This category is for academic and scientific journals owned, sponsored, or otherwise associated with learned and professional societies (e.g., their official journals). Journals that are published by a separate publisher (whether a commercial publishing company or a university press) on behalf of a learned society should be categorized under that publisher, too (see Category:Academic journals by publisher). Journals that are published directly by its associated society should be categorized instead under Category:Academic journals published by learned and professional societies only.