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((short description|1972 aviation accident))
((Use mdy dates|date=April 2019))
((more citations needed|date=November 2012))
((Infobox Aircraft accident
| name            = 1972 Lake Winnebago mid-air collision
| occurrence_type = Accident
| image           = https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSUj0YfpGmLAdpRiRDefJ-9DL4xrBUsE9FbpA&usqp=CAU
| image_size      = 5
| alt             = 0
| caption         = A similar plane to accident aircraft.
| date            = June 29, 1972
| type            = Mid-air collision
| site            = Over [[Lake Winnebago]], near [[Appleton, Wisconsin]], United States
| coordinates     = ((coord|44|11|00|N|88|24|00|W|display=inline,title))<ref name=NTSBPage3>((cite report|url=http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR73-09.pdf|date=April 25, 1973|title=NTSB Accident Report NTSB-AR-73-09|page=3|publisher=[[National Transportation Safety Board]]|access-date=November 18, 2012|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004130606/http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR73-09.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2012))</ref>

<!--These 3 entries for two/three-aircraft accidents:---->| total_injuries  = 
| total_fatalities = 13
| total_survivors = 0

<!--Remaining entries for two/three-aircraft accidents:-->| plane1_image    =
| plane1_alt      = 
| plane1_caption  = ((center|N90858, The [[North Central Airlines]] [[Convair CV-580]] Involved in the Collision.))
| plane1_type     = [[Convair CV-580]]
| plane1_name     = 
| plane1_operator = [[North Central Airlines]]
| plane1_tailnum  = N90858
| plane1_origin   = [[Green Bay, Wisconsin]], United States
| plane1_stopover = [[Oshkosh, Wisconsin|Oshkosh]], Wisconsin, United States
| plane1_stopover0 = 
| plane1_stopover1 = 
| plane1_stopover2 = 
| plane1_stopover3 = 
| plane1_laststopover = 
| plane1_destination = [[Milwaukee]], Wisconsin, United States
| plane1_passengers = 2
| plane1_crew     = 3
| plane1_injuries = 
| plane1_fatalities = 5
| plane1_survivors = 0
| plane2_image    =
| plane2_alt      = 
| plane2_caption  = ((center| N4043B, The DHC-6 Twin Otter Involved in the collision.))
| plane2_type     = [[de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter]]
| plane2_name     = 
| plane2_operator = [[Air Wisconsin]]
| plane2_tailnum  = N4043B
| plane2_origin   = [[Chicago]], Illinois, United States
| plane2_stopover = [[Sheboygan, Wisconsin|Sheboygan]], Wisconsin, United States
| plane2_stopover0 = 
| plane2_stopover1 = 
| plane2_stopover2 = 
| plane2_stopover3 = 
| plane2_laststopover = 
| plane2_destination = Appleton, Wisconsin, United States
| plane2_passengers = 6
| plane2_crew     = 2
| plane2_injuries = 
| plane2_fatalities = 8
| plane2_survivors = 0
))
On June 29, 1972, [[North Central Airlines]] Flight 290 collided in mid-air with [[Air Wisconsin]] Flight 671 over [[Lake Winnebago]] near [[Appleton, Wisconsin]], in the United States. Both aircraft crashed into the lake, killing all 13 people on board both aircraft.<ref name=NTSBPage6>((cite report|url=http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR73-09.pdf|date=April 25, 1973|title=NTSB Accident Report NTSB-AR-73-09|page=6|publisher=[[National Transportation Safety Board]]|access-date=November 18, 2012|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004130606/http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR73-09.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2012))</ref><ref name=wdjac>((cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=r68oAAAAIBAJ&pg=7228,7279839|newspaper=Milwaukee Journal|title=Witnesses describe June air crash|date=September 20, 1972|page=11-part 1))((Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes ))</ref><ref name=wdtpcol>((cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-sgdAAAAIBAJ&pg=3790,6393270|newspaper=Milwaukee Journal|last=Lubenow|first=Thomas G.|title=Why did 2 planes collide over lake?|date=June 30, 1972|page=1-part 1))((Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes ))</ref>

==Flight history==
===North Central Airlines Flight 290===

North Central Airlines Flight 290 was a regularly scheduled flight which usually originated in [[Houghton, Michigan]], and stopped at [[Ironwood, Michigan|Ironwood]], Michigan, and [[Green Bay, Wisconsin|Green Bay]], [[Oshkosh, Wisconsin|Oshkosh]], and [[Milwaukee]], Wisconsin, before terminating at  [[Chicago]], Illinois. On June 29, 1972, bad weather in northern Michigan necessitated cancellation of the Houghton-Ironwood and Ironwood-Green Bay legs, and the flight originated at Green Bay, using a replacement crew sent from Chicago to Green Bay.<ref name=NTSBPage2>((cite report|url=http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR73-09.pdf|date=April 25, 1973|title=NTSB Accident Report NTSB-AR-73-09|page=2|publisher=[[National Transportation Safety Board]]|access-date=November 18, 2012|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004130606/http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR73-09.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2012))</ref>

The flight, a [[Convair CV-580]],  departed Green Bay at around 10:30&nbsp;a.m. [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]], proceeding to Oshkosh under [[visual flight rules]] (VFR). At 10:36:11&nbsp;a.m. CDT, the [[air traffic controller]] at Oshkosh cleared Flight 290 to land.  The flight crew's acknowledgment five seconds later was the last communication with North Central Flight 290.<ref name=NTSBPage2 /><ref name=NTSBPage3 /> 

===Air Wisconsin Flight 671===

Air Wisconsin Flight 671 was a regularly scheduled flight from Chicago, Illinois, to Appleton, Wisconsin, with a stopover at [[Sheboygan County Memorial Airport]] west of [[Sheboygan, Wisconsin]]. Operating a [[de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter]], it departed Chicago at 9:28&nbsp;a.m. CDT on June 29, 1972, bound for Sheboygan under an [[instrument flight rules]] (IFR) plan; en route, the flight crew abandoned its IFR plan and completed the first leg of the flight under VFR.<ref name=NTSBPage3 />

The flight departed Sheboygan 13 minutes late, at 10:23&nbsp;a.m. CDT, bound for Appleton, operating under VFR. At about 10:30&nbsp;a.m. CDT, the flight crew contacted the Air Wisconsin office in Appleton, stating that they anticipated arriving at Appleton at 10:44&nbsp;a.m. CDT. This was the last communication with Air Wisconsin Flight 671.<ref name=NTSBPage3 /> 

==Collision==
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| height = 270
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Operating in bright sunshine beneath a scattered cloud layer, Flights 290 and 671 collided at 10:36:47&nbsp;a.m. CDT over Wisconsin's [[Lake Winnebago]] about ((convert|6|nmi|mi km|spell=in)) south of Appleton and ((convert|2.5|nmi|mi km||)) east of [[Neenah, Wisconsin|Neenah]], Wisconsin, at an altitude of about 2,500 feet (762 m). The left wing of Flight 671 hit the left wing of Flight 290. The collision resulted in an explosion which tore off most of the Twin Otter's wing, and around a quarter of the CV-580's left wing. The collision left both aircraft uncontrollable resulting in both crashing into Lake Winnebago around ((convert|2|nmi|spell=in)) east of [[Neenah Light]]. 

The [[National Transportation Safety Board]] noted that the North Central crew would have had to look toward the sun to see the approaching Air Wisconsin plane<ref name=NTSBPage6 /><ref>((cite report|url=http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR73-09.pdf|date=April 25, 1973|title=NTSB Accident Report NTSB-AR-73-09|page=12|publisher=[[National Transportation Safety Board]]|access-date=November 18, 2012|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004130606/http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR73-09.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2012))</ref> and concluded that they took no evasive action.<ref name=NTSBPage17 /> Some eyewitnesses believed that the Air Wisconsin Twin Otter began a turn seconds before the collision,<ref name=NTSBPage3 /> but the NTSB did not find sufficient evidence to conclude that the Air Wisconsin crew took evasive action.<ref name=NTSBPage17>((cite report|url=http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR73-09.pdf|date=April 25, 1973|title=NTSB Accident Report NTSB-AR-73-09|page=17|publisher=[[National Transportation Safety Board]]|access-date=November 18, 2012|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004130606/http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR73-09.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2012))</ref> The rate of closure during the final five seconds before the collision was ((cvt|688|ft/s|mph km/h||)).<ref name=NTSBPage17 />

==Aircraft==

The North Central aircraft involved, N50858, had been completed as a [[Convair CV-340]]/[[Convair CV-440|440]] on May 25, 1953; it later was converted to CV-580 standard. The Air Wisconsin Twin Otter had been completed on October 6, 1966.<ref>((cite report|chapter-url=http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR73-09.pdf|date=April 25, 1973|title=NTSB Accident Report NTSB-AR-73-09|page=24|chapter=Appendix C|publisher=[[National Transportation Safety Board]]|access-date=November 18, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004130606/http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR73-09.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2012|url-status=dead))</ref> Both aircraft were destroyed by the collision and subsequent water impact.<ref>((cite report|url=http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR73-09.pdf|date=April 25, 1973|title=NTSB Accident Report NTSB-AR-73-09|page=4|publisher=[[National Transportation Safety Board]]|access-date=November 18, 2012|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004130606/http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR73-09.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2012))</ref> Their wreckage was found on the lake bottom scattered over an area roughly one mile (1.6&nbsp;km) long by one-half mile (0.8&nbsp;km) wide.<ref name=NTSBPage6 />

==Casualties==

The North Central plane had two passengers and a crew of three ([[Captain (civil aviation)|Captain]] James Cuzzort, [[First officer (civil aviation)|First Officer]] Alton Laabs, and [[Flight Attendant]] Frances Rabb) on board, while the Air Wisconsin flight was carrying six passengers and a crew of two (Captain David Jacobs and First Officer Michael Gaffin). All 13 people aboard the two planes died in the collision and subsequent crash, and the NTSB observed that the accident was not survivable.<ref name=NTSBPage6 />

==Investigation==

The National Transportation Safety Board released its report on the accident on  April 25, 1973. It was "unable to determine why each crew failed to see and avoid the other aircraft,"<ref name=NTSBPage6 /> and concluded that the crash resulted from "the failure of both flight crews to detect visually the other aircraft in sufficient time to initiate evasive action,"<ref name=NTSBPage6 /> and stated that it believed "that the ability of both crews to detect the other aircraft in time to avoid a collision was reduced because of the atmospheric conditions and human visual limitations."<ref name=NTSBPage6 /> The NTSB speculated that both flight crews could have been scanning instruments in preparation for descent to their respective destinations at the time of the collision, and this could have reduced their chances of spotting one another.<ref>((cite report|url=http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR73-09.pdf|date=April 25, 1973|title=NTSB Accident Report NTSB-AR-73-09|pages=10–12|publisher=[[National Transportation Safety Board]]|access-date=November 18, 2012|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004130606/http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR73-09.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2012))</ref> The report also noted that the decision by both flight crews to fly under [[Visual flight rules|VFR]] rather than [[Instrument flight rules|IFR]] and the fact that neither [[Captain (civil aviation)|captain]] requested in-flight advisories deprived both aircraft of [[air traffic control]] support, and that such support to even one of the aircraft would have ensured sufficient separation to avoid a collision.<ref name=NTSBPage17 />

The NTSB recommended that the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] create a standardized method for training and grading flight crews in visual search techniques and time-sharing between instrument checks and visual searches, and that the FAA expedite the development of anticollision systems.<ref>((cite report|url=http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR73-09.pdf|date=April 25, 1973|title=NTSB Accident Report NTSB-AR-73-09|page=19|publisher=[[National Transportation Safety Board]]|access-date=November 18, 2012|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004130606/http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR73-09.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2012))</ref>

==References==
===Notes===
((reflist))

===Bibliography===
*[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19720629-1 Aviation Safety Network: ASN Aircraft accident Convair CV-580 N90858 Appleton, WI]
*[http://libraryonline.erau.edu/online-full-text/ntsb/aircraft-accident-reports/AAR73-09.pdf National Transportation Safety Board Report Number NTSB-AAR-73-09 "Aircraft Accident Report North Central Airlines, Inc., Allison Convair 340/440 (CV-580), N90858, and Air Wisconsin, Inc., DHC-6, N4043B, Near Appleton, Wisconsin, June 29, 1972," adopted April 25, 1973]

<!-- ==External links== -->

((Aviation accidents and incidents in 1972))
((Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in the 1970s))
((DEFAULTSORT:Lake Winnebago Mid-air Collision))
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1972]]
[[Category:Airliner accidents and incidents in Wisconsin]]
[[Category:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error]]
[[Category:1972 in Wisconsin]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Convair CV-240 family]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving the de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter]]
[[Category:North Central Airlines accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Air Wisconsin accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Mid-air collisions]]
[[Category:Mid-air collisions involving airliners]]
[[Category:Appleton, Wisconsin]]
[[Category:June 1972 events in the United States]]

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