[[Category:American philosophical novels]]
[[Category:Motorcycle writing]]
[[Category:Motorcycling in fiction]]
[[Category:Robert M. Pirsig]]
[[Category:Technology neologisms]]
[[Category:Western United States in fiction]]
[[Category:William Morrow and Company books]]
[[Category:Works by Robert M. Pirsig]]

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