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((Short description|Chinese educator and politician (1869–1923)))
((more citations needed|date=April 2018))
((Infobox President
| name                = Zhou Ziqi <br> 周自齊
| image               = Zhou Ziqi.jpg
| order               = Acting [[President of the Republic of China]]
| term_start          = 2 June 1922
| term_end            = 11 June 1922
| predecessor         = [[Xu Shichang]]
| successor           = [[Li Yuanhong]]
| office2             = Acting [[Premier of the Republic of China]]
| term_start2         = 8 April 1922
| term_end2           = 11 June 1922
| president2          = [[Xu Shichang]]<br> Himself (as acting President)
| predecessor2        = [[Yan Huiqing]]
| successor2          = Yan Huiqing
| office3             = [[Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China)|Minister of War]] of the [[Beiyang Government|Republic of China]]
| term_start3         = 1913
| term_end3           = 1914
| predecessor3        = [[Duan Qirui]]
| successor3          = [[Wang Shizhen (Beiyang government)|Wang Shizhen]]
| birth_date          = ((birth date|1869|11|17))
| birth_place         = [[Guangdong]], [[Qing Dynasty]]
| death_date          = ((death date and age|1923|10|21|1869|11|17))
| death_place         = [[Shanghai]], [[Republic of China (1912-1949)|Republic of China]]
| spouse              = 
| education           = [[Columbia University]]
| nationality         = [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]
| party               = [[Non-partisan]]
| otherparty          = [[Progressive Party (China)|Progressive Party]]
| allegiance          = ((flag|Qing dynasty))<br>[[File:Flag of China (1912–1928).svg|22px]] [[Republic of China (1912-1949)|Republic of China]]
| awards              = [[Order of Rank and Merit]]<br />[[Order of the Precious Brilliant Golden Grain]]<br />[[Order of the Rising Sun]]<br />[[Order of the Sacred Treasure]]<br />[[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]]
))
((family name hatnote|[[Zhou (surname)|Zhou]]|lang=Chinese))

'''Zhou Ziqi''' (((zh|t=周自齊 |p= Zhōu Zìqí |w=''Chow Tzu-ch'i''))) (17 November 1869 – 21 October 1923) was a Chinese educator and politician in the late [[Qing dynasty]] and early [[History of the Republic of China|republican period]]. During the early part of the Republic, he served multiple roles: first in multiple ministry positions (including Communication and Finance), as a diplomat, then as acting President of the Republic, and, for a time, as acting Premier in 1922, during [[Liang Shiyi]]'s illness. He was a member of the [[Communications Clique]].

==Biography==
Born in [[Guangdong]], Zhou, who spoke both [[Cantonese]] and Mandarin, later moved back to his ancestral province of [[Shandong]]. He attended [[Columbia University]] in the [[United States]], and upon returning to China, he helped found [[Tsinghua University]] to prepare Chinese students to study abroad in America; among the subjects he emphasized were English, mathematics, and science. During his time at Tsinghua, Zhou was in charge of sending students to study abroad, and from 1911 to 1912, he served as president of the university.

As the [[governor of Shandong Province]], he exerted significant influence, helping leak information about the [[Twenty-One Demands]] to the media.

A supporter of [[Yuan Shikai]], the [[President of the Republic of China|provisional president]], and his actions to revert China from a republic to a monarch-led empire, Zhou, during his tenure as governor of Shandong, believed that the Chinese people, with a literacy rate of 2%, were not ready to govern themselves. In his view, the people could only be manipulated by politicians, and their actions would bring instability and chaos to the country. (To further buttress his argument, Zhou may have invited Columbia University political scientist [[Frank Johnson Goodnow]] to justify monarchism for China.) In 1913, Yuan appointed him [[Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China)|Minister of War]], a post in which he served until the following year.

Yuan attempted to re-establish the [[Empire of China (1915–1916)|Empire of China]] in late 1915, sending Zhou to the [[Empire of Japan]] as a special envoy. The Japanese government under [[Okuma Shigenobu]] rejected him, and he returned to China to tell Yuan that his government had lost foreign support. After the failure of the restoration of the monarchy and Yuan's death in June 1916, Zhou found that his support for the Empire was not without personal cost: considered one of the eight top monarchists of the former regime, he was declared a traitor; and the new President, [[Li Yuanhong]], ordered his arrest, causing Zhou to flee to Japan for asylum. After being pardoned by President [[Feng Guozhang]] in 1918, he served as Minister of Finance in 1920, under [[Xu Shichang]].

As finance minister, he lost a power struggle against Premier [[Jin Yunpeng]] in 1921, and was compelled to resign. Seeking revenge, he convinced [[Zhang Zuolin]] to replace the premier with [[Liang Shiyi]], the head of the civilian [[Communications Clique]]. That same year, he served as a member of the Chinese delegation to the [[Washington Naval Conference]], before his resignation due to the "negative results" of the conference.<ref>((Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1921/12/07/archives/attaches-of-delegation-resign-in-protest-against-negative-results.html |title=Attaches of Delegation Resign in Protest Against 'Negative Results' of Conference.; THREE MORE CHINESE ADVISERS RESIGN |date=1921-12-07 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2018-02-28 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331))</ref>

Zhou also served as President of the [[Bank of China]], Minister of Communication, Minister of Military, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, and the Inspector General of Salt.

In 1922, he briefly served as [[List of premiers of China|acting premier]] and [[President of the Republic of China|acting president]], after the resignation of Liang as premier (due to illness),<ref>((Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1922/04/13/archives/china-has-acting-premier-chow-tzuchi-named-in-the-absence-on-leave.html |title=CHINA HAS ACTING PREMIER.; Chow Tzu-Chi Named in the Absence |date=1922-04-13 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2018-02-28 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331))</ref> and, later, Xu as President. His presidency, the shortest in Chinese history, was an interim one, as the [[Zhili clique]] tried to woo [[Li Yuanhong]] back into office.  Having succeeded, but complaining of Zhili interference, he left to study film-making in the United States, later returning to China to start a film studio. He died on Oct 21, 1923 at his home in Beijing.

==References==
((reflist))

((s-start))
((s-off))
|-
((s-bef|before=[[Xu Shichang]]))
((s-ttl|title=[[President of the Republic of China]]|years=1922))
((s-aft|after=[[Li Yuanhong]]))
|-
((s-bef|before=[[Yan Huiqing]]))
((s-ttl|title=[[Premier of the Republic of China]]|years=1922))
((s-aft|after=[[Yan Huiqing]]))
((end))
((Presidents of the Republic of China))
((ROCPMs))
((Ministers of Education of the Republic of China))
((Tsinghua University))
((Warlord era))

((DEFAULTSORT:Zhou, Ziqi))
[[Category:Presidents of the Republic of China]]
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1923 deaths]]
[[Category:Premiers of the Republic of China]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of Chinese presidential pardons]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chaozhou]]
[[Category:Republic of China politicians from Guangdong]]
[[Category:Progressive Party (China) politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Chinese heads of government]]
[[Category:Governors of Shandong]]
[[Category:Chinese filmmakers]]

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