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((short description|Informal name for the three major US television broadcast networks))
((Use American English|date=April 2021))
((Use mdy dates|date=October 2021))
((More citations needed|date=December 2023))
((multiple image
| perrow = 3
| total_width = 300
| image_style = border:none
| image1 = NBC logo 2022 (vertical).svg
| image2 = CBS logo (2020).svg
| image3 = ABC-2021-LOGO.svg
| footer = The "Big Three" major United States broadcast networks: [[NBC]], [[CBS]], and [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], arranged in order by the year each network began regular television broadcasting in the U.S.
))
((US TV sidebar))
In the United States, there are three major traditional [[commercial broadcasting|commercial broadcast]] television networks — [[NBC]] (the National Broadcasting Company, "the Peacock Network"), [[CBS]] (the Columbia Broadcasting System, "the Eye Network"), and [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] (the American Broadcasting Company, "the Alphabet Network") — that due to their longevity and ratings success are informally referred to as the "'''Big Three'''". They dominated American television until the 1990s<ref name="HindmanWiegand">((cite journal|title=The big three's prime-time decline: a technological and social context|url=http://robertoigarza.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/art-the-big-threes-prime-time-decline-hindman-2008.pdf|author=Douglas Blanks Hindman|author2=Kenneth Wiegand|journal=Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media|year=2008|access-date=March 19, 2014))</ref> (especially during the [[network era]] of the late 1950s to mid-1980s) and are still considered major U.S. broadcast companies to this day.

== Backgrounds ==

The National Broadcasting Company and Columbia Broadcasting System were both founded as radio networks in the 1920s, with NBC eventually encompassing two national radio networks, the prestige [[NBC Red Network|Red Network]] and the lower-profile [[Blue Network]]. They gradually began experimental television stations in the 1930s, with commercial broadcasts being allowed by the [[Federal Communications Commission]] on July 1, 1941.<ref name="Kisseloff">((cite book|title=The Box: An Oral History of Television, 1920–1961|author=Jeff Kisseloff|publisher=Viking|year=1995|location=New York|isbn=0-670-86470-6|pages=42–48, 69–79))</ref> In 1943, the [[Government of the United States|U.S. government]] determined that NBC's two-network setup was [[Anticompetitive practice|anticompetitive]] and forced it to spin off one of the networks; NBC chose to sell the Blue Network operations, which eventually became the American Broadcasting Company.<ref name="Kisseloff2">((cite book|title=The Box: An Oral History of Television, 1920–1961|author=Jeff Kisseloff|publisher=Viking|year=1995|location=New York|isbn=0-670-86470-6|page=505))</ref>

All three networks began regular, commercial television broadcasts in the 1940s. NBC and CBS began commercial operations in 1941, followed by ABC in 1948. A smaller fourth network, the [[DuMont Television Network]], launched in 1944.<ref name="Castleman">((cite book|title=Watching TV: Four Decades of American Television|url=https://archive.org/details/watchingtvfourde00cast|url-access=registration|author=H. Castleman|author2=W. Podrazik|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/watchingtvfourde00cast/page/314 314]|year=1982))</ref> The three networks originally [[owned-and-operated station|controlled]] only a few local television stations, but they quickly [[network affiliate|affiliated]] with other stations to cover almost the entire U.S. by the late 1950s. Several of these stations affiliated with all three major networks and DuMont, or some combination of the four, in [[media market|markets]] where only one or two television stations operated in the early years of commercial television; this resulted in several network shows, often those with lower national viewership, receiving scattershot market clearances, since in addition to maintaining limited broadcast schedules early on, affiliates that shoehorned programming from many networks had to also make room for locally produced content. As other stations signed on in larger cities, ABC, NBC, and CBS were eventually able to carry at least a sizable portion of their programming on one station.

Of the four original networks, only DuMont did not have a corresponding radio network. Ironically, the fourth major radio network of the [[Golden Age of Radio]] era, the [[Mutual Broadcasting System]], which maintained a long time extensive news reporting unit up to the 1980s, [[Mutual Broadcasting System#Mutual's involvement in television|had briefly considered the idea of transitioning with expansion and launching a television network]], with consideration being made to have film studio [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] supply programming talent. In fact the former [[Bamberger's#1929-1959|Bamberger Broadcasting]]'s local stations [[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] (currently in [[Secaucus, New Jersey]], serving metropolitan [[New York City]]) and [[WUSA (TV)|WOIC]] (later WTOP-TV, now WUSA-TV in [[Washington, D.C.]])  - both stations affiliated with Mutual, the latter with a Washington, D.C. video outlet, maintained stationery letterhead with "Mutual Television" logos decorating their identifications. Beyond this, there is no confirmation, however, that a cooperative video service was ever seriously considered by the radio service, although Mutual's individual component stations themselves launched television outlets in their home cities. Some of Mutual's component stations [[Overmyer Network#From ON to UN|bought a stake in the]] [[Overmyer Network]] in 1967 (resulting in a branding change to "The United Network"), but other than a single late-night talk show, ''[[The Las Vegas Show]]'', which lasted one month, that network never made it to its full launch.

==Network competition==
((History of American television))
===Early era===
For most of the history of television in the United States, the Big Three dominated, controlling the vast majority of television broadcasting.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.indiewire.com/2016/12/cnn-fox-news-msnbc-nbc-ratings-2016-winners-losers-1201762864/|title=Most-Watched Television Networks: Ranking 2016's Winners and Losers ((!)) IndieWire|last=Schneider|first=Michael|website=www.indiewire.com|language=en|access-date=August 11, 2017|date=December 27, 2016))</ref> DuMont ceased regular programming in 1955; the [[NTA Film Network]], unusual in that its programming, all pre-recorded, was distributed by mail instead of through communications wires, signed on in 1956 and lasted until 1961. From 1961, and lasting until the early 1990s, there were only three major networks. Every hit series appearing in the [[Nielsen ratings|Nielsen]] top 20 television programs and every successful commercial network telecast of a major feature film was aired by one of the Big Three networks.<ref name="McNeil">((cite book|title=Total Television, 4th edition|author=Alex McNeil|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=1996|location=New York|pages=1143–1161|isbn=0-14-024916-8))</ref>

===Fox===
A viable [[fourth television network]] in the commercial sense would not again become competitive with the Big Three until [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] was founded in October 1986 from some of the assets and remnants of the DuMont network, which had become [[Metromedia]] after DuMont folded, and were acquired by [[News Corporation (1980–2013)|News Corporation]] earlier in 1986.<ref>((cite news|title=Murdoch acquired six Metromedia TV stations|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1986-03-07/business/fi-16464_1_fox-television-stations|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=March 7, 1986|access-date=May 9, 2014))</ref> Fox, which began as a distant fourth network, [[1994 United States broadcast TV realignment|rose to major network status]] in 1994 after [[must-carry]] rules took effect; the rules allowed Fox affiliates to force their way onto cable lineups, and the network's affiliation deal with [[New World Pictures#New World Communications|New World Communications]], which it later purchased in 1996, and the acquisition of [[NFL on Fox|National Football League broadcast rights]] brought a wave of new Fox affiliates.

Since its founding, Fox has surpassed ABC and NBC in the ratings during the early primetime hours in which it competes against the longer-established networks, becoming the second most-watched network behind CBS during the 2000s. During the 2007–08 season, Fox was the highest-rated of the major broadcast networks, as well as the first non-Big Three network to reach first place, but it lost the spot in the 2008–09 season and dropped to a close second. From 2004 to 2012 and 2020 to 2021, Fox also dominated American television in the lucrative and viewer-rich 18–49 age demographics, in large part due to the success of its NFL coverage and its top rated prime time program, ''[[American Idol]]''. Given the network's success in its prime time and [[Fox Sports (United States)|sports]] offerings, it has been occasionally included with the Big Three, in which case the phrase "Big Four" is used.

Although Fox has firmly established itself as the nation's fourth major network with its ratings success, it is not considered part of the Big Three. Among Fox's differences with the Big Three is its reduced weekday programming. It lacks national [[breakfast television|morning]] and evening news programs; Fox has a news division consisting of [[Fox News Channel|cable]] and [[Fox News Radio|radio]] operations, but does not provide content for the broadcast television network other than [[Fox News Sunday|a weekly news analysis program]], limited [[breaking news|special breaking news reports]] and an affiliate news service for its stations called Fox News Edge. Fox does not feature any [[Daytime television in the United States|daytime programming]] on weekdays, a third hour of [[prime time]], or [[late-night talk show]]s.

===Fifth and sixth networks===
Other networks eventually launched in an attempt to compete with the Big Three as well as Fox, although these "netlets" have been unable to ascend to the same level of success. [[The WB]]<ref>((cite news|title=Time Warner TV Network to Cover 40% of Nation|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-22543783.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610085342/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-22543783.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 10, 2014|newspaper=[[The Buffalo News]]|publisher=[[HighBeam Research]]|date=November 2, 1993|access-date=May 28, 2013))</ref> and [[UPN]] launched in 1995; like Fox, they both added nights of prime time programming over the course of a few years, although The WB was the only one that aired any on weekends, carrying a Sunday night lineup for all but its first half-season on the air.<ref>((Cite web |last=Braxton |first=Greg |date=May 23, 1995 |title=WB Beefs Up Its Prime-Time Lineup : Television: With the addition of Sunday, the network will have two nights and 13 hours of programming, aimed at kids, teens and families. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-05-23-ca-5002-story.html |access-date=January 23, 2023 |work=Los Angeles Times))</ref>

Both networks mainly aired only prime time and children's programming. The latter was the only form of weekday daytime programming offered by either one, although UPN discontinued its [[Disney's One Too|children's lineup]] in 2003 at the conclusion of a content deal with Disney, and UPN aired sports programming via the short-lived [[XFL (2001)|XFL]], as well as ''[[WWF SmackDown!]]''.<ref>((Cite web |last1=Bernstein |first1=Paula |last2=Schneider |first2=Michael |date=May 19, 2000 |title=UPN Kicks off Sundays with Extreme Football |url=https://variety.com/2000/tv/news/upn-kicks-off-sundays-with-extreme-football-1117781880/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015095006/http://variety.com/2000/tv/news/upn-kicks-off-sundays-with-extreme-football-1117781880/ |archive-date=October 15, 2015 |access-date=January 21, 2023 |website=Variety))</ref><ref>((Cite web |last=Dempsey |first=John |date=May 12, 2001 |title=It's Sudden Death for XFL |url=https://variety.com/2001/tv/news/it-s-sudden-death-for-xfl-1117799155/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015095130/http://variety.com/2001/tv/news/it-s-sudden-death-for-xfl-1117799155/ |archive-date=October 15, 2015 |access-date=January 21, 2023 |website=Variety))</ref>

While The WB and UPN each had a few popular series during their existences, they struggled for overall viewership and financial losses. This led their respective parent companies, [[Time Warner]] and [[CBS Corporation]], to [[2006 United States broadcast television realignment|shut them down]] and jointly launch [[The CW]] in 2006.<ref>((cite news|title=UPN and WB to Combine, Forming New TV Network|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/24/business/media/24cnd-network.html?bl|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 24, 2006))</ref> The CW initially featured a mix of programs from both predecessors, as well as some newer shows after the launch. The last surviving series of The CW's predecessors — [[Supernatural (American TV series)|''Supernatural'']], from The WB — continued until its finale on The CW in 2020.<ref>((Cite web |last=Pedersen |first=Erik |date=2020-08-17 |title=The CW Fall Sets Premiere Dates For 'Supernatural', 'Swamp Thing', 'Devils' & More |url=https://deadline.com/2020/08/cw-fall-premiere-dates-supernatural-swamp-thing-devils-pandora-masters-of-illusion-1203015255/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=Deadline |language=en-US))</ref> [[Nexstar Media Group]] acquired a 75-percent ownership stake in The CW on October 3, 2022; former joint owners [[Paramount Global]] ([[2019 merger of CBS and Viacom|successor to]] CBS Corporation) and [[Warner Bros. Discovery]] (successor to Time Warner) retained a 25-percent stake, split at nominal 12.5-percent stakes for both companies.<ref>((Cite web |last=Hayes |first=Dade |date=October 3, 2022 |title=New Day Dawns For Broadcast TV As Nexstar Closes Deal For Control Of The CW |url=https://deadline.com/2022/10/nexstar-closes-deal-for-control-of-the-cw-mark-pedowitz-exits-top-job-1235133428/ |access-date=January 17, 2023 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=October 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014023432/https://deadline.com/2022/10/nexstar-closes-deal-for-control-of-the-cw-mark-pedowitz-exits-top-job-1235133428/ |url-status=live ))</ref>

Fox launched [[MyNetworkTV]] at the same time as The CW, with a lineup of English language [[telenovela]]s;<ref>((cite news|title=News Corp. Unveils My Network TV|url=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/102922-News_Corp_Unveils_My_Network_TV.php|work=Broadcasting & Cable|date=February 22, 2006))</ref> it later shifted toward unscripted programs and movies, though its persistent lack of ratings success led News Corporation to convert it into a programming service, relying on a lineup of acquired series, in 2009.<ref>((cite web|title=MyNetworkTV Shifts From Network to Programming Service|url=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/173849-MyNetworkTV_Shifts_From_Network_To_Programming_Service_.php|author=Michael Malone|work=Broadcasting & Cable|date=February 9, 2009|access-date=September 23, 2012))</ref>

===Seventh network===
[[Ion Television|Pax TV]], a venture of [[Ion Media|Paxson Communications]], debuted on August 31, 1998, as an attempted seventh broadcast network to compete against UPN and The WB; although Pax carried a limited schedule of first-run programs in its early years, its schedule otherwise was composed mainly of syndicated reruns. Pax TV later rebranded to i: Independent Television in 2005, before it was renamed to Ion Television in 2007.

===PBS===
Likewise, the [[PBS|Public Broadcasting Service]] (PBS), which has existed since 1970, is not considered to be a "Big" network. PBS operates as a [[noncommercial educational|noncommercial]] service with a very different distribution form compared to the major networks; its member stations basically own the network instead of the traditional mode of a network owning some of its stations and affiliating with additional stations owned by other broadcasters, and it maintains memberships with more than one educational station in a few markets.<ref>((Cite web |date=2016-01-06 |title=CPB FAQ |url=https://cpb.org/faq |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=cpb.org |language=en |quote=PBS is a private, nonprofit media enterprise owned by its member public television stations.))</ref>

===Market share===
In the 21st century, the "Big Three" have controlled only a relatively small portion of the broadcasting market in the United States; by 2007, their collective share was estimated at a combined 32%.<ref name="HindmanWiegand"/> The Big Three's market share has declined considerably as a result of growing competition from other broadcast networks such as Fox, Ion Television, The CW, and MyNetworkTV; Spanish language networks such as [[Univision]], [[UniMás]], and [[Telemundo]]; national cable and satellite channels such as [[TNT (American TV network)|TNT]], [[ESPN]], and [[AMC (TV channel)|AMC]]; and streaming channels such as [[Netflix]].<ref name="HindmanWiegand"/>

Each of the Big Three (to Five) networks is now owned by a [[Media cross-ownership in the United States|media conglomerate]], providing [[corporate synergy]] with various cable channels, a [[Major film studios|major film studio]], a companion streaming service, and other sibling media assets. NBC is owned by [[NBCUniversal]], a [[Comcast]] company (whose assets include [[Universal Pictures]], [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]], [[Universal Destinations & Experiences]], [[E!]], [[MSNBC]], and [[Golf Channel]]), since 2004,<ref>((Cite news |last=Keating |first=Gina |date=2009-12-03 |title=TIMELINE: NBC, Universal through the 20th century and beyond |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nbc-comcast-timeline-idUSTRE5B22SO20091203 |access-date=2023-05-21))</ref> CBS and the CW are owned by [[Paramount Global]] (who also owns [[Paramount Pictures]], [[MTV]], [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]], [[Nickelodeon]] and [[Paramount+]], among other units; the CW is jointly owned with [[Warner Bros. Discovery]] and [[Nexstar Media Group|Nextstar Media]]) since 2019,<ref>((Cite web |last=Littleton |first=Cynthia |date=2019-12-04 |title=CBS and Viacom Complete Merger: 'It's Been a Long and Winding Road to Get Here' |url=https://variety.com/2019/biz/news/cbs-viacom-merger-complete-redstone-bob-bakish-1203424316/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Variety |language=en-US))</ref> ABC is owned by [[The Walt Disney Company]] (whose assets consist of, but not limited to, [[Disney Parks, Experiences and Products]], [[Disney Channel]], [[Walt Disney Pictures]], [[20th Century Studios]], and [[Disney+]]) since 1996,<ref>((Cite web |last=Wollenberg |first=Skip |date=1996-02-09 |title=Disney Completes $19 Billion Buyout of Capital Cities/ABC |url=https://apnews.com/article/936213bf16e84410ffbe97e2a78fc471 |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=AP NEWS |language=en))</ref> and Fox and MyTV are owned by [[Fox Corporation]] (who assets include Fox News, Tubi, Fox Sports, and others) since 2019

==See also==
* [[Network era]]
* [[Lists of ABC television affiliates]]
* [[Lists of NBC television affiliates]]
* [[Lists of CBS television affiliates]]
* [[Lists of Fox television affiliates]]
* [[Cable television in the United States]]
* [[Communications in the United States]]
* [[Fourth television network]]
* [[High-definition television in the United States]]
* [[List of television stations in the United States]]
* [[List of United States cable and satellite television networks]]
* [[List of United States over-the-air television networks]]
* [[List of United States television markets]]
* [[Satellite television in the United States]]
* [[Television in the United States]]
* [[Television news in the United States]]
* [[United States cable news]]

==References==
((Reflist))

((American broadcast television))
((Television in the United States))

[[Category:History of television in the United States]]
[[Category:Television terminology]]

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