Angiospermae (yaani mimea inayochanua maua; kwa Kiingereza: angiosperms^[1]^[2]; pia Magnoliophyta) ndilo kundi kubwa zaidi la mimea ya nchi kavu (Embryophyte) likiwa na oda 64, familia 416, jenasi 13,000 na spishi zinazojulikana 300,000 hivi.^[3]

Mimea inayochanua ya zamani zaidi ilipatikana miaka milioni 160 iliyopita hivi.

Tanbihi

↑ Lindley, J (1830). Introduction to the Natural System of Botany. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, xxxvi.
↑ Cantino, Philip D.; Doyle, James A.; Graham, Sean W.; Judd, Walter S.; Olmstead, Richard G.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Donoghue, Michael J. (2007). "Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta". Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44. doi:10.2307/25065865 .
↑ Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 . http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598.

Marejeo

APG (2003). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141 (4): 399–436. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x

APG (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x

     . http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract. Retrieved 2010-12-10.

APG (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385

Becker, Kenneth M. (February 1973). "A Comparison of Angiosperm Classification Systems". Taxon 22 (1): 19–50. doi:10.2307/1218032

[1991] (2008) Plant Form. An Illustrated Guide to Flowering Plant Morphology. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-850-1.
- 1st edition published by Oxford University Press in 1991 ISBN 978-0-19854-219-3
Bell, C.D.; Soltis, D.E.; Soltis, P.S. (2010). "The Age and Diversification of the Angiosperms Revisited". American Journal of Botany 97 (8): 1296–1303. doi:10.3732/ajb.0900346

     . PMID 21616882
      .

Chase, Mark W.; Reveal, James L. (2009). "A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 122–127. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x

Cromie, William J. (December 16, 1999). "Oldest Known Flowering Plants Identified By Genes". Harvard University Gazette.
Cronquist, Arthur (October 1960). "The divisions and classes of plants". The Botanical Review 26 (4): 425–482. doi:10.1007/BF02940572

Cronquist, Arthur (1981). An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants. New York: Columbia Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-231-03880-5.
Dahlgren, R. M. T. (February 1980). "A revised system of classification of the angiosperms". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 80 (2): 91–124. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1980.tb01661.x

Dahlgren, Rolf (February 1983). "General aspects of angiosperm evolution and macrosystematics". Nordic Journal of Botany 3 (1): 119–149. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01448.x

Dilcher, D. (2000). "Toward a new synthesis: Major evolutionary trends in the angiosperm fossil record". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97 (13): 7030–7036. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.13.7030

     . PMC 34380
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Angiosperm (8 March 2016). Iliwekwa mnamo 31 January 2017.
Heywood, V. H., Brummitt, R. K., Culham, A. & Seberg, O. (2007). Flowering Plant Families of the World. Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada: Firefly Books. ISBN 978-1-55407-206-4.
Hill, Christopher; Crane, Peter (January 1982). "Evolutionary Cladistics and the origin of Angiosperms". Problems of Phylogenetic Reconstruction. Special Volumes. 21. London: Systematics Association. pp. 269–361. ISBN 978-0-12-391250-3

      . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275374707.

(2004) Flowering plant embryology with emphasis on economic species. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Pub.. ISBN 9780470752678.
(2004) Angiosperms. New Delhi: Discovery. ISBN 9788171417889. Retrieved on 7 January 2016.
Raven, P.H., R.F. Evert, S.E. Eichhorn. Biology of Plants, 7th Edition. W.H. Freeman. 2004
Sattler, R. 1973. Organogenesis of Flowers. A Photographic Text-Atlas. University of Toronto Press.
Simpson, Michael G. (2010). Plant Systematics, 2nd, Academic Press. ISBN 9780080922089.
Soltis, Pamela S; Soltis, Douglas E (April 2016). "Ancient WGD events as drivers of key innovations in angiosperms". Current Opinion in Plant Biology 30: 159–165. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.015

     . PMID 27064530
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Takhtajan, A. (June 1964). "The Taxa of the Higher Plants above the Rank of Order". Taxon 13 (5): 160–164. doi:10.2307/1216134

Takhtajan, A. (July–September 1980). "Outline of the Classification of Flowering Plants (Magnoliophyta)". Botanical Review 46 (3): 225–359. doi:10.1007/bf02861558

Zeng, Liping; Zhang, Qiang; Sun, Renran; Kong, Hongzhi; Zhang, Ning; Ma, Hong (24 September 2014). "Resolution of deep angiosperm phylogeny using conserved nuclear genes and estimates of early divergence times". Nature Communications 5 (4956): 4956. doi:10.1038/ncomms5956

     . PMC 4200517
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Viungo vya nje

media kuhusu Magnoliophyta pa Wikimedia Commons
Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster – Flowering Plant Systematics (2017).
The Families of Flowering Plants: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval (1992). Jalada kutoka ya awali juu ya 2014-08-02. Iliwekwa mnamo 2019-07-21.

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