^a: Partai Demokrat Liberal adalah sebuah partai tenda besar berideologi konservatif.[30][31] LDP juga dideskripsikan sebagai partai berporos kanan tengah,[32] tetapi LDP memiliki faksi berporos kanan jauh[33] dan ultrakonservatif,[34] dan banyak anggotanya merupakan bagian dari Nippon Kaigi, serta faksi-faksi yang lebih berporos ke politik sentris.[35]
Partai Demokrat Liberal Jepang (自由民主党code: ja is deprecated , Jiyū-Minshutō), sering kali disingkat menjadi LDP atau Jimintō (自民党code: ja is deprecated ), adalah sebuah partai politik di Jepang yang berideologi konservatif.[36]
LDP hampir terus-menerus berkuasa sejak didirikan pada tahun 1955—periode yang disebut Sistem 1955—dengan pengecualian antara periode tahun 1993 sampai 1994, dan lagi dari tahun 2009 sampai 2012. Pada pemilihan umum tahun 2012, LDP kembali memegang kendali atas pemerintahan. LDP merebut 285 kursi di majelis rendah dan 113 kursi di majelis tinggi, dan setelah berkoalisi dengan Komeito, mereka berhasil meraih status supermayoritas atau memiliki dua per tiga suara di kedua majelis tersebut. Selain Perdana MenteriShinzo Abe, banyak anggota serta mantan menteri LDP juga menjadi bagian dari Nippon Kaigi, sebuah organisasi ultranasionalis dan pendukung sistem monarki.[18][37]
Sejarah
Tahun-tahun awal
Konvensi pembentukan LDP pada tanggal 15 November 1955
LDP dibentuk pada tahun 1955 sebagai hasil merger antara dua partai politik di Jepang—yaitu Partai Liberal (自由党code: ja is deprecated , Jiyutō, 1945–1955, yang dipimpin oleh Shigeru Yoshida) dan Partai Demokrat Jepang (日本民主党code: ja is deprecated , Nihon Minshutō, 1954–1955, yang dipimpin oleh Ichirō Hatoyama)—yang masing-masing merupakan partai beraliran konservatif berporos sayap kanan, sebagai front terdepan untuk menghadapi partai yang populer pada saat itu, Partai Sosialis Jepang (日本社会党code: ja is deprecated , Nipponshakaitō), sekarang menjadi Partai Demokrat Sosial (社会民主党code: ja is deprecated , Shakaiminshutō). LDP memenangkan pemilihan umum yang berikutnya, dan mereka membentuk pemerintahan konservatif Jepang pertama dengan status mayoritas di parlemen pada tahun 1955. LDP akan terus mempertahankan status pemerintahan mayoritas mereka di parlemen sampai tahun 1993.
LDP mulai mereformasi hubungan Jepang di kancah internasional, dimulai dari masuknya Jepang ke Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, sampai menjalin hubungan diplomatik dengan Uni Soviet. Para pemimpin LDP pada dekade tahun 1950-an juga menjadikan LDP sebagai partai utama pemerintahan, dan pada seluruh pemilihan umum dekade tahun 1950-an, LDP memenangkan suara mayoritas. Satu-satunya pihak oposisi berasal dari partai berporos politik sayap kiri, yang terdiri dari Partai Sosialis Jepang dan Partai Komunis Jepang.
Dari dekade tahun 1950-an sampai 1970-an, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) dari Amerika Serikat menghabiskan jutaan dolar dalam rangka mempengaruhi pemilihan umum di Jepang agar bisa memberikan LDP keuntungan terhadap partai-partai berporos kiri seperti Partai Sosialis Jepang dan Partai Komunis Jepang,[38][39] meskipun fakta tersebut baru terungkap ketika The New York Times mengeksposnya pada pertengahan dekade tahun 1990-an.[40]
LDP memiliki lebih dari lima juta anggota partai pada tahun 1990. Hingga bulan Desember 2017, keanggotaan partai menurun menjadi sekitar satu juta anggota.[41]
Presiden
Terkecuali Yohei Kono dan Sadakazu Tanigaki, setiap Presiden LDP (自由民主党総裁code: ja is deprecated , Jiyū-Minshutō Sōsai)[42] pernah menjabat sebagai Perdana Menteri Jepang.
No.
Nama
Periode jabatan
Hasil pemilihan
Foto
Mulai
Selesai
Partai pendahulu: Partai Demokrat (1954) & Partai Liberal (1950)
^"Japan's leaders, less apologetic, stay tough in S. Korea feud". Asahi Shimbun. 8 Agustus 2019. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-02-21. Diakses tanggal 21 Februari 2020. Two years later, then-Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama, a socialist who led a coalition with the conservative Liberal Democratic Party, made a "heartfelt apology" for suffering caused by Japan's "colonial rule and aggression."
^McCurry, Justin (6 Maret 2020). "Japan prefecture to stop hiring female 'tea squad' for meetings". The Guardian. Diakses tanggal 13 Mei 2020. But Nobuaki Kojima, who heads the conservative Liberal Democratic party group in the assembly, said the change was also a recognition of changing attitudes towards women in the workplace.
^"Japan ministers Yuko Obuchi and Midori Matsushima quit". BBC News. 20 Oktober 2014. Diakses tanggal 13 Mei 2020. Mr Abe said he took responsibility for having appointed both women, and that they would be replaced within a day. Both are members of his governing conservative Liberal Democratic Party (LDP).
^"Poll finds nearly two-thirds oppose passage of casino bill; Cabinet's approval rating falls to 43.4%". The Japan Times. 23 Juli 2018. Diakses tanggal 13 Mei 2020. The telephone poll conducted by Kyodo News over the weekend found that 64.8 percent of respondents opposed the legislation and 27.6 percent supported it. The Diet, dominated by the conservative Liberal Democratic Party, passed the bill on Friday despite stiff resistance from opposition parties.
^Newlands, Peter (16 Desember 2012). "Conservatives win by a landslide in Japanese general election". The Times. Diakses tanggal 13 Mei 2020. Exit polls indicated that the conservative Liberal Democratic party has been returned to office after winning almost 300 seats in the lower house, which has 480 members. The new prime minister will be Shinzo Abe, a hawkish former prime minister, who is expected to revise the country’s pacifist constitution. [The] conservative Liberal Democratic party in Japan won back power in an election landslide today, returning Shinzo Abe, a former prime minister.
^"As Hiroshima's legacy fades, Japan's postwar pacifism is fraying". The Conversation UK. 6 Agustus 2015. Diakses tanggal 21 Februari 2020. Even though much of the Japanese public does not agree with the LDP’s nationalist platform, the party won big electoral victories by promising to replace the DPJ's weakness with strong leadership – particularly on the economy, but also in foreign affairs.
^ ab"Why Steve Bannon Admires Japan". The Diplomat. 22 Juni 2018. In Japan, populist and extreme right-wing nationalism has found a home within the political establishment.
^ ab"Shinzo Abe and the rise of Japanese nationalism". New Statesman. 15 Mei 2019. Diakses tanggal 21 Februari 2020. As a new emperor takes the throne, prime minister Abe is consolidating his ultranationalist “beautiful Japan” project. But can he overcome a falling population and stagnating economy?
^Ganesan (2015). Bilateral Legacies in East and Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. hlm. 67.
^Hebert (2011). Wind Bands and Cultural Identity in Japanese Schools. Springer Science & Business Media. hlm. 44.
^ ab"Beautiful Harmony: Political Project Behind Japan's New Era Name – Analysis". Eurasia Review. 16 Juli 2019. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 Agustus 2019. Diakses tanggal 13 Agustus 2019. The shifting dynamics around the new era name (gengō 元号) offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP’s project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism.
^"Abe's cabinet reshuffle". East Asia Forum. 14 September 2019. Abe also rewarded right-wing politicians who are close to him — so-called ‘ideological friends’ who are being increasingly pushed to the forefront of his administration — such as LDP Executive Acting Secretary-General Koichi Hagiuda who was appointed Education Minister. As a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi (Japan Conference), which seeks to promote patriotic education, he can be considered ‘reliable’ as the government’s policy leader on national education.
^Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah;
tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama blogs.wsj.com
^今さら聞けない?! 「保守」「リベラル」ってなんだ？ [Can't you ask about them now ?! What are "conservative" and "liberal"?] (dalam bahasa Jepang). Diakses tanggal 5 Juni 2020. ところが、現実の政治はもっと複雑です。自民党にもリベラル派がたくさんいるからです。自民党は考え方の近い人たちが派閥というグループをつくっています。(However, real politics is more complicated. This is because there are many liberals in the LDP. The Liberal Democratic Party is made up of groups of people with similar ideas, called factions.)
^岸田派の政策、リベラル色前面に 安倍政権との違い強調 [Kishida faction's policy emphasizes the difference from the Abe administration on the liberal front]. Asahi Shimbun (dalam bahasa Jepang). 「トップダウンからボトムアップへ」「多様性を尊重する社会へ」など、リベラル色を前面に掲げ、安倍政権との違いを強調した。(He emphasized the differences from the Abe administration by putting liberal colors in the foreground, such as "from top-down to bottom-up" and "to a society that respects diversity".)
^日本に定着するか、政党のカラー [Will the colors of political parties settle in Japan?]. The Nikkei (dalam bahasa Jepang). Nikkei, Inc. 21 October 2017. Diakses tanggal 5 October 2021.
"Why Steve Bannon Admires Japan". The Diplomat. 22 Juni 2018. In Japan, populist and extreme right-wing nationalism has found a home within the political establishment.
"The Dangerous Impact of the Far-Right in Japan". Washington Square News. 15 April 2019. Another sign of the rise of the uyoku dantai’s ideas is the growing power of the Nippon Kaigi. The organization is the largest far-right group in Japan and has heavy lobbying clout with the conservative LDP; 18 of the 20 members of Shinzo Abe’s cabinet were once members of the group.
"For Abe, it will always be about the Constitution". The Japan Times. 4 Juli 2016. Diakses tanggal 8 Juli 2020. Of those three victories, the first election in December 2012 was a rout of the leftist Democratic Party of Japan and it thrust the more powerful Lower House of Parliament firmly into the hands of the long-incumbent Liberal Democratic Party under Abe. The second election in December 2014 further normalized Japan’s lurch to the far right, giving the ruling coalition a supermajority of 2/3 of the seats in the Lower House.
"Shinzo Abe? That's Not His Name, Says Japan's Foreign Minister". The New York Times. 22 Mei 2019. Diakses tanggal 19 Februari 2020. Mr. Abe is strongly supported by the far right wing of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party, which hews to tradition and tends toward insularity.
Asia Pacific Business Travel Guide. Priory Publications (Cornell University). 1994. hlm. 173.
Trevor Harrison, ed. (2007). 21st century Japan: a new sun rising l Politics in Postwar Japan. Black Rose Books. hlm. 82. ... of the war and viewed the 1947 Constitution as illegitimate as it was written not by the Japanese people but forced upon the country by the U.S. Occupation Authority. Abe shares these beliefs, in common with many within the LDP's far right.
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Atomic Scientists of Chicago. 1983. hlm. 14. ... 12 Seirankai: an extreme-right faction formed within the LDP in July 1973; after Kim Dae Jung was abducted from ...
"Japan is having an election next month. Here's why it matters". The Japan Times. 22 November 2014. Diakses tanggal 8 Juli 2020. When Abe appointed five female ministers in September, two of which were forced to step down over scandals, a number of political commentators viewed the move with some cynicism, suggesting that the prime minister didn’t pay much attention to the qualifications of the candidates. Most of the women he chose were ultra-conservatives such as Eriko Yamatani, minister in charge of the North Korea abductee issue.
"Portrait of Japan's main political parties". 17 Desember 2012. Diakses tanggal 26 Juni 2020. A union of centrist and rightwing parties created with US support after the second world war
"Freedom house 2016 Japan". Freedom house. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-08-12. Diakses tanggal 2020-09-02. The LDP is a broad party whose members share a commitment to economic growth and free trade, but whose other political beliefs span from the center to the far right.
^Partai Demokrat Liberal secara luas dianggap memiliki ideologi konservatif:
^"役員会後 二階幹事長記者会見" (Siaran pers). Liberal Democratic Party. 5 Maret 2018.
^"The President". Liberal Democratic Party of Japan. Diakses tanggal 13 September 2020.
Bibliografi
Helms, Ludger (2013). Parliamentary Opposition in Old and New Democracies. Routledge Press. ISBN978-1-31797-031-6.
Henderson, Jeffrey (2011). East Asian Transformation: On the Political Economy of Dynamism, Governance and Crisis. Taylor & Francis. ISBN978-1-13684-113-2.
Köllner, Patrick. "The Liberal Democratic Party at 50: Sources of Dominance and Changes in the Koizumi Era," Social Science Japan Journal (Oct 2006) 9#2 pp 243–257.
Krauss, Ellis S., and Robert J. Pekkanen. "The Rise and Fall of Japan's Liberal Democratic Party," Journal of Asian Studies (2010) 69#1 pp 5–15, focuses on the 2009 election.
Krauss, Ellis S., and Robert J. Pekkanen, eds. The Rise and Fall of Japan's LDP: Political Party Organizations as Historical Institutions (Cornell University Press; 2010) 344 pages; essays by scholars
Scheiner, Ethan. Democracy without Competition in Japan: Opposition Failure in a One-Party Dominant State (Cambridge University Press, 2006)
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