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Zera Yisrael (Hebrew: זרע ישראל, lit. 'Seed [of] Israel'), known also as Zera Kadosh (lit. 'Seed [of] Holiness') is a legal category in Halakha that denotes the blood descendants of Jews who, for one reason or another, are not legally Jewish according to religious criteria.[1][2][3] This is usually due to a lack of matrilineal Jewish ancestry.[4]

Who is Zera Yisrael

See also: Who is a Jew

Patrilineal Jews

Traditionally, Rabbinic Judaism has understood Jewishness to be passed down matrilineally. Although contemporary denominations have varying precedents regarding lineal descent, Orthodox and Conservative Judaism maintain that only those born from a Jewish mother are considered to be Jewish by birth.[5][6] Because of this, those born to a Jewish father and a gentile mother are considered to be Zera Yisrael by religiously conservative sects of Judaism, though they may be considered Jewish by religiously liberal sects, especially if they were raised Jewish and identify as such.[7]

Although Rabbinic Judaism follows matrilineal lines to determine an individual's Jewish status, there is evidence to suggest that this was a shift that occurred during the second century, and that pre-diaspora Judaism was patrilineal.[8] Some small and formerly isolated ethnic groups of Jews, such as the Kaifengs and Beta Israel, have traditionally practiced a patrilineal form of Judaism.[9] While many have assimilated into the mainstream matrilinealism of Rabbinic Judaism,[10] the Karaite movement of Judaism continues to reject maternal lines in favor of paternal ones.[11] Individuals from these circles may also be considered patrilineal Jews or Zera Yisrael, if they fail to prove an unbroken maternal chain.

Bnei Anusim

Bnei Anusim (lit. 'children [of the] forced ones') is a Hebrew term referring to the descendants of Jews who were forced to conceal their Jewish identity or convert to a different religion. While broadly referring to anyone with such lineage, it specifically pertains to the Sephardic Bnei Anusim, and has developed conceptually alongside a movement for the descendants of conversos and Crypto-Jews to reconnect with their Jewish ancestry.[12] Other groups, such those descended from the Jews of the Soviet Union, may be considered halakhically similar to the Bnei Anusim.[2][13]

Others

Other individuals with insufficient ancestry can be considered Zera Yisrael. This includes, for example, someone with one Jewish grandparent.[14]

Religious significance

Mysticism

Zera Yisrael have often been ascribed a level of spiritual significance in Judaism, mostly within the realm of Kabbalistic thought. It has been claimed by practitioners of Judaism that those with undiscovered Jewish ancestry have a natural affinity for the religion,[15] and that reconnecting with their Jewish heritage serves as a method of redeeming the holy Lurianic sparks that have fallen into the material world.[16][17] They are said to already have Jewish-adjacent souls,[18] and contribute to the fulfillment of the ingathering of the exiles.[12]

Chassidic Rabbi Zadok HaKohen wrote in his work Resisei Layla that "the root of the soul of the seed of Israel can never be upended".[19] According to him, Isaiah was talking about Zera Yisrael when he spoke of the "lost ones" prophesized to join the Jewish people.[2] This idea has been referenced frequently among contemporary Jewish theologians that tackle the topic of Zera Yisrael and descendants of Jews.[17][2][16]

Conversion efforts

Because of the unique status of Zera Yisrael in Jewish theology, as well as their growing prominence in Israel, some rabbis (such as Isser Yehuda Unterman, Chaim Ozer Grodzinski, David Tzvi Hoffman, Benzion Uziel, and Haim Amsalem) have suggested adopting more lenient policies that allow people descended from Jews to convert with only a basic understanding and acceptance of Jewish law.[2][13][20] In addition to securing an unambiguous religious status as Jewish, a conversion accepted by the Israeli government would also serve the pragmatic purposes of allowing the converts protections under Israeli law, such as marriage rights.

Despite criticism from opponents,[13] there have been cases of pro forma conversions for Zera Yisrael, as well as rabbinical authorities declaring groups of them halakhically Jewish.[2] An alternative suggestion has been to convert gentile mothers of Zera Yisrael children, so as to "keep the children in the Jewish fold."[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ Maltz, Judy (February 19, 2015). "How a Former Netanyahu Aide Is Boosting Israel's Jewish Majority, One 'Lost Tribe' at a Time". Haaretz. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Amsalem, Haim (July 27, 2011). "We need to embrace 'zera Yisrael'". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  3. ^ Student, Gil (January 30, 2011). "Half Jewish". Torah Musings. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  4. ^ "Motherhood and Matrilineal Descent".
  5. ^ "Rabbinical Assembly Goes on Record Against Patrilineal Descent". Retrieved July 12, 2023.
  6. ^ Abramovitz, Jack. "Matrilineal Descent and Mamzeirus". Retrieved July 12, 2023.
  7. ^ "Who Is a Jew: Patrilineal Descent". Retrieved July 12, 2023.
  8. ^ Cohen, Shaye J.D. "The Origins of the Matrilineal Principle in Rabbinic Law" (PDF). p. 1, 29. Retrieved July 12, 2023. According to rabbinic law, from the second century to the present, offspring of a gentile mother and a Jewish father is a gentile, while the offspring of a Jewish mother and a gentile is a Jew... [The matrilineal principle] is underway in the latter part of the Second Temple period but is not complete until the second century.
  9. ^ "The Jews of Ethiopia". Retrieved July 12, 2023. Mostly those remaining are of patrilineal descent, which has always been the custom in this community as it was in Biblical times. This, however, has delayed their recognition in Israel which follows the Rabbinic matrilineal line.
  10. ^ "Who are the Ethiopian Jews?".
  11. ^ "The Jews You've Never Heard Of".
  12. ^ a b "Israeli and World Jewish Leaders Call for a Reconnection with the Descendants of Spanish and Portuguese Jewish Communities". Retrieved July 12, 2023.
  13. ^ a b c "ASK THE RABBI: Converting minors to solve Israel's conversion crisis". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  14. ^ "ZERA ISRAEL: Halakhik Studies on Converts and Conversion" (PDF). This means that even though a person born to a non-Jewish mother is not halakhically Jewish, if his father or grandfather is Jewish, he is described as coming from zera yisrael.
  15. ^ "Welcome Home Zera Yisrael (Seeds of Israel)". Retrieved July 14, 2023. For many, what they deemed an odd affinity toward Judaism before the discovery of their Jewish roots now made sense.
  16. ^ a b "Fundamentally Freund: Welcome home to the Jewish people, Gwyneth Paltrow!". Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  17. ^ a b "Welcome Home Zera Yisrael (Seeds of Israel)". Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  18. ^ "Intermarried Jews are not a second Holocaust". Retrieved July 15, 2023. Consider, for example, the kabbalistic notion of "zera Yisrael," where one has a Jewish dimension to the soul even if the person is not deemed Jewish by halacha.
  19. ^ Talmud, b. Resisei Layla 10
  20. ^ "I'd marry Artem Dolgopyat in an instant – even without the gold medal". Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  21. ^ "Conversion to Judaism: Halakha, Hashkafa, and Historic Challenge" (PDF). Retrieved July 15, 2023. Rabbi Uziel was deeply concerned about the fate of children born to a Jewish father and a non-Jewish mother. Such children, although of Jewish stock (zera Yisrael), are in fact not halakhically Jewish. Children raised in such intermarriages will be lost to the Jewish people entirely. Thus, it is obligatory for rabbis to convert the non-Jewish mother in order to keep the children in the Jewish fold. Rabbi Uziel noted: "And I fear that if we push them [the children] away completely by not accepting their parents for conversion, we shall be brought to judgment and they shall say to us: 'You did not bring back those who were driven away, and those who were lost you did not seek.'

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