Ta'n art shoh goaill stiagh kianglaghyn yn-linney gys coadanyn-sheean. My vel crampys eu as shiu geabbey cloie ny coadanyn, jeeagh-shiu er Cooney meanyn. |
Ny ta heese ayns shoh, she bun-ogher son cowraghyn yn Abbyrlhit Sheeanagh Eddyr-ashoonagh. Ta kuse veg dy chowraghyn ASE faagit magh; t'ad ry-gheddyn ayns ard-alt yn ASE.
Ta sampleyr 'sy Ghaelg goll er taishbyney raad t'eh so-lhiggal. Mannagh vel sheeanyn bishee ry-chlashtyn 'sy Ghaelg, ta ymmyd jeant jeh çhengaghyn as ad er oayllys ec Gaelgeyryn, s'cosoylagh, lheid as y Vaarle, y Rangish, y Ghermaanish, as y Spaainish. Son cowraghyn nagh vel coodit ec ny çhengaghyn shen, ta ymmyd jeant jeh çhengaghyn mooarey lheid as Mandarin Chadjinit, y Hindoostaanish, yn Arabish, as y Rooshish. Ayns cooishyn er lheh nagh vel ny sheeanyn shen coodit ec ny çhengaghyn shen, ta ymmyd jeant jeh çhengaghyn ny sloo agh, er y laue elley, ta foast goll er oayllys dy mie ain, lheid as y Twahilish, y Turkish as y Toolooish.
Ta'n cholloo chlee taishbyney ny cowraghyn myr shoh: (i) [ a ]. Crig er y jalloo loayrtagh son y sheean y chlashtyn; crig er y chowrey hene son art er lheh as cur sheese ny s'cruinney as sampleyryn ayns çhengaghyn elley.
Ta ny cowraghyn goll er rang-oardraghey rere y chosoylaght rish lettyryn yn abbyrlhit Ladjynagh. Ny cowraghyn nagh vel cosoylagh rish ny lettyryn shen, t'ad currit ec jerrey yn rolley.
Cowrey | Sampleyryn | Cur sheese |
---|---|---|
A | ||
(i) [ a ] | clashtyn y Ghaelg, 他 tā y Vandarin, Mann y Ghermaanish | |
[ ä ] | casa y Spaainish, patte y Rangish | |
(i) [ aː ] | balley y Ghaelg, Aachen y Ghermaanish, gare y Rangish | [a] liauyr. |
(i) [ ɐ ] | cut y Vaarle RP, Kaiserslautern y Ghermaanish | |
(i) [ ɑ ] | tammylt y Ghaelg, Linna yn Innlynnish, bad yn Ollanish | |
(i) [ ɑː ] | bodjal y Ghaelg, father y Vaarle, pâte y Rangish | [ɑ] liauyr. |
[ ɑ̃ ] | Caen, sans, temps y Rangish | [ɑ] stroannit. |
(i) [ ɒ ] | cot y Vaarle RP | Cosoylagh rish [ɑ], agh marish meillyn beggan runtit. |
(i) [ ʌ ] | thutçhey y Ghaelg | Cosoylagh rish [ɔ], agh marish meillyn runtit. |
(i) [ æ ] | cat y Vaarle RP | |
B | ||
(i) [ b ] | bodjal y Ghaelg | |
(i) [ ɓ ] | bwana y Twahilish | Cosoylagh rish [b] agh marish sluggey |
(i) [ ʙ ] | Cosoylagh rish y çheean brrr tra t'ou feayr. | |
(i) [ β ] | cabbyl ayns abbyrtyn ennagh y Ghaelg, la Bamba y Spaainish, abana y Chinyarooandish | Sheean t'ayn eddyr [v] as [b]; cosoylagh rish [b] agh cha nel ny meillyn bentyn rish nyn geilley. |
C | ||
(i) [ c ] | kiart y Ghaelg, kebap y Turkish, stín y Çheckish, και y Ghreagish | Goll er ymmyd keayrtyn ayns ynnyd y [tʃ] ayns çhengaghyn cosoylagh rish y Hindish. |
(i) [ ç ] | chiart y Ghaelg, Ich y Ghermaanish | |
(i) [ ɕ ] | Sligeach yn Yernish, Xi'an y Vandarin, ściana y Pholynnish | |
(i) [ ɔ ] | ry-akin fo O | |
D | ||
(i) [ d ] | dad y Vaarle; doon ayns abbyrtyn er lheh jeh'n Ghaelg | |
(i) [ ɗ ] | Dodoma y Twahilish | Cosoylagh rish [d] agh marish sluggey. |
(i) [ ɖ ] | harder y Vaarle Americaanagh | Cosoylagh rish [d] agh marish y çhengey as ee lhoobit ny tayrnt er ash. |
(i) [ ð ] | moddey y Ghaelg, the, bathe y Vaarle | |
(i) [ dz ]1 | adze y Vaarle, zero yn Iddaalish | |
(i) [ dʒ ]1 | jannoo y Ghaelg, judge y Vaarle | |
(i) [ dʑ ]1 | niedźwiedź y Pholynnish | Cosoylagh rish [dʒ], agh ny s'keylley |
(i) [ dʐ ]1 | dżem y Pholynnish | Cosoylagh rish [dʒ] agh marish y çhengey as ee lhoobit ny tayrnt er ash. |
E | ||
(i) [ e ] | fe y Spaainish; clé y Rangish | |
(i) [ eː ] | shey y Ghaelg; Klee y Ghermaanish | [e] liauyr. |
(i) [ ə ] | carrane y Ghaelg; above y Vaarle; ठग [ʈʰəɡ] thug y Hindish | |
[ ɚ ] | runner y Vaarle Americaanagh | |
(i) [ ɛ ] | lesh y Ghaelg; bet y Vaarle | |
[ ɛ̃ ] | Agen, vin, main y Rangish; mięso y Pholynnish | [ɛ] stroannit. |
(i) [ ɜ ] | bird y Vaarle RP | |
[ ɝ ] | bird y Vaarle Americaanagh | |
F | ||
(i) [ f ] | English fun | |
(i) [ ɟ ] | see under J | |
(i) [ ʄ ] | see under J | |
G | ||
(i) [ ɡ ] | English gag | (Should look like . No different from a Latin "g") |
(i) [ ɠ ] | Swahili Uganda | Like [ɡ] said with a gulp. |
(i) [ ɢ ] | Like [ɡ], but further back, in the throat. Found in Persian and some Arabic dialects for /q/, as in Gaddafi. | |
(i) [ ʒ ] | see under Z | English beige. |
H | ||
(i) [ h ] | American English house | |
(i) [ ɦ ] | English ahead, when said quickly. | |
[ ʰ ] | The extra puff of air in English top [tʰɒp] compared to stop [stɒp], or to French or Spanish [t]. | |
(i) [ ħ ] | Arabic محمد Muhammad | Far down in the throat, like [h], but stronger. |
(i) [ ɥ ] | see under U | |
[ ɮ ] | see under L | |
I | ||
(i) [ i ] | French ville, Spanish Valladolid | |
(i) [ iː ] | English sea | Long [i]. |
(i) [ ɪ ] | English sit | |
(i) [ ɨ ] | Russian ты "you" | Often used for unstressed English roses. |
J | ||
(i) [ j ] | English yes, hallelujah, German Junge | |
[ ʲ ] | Russian Ленин [ˈlʲenʲɪn] | Indicates a sound is more y-like. |
(i) [ ʝ ] | Spanish cayo (some dialects) | Like [j], but stronger. |
(i) [ ɟ ] | Turkish gör "see", Czech díra "hole" | Between English dew (RP) and argue. Sometimes used instead for [dʒ] in languages like Hindi. |
(i) [ ʄ ] | Swahili jambo | Like [ɟ] said with a gulp. |
K | ||
(i) [ k ] | English kick, skip | |
L | ||
(i) [ l ] | English leaf | |
(i) [ ɫ ] | English wool Russian малый [ˈmɑɫɨj] "small" |
"Dark" el. |
(i) [ ɬ ] | Welsh llwyd [ɬʊɪd] "grey" Zulu hlala [ɬaːla] "sit" |
Rather like [l] and [ʃ] or [l] and [θ] said together. Found in Welsh names like Lloyd and Llywelyn and Nelson Mandela's Xhosa name Rolihlahla. |
(i) [ ɭ ] | Like [l] with the tongue curled or pulled back. | |
(i) [ ɺ ] | A flapped [l], like [l] and [ɾ] said together. | |
(i) [ ɮ ] | Zulu dla "eat" | Rather like [l] and [ʒ], or [l] and [ð], said together. |
M | ||
(i) [ m ] | English mime | |
(i) [ ɱ ] | English symphony | Like [m], but lips touch teeth as they do in [f]. |
[ ɯ ] | see under W | |
(i) [ ʍ ] | see under W | |
N | ||
(i) [ n ] | English nun | |
(i) [ ŋ ] | English sing | |
(i) [ ɲ ] | Spanish Peña, French champagne | Rather like English canyon. |
(i) [ ɳ ] | Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳ] Varuna | Like [n] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
(i) [ ɴ ] | Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan] | Like [ŋ], but further back, in the throat. |
O | ||
(i) [ o ] | Spanish no, French eau | |
(i) [ oː ] | German Boden, French Vosges | Long [o]. Somewhat reminiscent of English no. |
(i) [ ɔ ] | German Oldenburg, French Garonne | |
(i) [ ɔː ] | RP law, French Limoges | Long [ɔ]. |
[ ɔ̃ ] | French Lyon, son; Polish wąż | Nasalized [ɔ]. |
(i) [ ø ] | French feu, bœufs | Like [e], but with the lips rounded like [o]. |
(i) [ øː ] | German Goethe, French Deûle, neutre | Long [ø]. |
(i) [ ɵ ] | Swedish dum | Halfway between [o] and [ø]. Similar to [ʊ] but with the tongue slightly more down and front. |
(i) [ œ ] | French bœuf, seul, German Göttingen | Like [ɛ], but with the lips rounded like [ɔ]. |
(i) [ œː ] | French œuvre, heure | Long [œ]. |
[ œ̃ ] | French brun, parfum | Nasalized [œ]. |
(i) [ θ ] | see under other | |
(i) [ ɸ ] | see under other | |
P | ||
(i) [ p ] | English pip | |
Q | ||
(i) [ q ] | Arabic Qur’ān | Like [k], but further back, in the throat. |
R | ||
(i) [ r ] | Spanish perro, Scots borrow | "Rolled R". (Generally used for English [ɹ] when there's no need to be precise.) |
(i) [ ɾ ] | Spanish pero, Tagalog daliri, Malay kabar, American English kitty/kiddie | "Flapped R". |
(i) [ ʀ ] | A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of French. | |
(i) [ ɽ ] | Hindi साड़ी [sɑːɽiː] "sari" | Like flapped [ɾ], but with the tongue curled back. |
(i) [ ɹ ] | RP borrow | |
(i) [ ɻ ] | American English borrow, butter | Like [ɹ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers. |
(i) [ ʁ ] | French Paris, German Riemann | Said back in the throat, but not trilled. |
S | ||
(i) [ s ] | English sass | |
(i) [ ʃ ] | English shoe | |
(i) [ ʂ ] | Mandarin 少林 (Shàolín), Russian Пушкин (Pushkin) | Acoustically similar to [ʃ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
T | ||
(i) [ t ] | English tot, stop | |
(i) [ ʈ ] | Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief" | Like [t], but with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
(i) [ ts ]2 | English cats, Russian царь tsar | |
(i) [ tʃ ] 2 | English church | |
(i) [ tɕ ]2 | Mandarin 北京 (i) Běijīng, Polish ciebie "you" | Like [tʃ], but with more of a y-sound. |
(i) [ tʂ ]2 | Mandarin zh, Polish czas | Like [tʃ] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
U | ||
(i) [ u ] | French vous "you" | |
(i) [ uː ] | French Rocquencourt, German Schumacher, close to RP food | Long [u]. |
(i) [ ʊ ] | English foot, German Bundesrepublik | |
(i) [ ʉ ] | Australian English food (long) | Like [ɨ], but with the lips rounded as for [u]. |
(i) [ ɥ ] | French lui | Like [j] and [w] said together. |
(i) [ ɯ ] | see under W | |
V | ||
(i) [ v ] | English verve | |
(i) [ ʋ ] | Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳə] "Varuna" | Between [v] and [w]. Used by some Germans and Russians for v/w, and by some speakers of British English for r. |
(i) [ ɣ ] | Arabic / Swahili ghali "expensive", Spanish suegro | Sounds rather like French [ʁ] or between [g] and [h]. |
(i) [ ɤ ] | Mandarin Hénán | Like [o] but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of [ʊ] and [ʌ]. |
[ ʌ ] | see under A | |
W | ||
(i) [ w ] | English wow | |
[ ʷ ] | English rain [ɹʷeɪn] | Indicates a sound has lip rounding, quick. |
(i) [ ʍ ] | what (some dialects) | like [h] and [w] said together |
(i) [ ɯ ] | Turkish kayık "caïque" | Like [u], but with the lips flat; something like [ʊ]. |
(i) [ ɰ ] | Spanish agua | |
X | ||
(i) [ x ] | Scottish English loch, German Bach, Russian хороший [xɐˈroʂɨj] "good", Spanish joven | between [k] and [h] |
(i) [ χ ] | northern Standard Dutch Scheveningen, Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan] | Like [x], but further back , in the throat. Some German and Arabic speakers have [χ] for [x]. |
Y | ||
(i) [ y ] | French rue | Like [i], but with the lips rounded as for [u]. |
(i) [ yː ] | German Bülow, French sûr | Long [y]. |
(i) [ ʏ ] | German Eisenhüttenstadt | Like [ɪ], but with the lips rounded as for [ʊ]. |
(i) [ ʎ ] | Italian tagliatelle | Like [l], but more y-like. Rather like English volume. |
(i) [ ɥ ] | see under U | |
(i) [ ɤ ] | see under V | |
[ ɣ ] | see under V | |
Z | ||
(i) [ z ] | English zoos | |
(i) [ ʒ ] | English vision, French journal | |
(i) [ ʑ ] | formal Russian жжёшь [ʑːoʂ] "you burn", Polish źle | More y-like than [ʒ], something like beigey. |
(i) [ ʐ ] | Mandarin 人民日报 Rénmín Rìbào "People's Daily", Russian жир "fat" | Like [ʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
[ ɮ ] | see under L | |
other | ||
(i) [ θ ] | English thigh, bath | |
(i) [ ɸ ] | Japanese 富士 [ɸɯdʑi] Fuji, Māori [ˌɸaːɾeː'nuiː] wharenui | Like [p], but with the lips not quite touching |
(i) [ ʔ ] | English uh-oh, Hawai‘i, German die Angst | The 'glottal stop', a catch in the breath. For some people, found in button [ˈbʌʔn̩], or between vowels across words: Deus ex machina [ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɨnə]; in some nonstandard dialects, in a apple [ʌˈʔæpl̩]. |
(i) [ ʕ ] | Arabic عربي (carabī) "Arabic" | A light sound deep in the throat. |
(i) [ ǀ ] | English tsk-tsk! or tut-tut!, Zulu icici "earring" | (The English click used for disapproval.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [ kǀ ], [ ɡǀ ], [ ŋǀ ]. The Zimbabwean MP Ncube has this click in his name, as did Cetshwayo. |
(i) [ ǁ ] | English tchick! tchick!, Zulu ixoxo "frog" | (The English click used to urge on a horse.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [ kǁ ], [ ɡǁ ], [ ŋǁ ]. Found in the name of the Xhosa. |
(i) [ ǃ ] | Zulu iqaqa "polecat" | (The English click used to imitate the trotting of a horse.) A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle. Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [ kǃ ], [ ɡǃ ], [ ŋǃ ]. |
Ta dagh fer jeh ny scarreydee ayns shoh goll er taishbyney er lettyr ymmyrkagh lheid as y breeockle a.
Symbol | Example | Description | |
---|---|---|---|
[ ˈa ] | pronunciation [pʰɹɜʊ̯ˌnɐnsiˈeɪʃn̩] |
Main stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable. | |
[ ˌa ] | Weaker stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable. | ||
[ aː ] | English shh! [ʃː] | Long. Often used with English vowels or diphthongs: Mayo /ˈmeːoː/ for [ˈmeɪ̯ɜʊ̯], etc. | |
[ aˑ ] | RP caught [ˈkʰɔˑt] | Semi-long. (Although the vowel is different, this is also longer than cot [ˈkʰɒt].) | |
[ a̯ ] | English cow [kʰaʊ̯], koi [kʰɔɪ̯] | This vowel does not form a syllable of its own, but runs into the vowel next to it. (In English, the diacritic is generally left off: [kaʊ].) | |
[ ã ] | French vin blanc [vɛ̃blɑ̃] "white wine" | A nasal vowel, as with a Texas twang. | |
[ n̥ ] | Sounds like a loud whisper; [n̥] is like a whispered breath through the nose. [l̥] is found in Tibetan Lhasa. | ||
[ n̩ ] | English button | A consonant without a vowel. (English [n̩] is often transcribed /ən/.) | |
[ d̪ ] | Spanish dos, French deux | The tongue touches the teeth more than it does in English. | |
[ kʰ ] | English come | Aspirated consonant, pronounced with a puff of air. Similarly [tʰ pʰ tsʰ tʃʰ tɕʰ]. | |
[ k’ ] | Zulu ukuza "come" | Like a popped [k], pushed from the throat. Similarly [tʼ pʼ qʼ tʃʼ tsʼ tɬʼ]. | |
[ á ] | Mandarin 妈妈 [mámā] "mother" | High tone (Pinyin: mā) | Careful! The Pinyin Romanization used for Mandarin has these same diacritics, but with different values. However, Thai Romanization uses them the way the IPA does. |
[ ā ] | Mandarin 妈妈 [mámā] "mother" | Mid tone (Pinyin: ma). | |
[ à ] | Mandarin 马的 [màdɤ] "horse's" | Low tone (Pinyin: mǎ). | |
[ â ] | Mandarin 骂 [mâ] "scold" | Falling tone (Pinyin: mà). | |
[ ǎ ] | Mandarin 麻 [mǎ] "hemp" | Rising tone (Pinyin: má). | |
[ . ] | English courtship [ˈkɔrt.ʃɪp] | Syllable break. (this is often redundant and therefore left off) |
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Clowan:IPA keys horizontal