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((Short description|Species of flowering plant))
((Speciesbox
|image = Zingiber zerumbet 03.JPG
|status = DD
|status_system = IUCN3.1 
|status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>((cite iucn |author1=Leong-Škorničková, J. |author2=Souvannakhoummane, K. |author3=Tran, H.D. |name-list-style=amp |title=''Zingiber zerumbet'' |page=e.T96816015A96816082 |year=2019 |access-date=19 July 2023))</ref>
|genus = Zingiber
|species = zerumbet
|authority = (L.) Roscoe ex Sm. 
| synonyms =
* ''Amomum silvestre'' Poir.
* ''Amomum spurium'' (J.Koenig) J.F.Gmel. 
* ''Amomum sylvestre'' Lam. [Illegitimate] 
* ''Amomum zerumbet'' L. 
* ''Cardamomum spurium'' (J.Koenig) Kuntze 
* ''Dieterichia lampujang'' Giseke 
* ''Dieterichia lampuyang'' Giseke 
* ''Dieterichia majo''r Raeusch. 
* ''Dieterichia minor'' Raeusch. 
* ''Dieterichia spuria'' (J.Koenig) Giseke 
* ''Zerumbet zingiber'' T.Lestib. 
* ''Zingiber amaricans'' Blume 
* ''Zingiber aromaticum'' Valeton 
* ''Zingiber blancoi'' Hassk. 
* ''Zingiber darceyi'' H.J.Veitch 
* ''Zingiber littorale'' (Valeton) Valeton 
* ''Zingiber ovoideum'' Blume 
* ''Zingiber spurium'' J.Koenig 
* ''Zingiber sylvestre'' Garsault [Invalid] 
* ''Zingiber truncatum'' Stokes 
* ''Zingiber zerumbet var. littoralis'' Valeton 
* ''Zingiber zerumbet var. magnum'' Elmer 
* ''Zingiber zerumbet'' subsp. ''Zerumbet''
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = "TPL"/>
))

'''''Zingiber zerumbet'''''<ref name = "C132"/> is a species of plant in the [[Zingiberaceae|ginger family]]<ref name = "COL"/> with leafy stems growing to about ((convert|1.2|m|ft|abbr=on)) tall. It originates from Asia, but can be found in many tropical countries. Common names include: '''awapuhi''' (from ((lang-haw|ʻawapuhi)) spelled with an [[ʻokina]], [[doublet (linguistics)|doublet]] of ''[[ʻawa]]''),<ref name="Lynch2002"/> '''bitter ginger''',<ref>((PLANTS|id=ZIZE|taxon=Zingiber zerumbet|access-date=9 August 2015))</ref> '''shampoo ginger''', '''''lempoyang''''' (from [[Malay language|Malay]]) and '''pinecone ginger'''.<ref>[http://www.floridata.com/ref/z/zing_zer.cfm] "Floridata – Zingiber zerumbet", Retrieved 2014-03-18</ref>

The [[rhizome]]s of ''Z. zerumbet'' are used as food flavoring and appetizers in various cuisines, and the rhizome extracts have been used in [[herbal medicine]].

==Description==
''Zingiber zerumbet'' is a [[Perennial plant|perennial]]. From autumn until spring it goes dormant above ground as the leafy stems shrivel and die away, leaving the pale brown, creeping stems (rhizomes) at ground level. In the spring, the plant springs up anew. The 10–12 blade-shaped leaves 15–20&nbsp;cm long grow in an alternate arrangement on thin, upright stem to ((convert|1.2|m|ft|abbr=on)) tall. Among the leafy stems, the conical or club-shaped flower heads burst forth on separate and shorter stalks. These appear in the summer, after the leafy stems have been growing for a while. The flower heads are initially green and are ((convert|3|to|10|cm|in|abbr=on)) long with overlapping scales, enclosing small yellowish-white flowers that poke out a few at a time. As the flower heads mature, they gradually fill with an aromatic, slimy liquid and turn a brighter red color. The flower stalks usually remain hidden beneath the leaf stalks.

==Distribution and history==
''Z. zerumbet'' is native to tropical [[Asia]] and [[Australasia]]. The subspecies ''Zingiber zerumbet'' subsp. ''cochinchinense'' <small>(Gagnep.) Triboun & K.Larsen</small> (previously ''Z. cochinchinense'') is found in [[Vietnam]].<ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-348837 The Plant List: ''Zingiber zerumbet'' subsp. ''cochinchinense'' (retrieved 18/9/2017)]</ref>

Remains of ''Z. zerumbet'' have been identified at the [[Kuk Swamp]] archaeological site of New Guinea at the Phase 1 layers, dated to 10,220 to 9,910 [[Before Present|BP]]. However, whether it was cultivated or merely exploited from the wild is unknown. Like the [[ginger]], the earliest evidence of its cultivation is from the [[Austronesian peoples]] who carried it with them during the [[Austronesian expansion]] (c. 5,000 [[Before Present|BP]]) as [[canoe plants]], reaching as far as [[Remote Oceania]].<ref name="Allaby2007">((cite book|first1=Robin|last1=Allaby|editor1-first=Jonathan S. |editor1-last=Friedlaender|title =Genes, Language, & Culture History in the Southwest Pacific|chapter =Origins of Plant Exploitation in Near Oceania: A Review|publisher =Oxford University Press|series =Human Evolution Series|year =2007|page=191|isbn =9780198041085|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=gWjkogVte7gC))</ref><ref name="Lynch2002">((cite journal |last1=Lynch |first1=John |title=Potent Roots and the Origin of kava |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |date=2002 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=493–513 |doi=10.1353/ol.2002.0010|s2cid=145424062 ))</ref><ref name="McClatchey1993">((cite journal |last1=McClatchey |first1=W. |title=Traditional use of ''Curcuma longa'' (Zingiberaceae) in Rotuma |journal=Economic Botany |date=1993 |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=291–296 |doi=10.1007/bf02862297|s2cid=20513984 ))</ref><ref name="Dalby2002">((cite book|first1=Andrew |last1=Dalby|title =Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices|publisher =University of California Press|year =2002|isbn =9780520236745))</ref><ref name="Ravindran2016">((cite book |last1=Ravindran |first1=P.N. |last2=Nirmal Babu |first2=K. |title=Ginger: The Genus Zingiber |date=2016 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9781420023367 |page=7))</ref>

==Mythology==
'' 'Awapuhi'' is said to be one of the ''[[Kinolau]]'', multiple forms, of the Hawaiian [[deity]] [[Kāne Milohai|Kane]].((Citation needed|date=May 2007))

==Indigenous practices==
((More citations needed|date=January 2023))
The leaves and leaf stalks, which are also fragrant, were used in baking in the ''[[imu]]'', underground oven, to enhance the flavor of [[pork]] and [[fish]] as they cooked. Traditionally, the aromatic underground rhizomes were sliced, dried, and pounded to a powder, then added to the folds of stored ''[[kapa]]'' cloth.<ref name=MMag>((cite magazine|url=https://www.mauimagazine.net/maui-tropical-flowers-farm/|date=March–April 2012|magazine=Maui Nō Ka ʻOi|title=Hot Tropicals|first=Paul|last=Wood))</ref>

Perhaps the most common use of  the plant ''awapuhi'' is as a [[shampoo]] and [[Hair conditioner|conditioner]].<ref>((Cite web |last=Reed |first=Bridget |date=5 Aug 2022 |title=Hawaiian Awapuhi: What Is It & What Are Its Benefits? |url=https://spongelle.com/blogs/news/hawaiian-awapuhi |website=Spongellé))</ref><ref>((Cite web |last=Jay |first=Sarah |date=28 Jul 2022 |title=Shampoo Ginger Plant: 'Awapuhi Kuahiwi |url=https://www.epicgardening.com/shampoo-ginger/ |website=Epic Gardening))</ref> The clear fragrant juice present in the mature flower heads that resemble red pine cones is used for softening and bringing shininess to the hair. It can be left in the hair or rinsed out and can also be used as a massage lubricant.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Zingiber-zerumbet.JPG
Zingiber zerumbet2.jpg
Zingiber zerumbet 04.JPG
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia]]

==References==
<references>
<ref name = "COL">((cite web|title=Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.|url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/9756944|author=Roskov Y.|author2= Kunze T.|author3=Orrell T.|author4=Abucay L.|author5=Paglinawan L.|author6=Culham A.|author7=Bailly N.|author8=Kirk P.|author9=Bourgoin T.|author10=Baillargeon G.|author11=Decock W.|author12=De Wever A.|editor=Didžiulis V.|publisher=Species 2000: Reading, UK.|year= 2014|access-date=14 July 2018))</ref>
<ref name = "C132">Roscoe ex Sm. (18060 In: ''Exot. Bot. 2: 105''</ref>
<ref name = "TPL">[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-273442 The Plant List: ''Zingiber zerumbet'']</ref>
</references>

==External links==
*((Commons category-inline|Zingiber zerumbet|''Zingiber zerumbet''))
*((Wikispecies-inline|Zingiber zerumbet|''Zingiber zerumbet''))
*[https://ntbg.org/database/plants/detail/zingiber-zerumbet Details on Zingiber zerumbet]
*[http://www.canoeplants.com/awapuhi.html Canoe Plants]

((Ginger Plant))
((Taxonbar|from=Q60980))

[[Category:Zingiber|zerumbet]]

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