Buddhismus^[2] (a verbo buddha 'expergefactus; sapiens'), sive Buddhae religio,^[2] est corpus praeceptorum saepe religio habitum,^[3] vel tantum modus vivendi, qui circa saeculum sextum a.C.n. in India ortus est. Hoc cogitationis fideique systema potius et practicum quam philosophicum a quodam sapiente solitario sive monacho dicto idcirco Sakyamuni, cuius nomen quotidianum Siddharta Gautama fuisse videtur. Ex regali stirpe Gotamidarum progenitus, sapientiam quaerens, ad Brahmanes se contulit ut ab eis edoceretur; sed eorum dogmate haud contentus, eos mox reliquit et in solitudinem, ubi vitam austeram ducebat, sese recepit; unde non multo post ad novam doctrinam suam divulgandam prodiit.^[4] Alius schola docet Buddhismum esse doctrinam qua adsectatores ad sensum realitatem ducerentur.^[5] Multi eruditi Buddhismum habentur pluralitatem, non rem unicam.^[6] Buddhism etiam appellatur Buddha Dharma vel Dhamma, quod Sanscritice et Pali, in linguis textuum antiquorum, 'doctrina vigilantis' significat.

Buddhismus, ut ultima felicitas ab homine adquiratur, quattuor veritates, uti aiunt, sublimes statuit:

• Sublimem dolentis veritatem: "Existentiam dolorum in hoc mundo et miseriarum maxime in metempsychosi sese manifestantium, a quibus homo liberari debet"
• Sublimem originis dolentis veritatem: "Causam horum dolorum, quae ad concupiscientiam et errorem reducuntur"
• Sublimem exstinctionis dolentis veritatem: "Annihilationem dolorum sive Nirvanam"
• Sublimem viae quae ad exstinctionem dolentis ducit veritatem: "Media conducentia ad illam annihilationem sive Nirvanam dolorum"

Iam media, ope quorum Nirvana obtineri potest, octo enumerantur:

• Comprehensio recta: "Via recta fidei et veritatis"
• Iudicium rectum: "quod dubia omnia de medio tollit
• Lingua recta, sive veracitas loquelae
• Actio recta: "Participatio communis in eo quod fini bono inservit
• Vita recta
• Conatus rectus: "Exercitium intellectus in actionibus a lege praescriptis"
• Cultus rectus: "Memoria actionum praeteritarum"
• Meditatio recta: "quae ad Nirvanam conducit"

Ex diversis historicorum sententiis, quid sit Nirvana, illa esse rectior videtur, quae eam annihilationem sive statum, in quo quaevis vita exhauriatir, esse dicit; nam quidquid de novitae huius doctrinae sit, quae tantum partem moralem systematis Buddhismi tangere videtur, principia sua ex philosophia Pantheismi materialis et Atomismi Brahminorum sequuntur; iam enim Capila de comuni quadam vi naturae, silens de Deo, loquitur, Canada quoque compositionem corporum sine causa prima explicat. Cum vero vis communis sive natura, ubique diffusa et tamen omnino indeterminata, similis nihilo sit, supremum principium omnium entium et finem esse nihilum absolutum, annihilationem essendi, existendi, cogitandi, sive Nirvanam, mortem completam sequitur; adeo ut omnes actiones morales a Sakyamuni praescriptae via sint ad nihilum, finem omnium philosophi aspirationum.

Per totam enim Indiam, tempore regni Augusti et Tiberii apud Sinas, saeculo septimo apud Thibetanos, saeculis tredecimo et quarto decimo adhuc vividius ubique sub nova forma diffusa est.

Signa Buddhismi

Octo felicia Mahayanae Vajrayanaeque signa sunt:

Disciplinae Buddhisticae

Sunt tres disciplinae fundamentales:

• Hinayana ("Vehiculum parvum"), cuius ex traditione his diebus sola Theravada ("Disciplina seniorum") exstat.
• Mahayana ("Vehiculum magnum").
• Vajrayana (in Occidente saepe "Buddhismus Tibetanicus" aut "Lamaismus" dicta).

Nexus interni

Notae

Bibliographia

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• Coogan, Michael D., ed. 2003. The Illustrated Guide to World Religions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 1844831256.
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• Embree, Ainslie T., Stephen N. Hay, William Theodore de Bary, A. L. Bashram, R. N. Dandekar, Peter Hardy, J. B. Harrison, V. Raghavan, Royal Weiler, et Andrew Yarrow, eds. (1958) 1988. Sources of Indian Tradition: From the Beginning to 1800. Vol. 1. Ed. 2a. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231066511.
• Gethin, Rupert. 1998. Foundations of Buddhism. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192892231.
• Gombrich, Richard F. 1988. Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo. Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0415075858.
• Harvey, Peter. 1990. An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521313333.
• Gunaratana, Bhante Henepola. 2002. Mindfulness in Plain English. Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0861713214.
• Gyatso, Geshe Kelsang. 2001. Introduction to Buddhism: An Explanation of the Buddhist Way of Life. Ed. 2a. Tharpa Publications. ISBN 9780978906771.
• Juergensmeyer, Mark. 2006. The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions. Oxford Handbooks in Religion and Theology. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195137989.
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• Kohn, Michael H., ed. 1991. The Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen. Shambhala. ISBN 0877735204.
• Lamotte, Étienne. 1976. Teaching of Vimalakirti. Convertit ex Francica Sara Boin. Londinii: Pali Text Society, 93. ISBN 0710085400.
• Lowenstein, Tom. 1996. The Vision of the Buddha. Duncan Baird Publishers. ISBN 1903296919.
• Morgan, Kenneth W., ed. 1956. The Path of the Buddha: Buddhism Interpreted by Buddhists. Novi Eboraci: Ronald Press.
• Nattier, Jan. 2003. A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path according to The Inquiry of Ugra (Ugrapariprccha). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 0824826078.
• Rahula, Walpola. 1974. What the Buddha Taught. Grove Press. ISBN 9559219197. ISBN 0802130313.
• Ranjini. Jewels of the Doctrine. Sri Satguru Publications. ISBN 0791404900.
• Robinson, Richard H., et Willard L. Johnson. (1970) 1982. The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction. Ed.3a. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN 053401027X.
• Shinjo, Ito. 2009. Shinjo:Reflections. Somerset Hall Press. ISBN 1935244000.
• Sinha, H. P. 1993. Bhāratīya Darshan kī rūprekhā. (Proprietates Philosophiae Indicae.) Motilal Banarasidas Publ. ISBN 8120821440.
• Skilton, Andrew. 1997. A Concise History of Buddhism. Windhorse Publications. ISBN 0904766926.
• Smith, Huston, et Phillip Novak. 2003. Buddhism: A Concise Introduction. HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 9780060730673.
• Thanissaro Bhikkhu. 2001. Refuge: An Introduction to the Buddha, Dhamma, & Sangha. Ed. 3a.
• Thich Nhat Hanh. 1974. The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching. Broadway Books. ISBN 0767903692.
• Vimalakirti. 1976. Holy Teaching of Vimalakirti: Mahayana Scripture. Convertit Robert A. F. Thurman. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0271006013.
• White, Kenneth. 2005. The Role of Bodhicitta in Buddhist Enlightenment Including a Translation into English of Bodhicitta-sastra, Benkemmitsu-nikyoron, and Sammaya-kaijo. The Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0773459855.
• Williams, Paul. 1989. Mahayana Buddhism: the doctrinal foundations. Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0415025370.
• Williams, Paul, ed. 2005. Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies. 8 volumina. Londinii et Novi Eboraci: Routledge.
• Williams, Paul, cum Anthony Tribe. 2000. Buddhist Thought. Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0415207010.
• Yamamoto, Kosho, interpres, a Tony Page editus et retractatus. 1999–2000. The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra. Nirvana Publications.
• Yin Shun. 1998. The Way to Buddhahood: Instructions from a Modern Chinese Master. Convertit Yeung H. Wing. Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0861711335.

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Buddhismum spectant.

• Aditus ad "Insight"
• BuddhaNet
• Buddhism (Open Directory Project)
• De Buddhismo
• Orsae scholae Tathagatagarbhae Mahayanae
• Praecipuus Buddhismus Theravadus graphice pictus^{[nexus deficit]}
• Quod Buddha docuit.
• Texta Buddhismi (Anglice conversa)