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((Short description|1512 rhetoric textbook by Erasmus))
((refimprove|date=December 2016))
((Use dmy dates|date=August 2013))
((italic title))
((Rhetoric))
'''''Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style''''' (((Lang-la|De Utraque Verborum ac Rerum Copia))) is a [[rhetoric]] textbook<ref name="Kenny2001p57"/> written by Dutch [[Renaissance humanism|humanist]] [[Erasmus|Desiderius Erasmus]], and first published in 1512. It was a best-seller widely used for teaching how to rewrite pre-existing texts, and how to incorporate them in a new composition.<ref name="Kenny2001p57">Kenny (2011) p.57</ref> Erasmus systematically instructed on how to embellish, amplify, and give variety to speech and writing.

==Production and publication==
The first official edition of ''De Copia'', titled ''De duplici copia rerum ac verborum commentarii duo'', was published by Josse Bade in Paris in 1512 and helped establish Erasmus as a major humanist scholar.<ref>Knott 282.</ref> Erasmus began conceptualizing the work much earlier, in the 1490s, during a time when creating style manuals for school boys was considered to be a noble calling.<ref>Knott 280.</ref> It is widely believed that Erasmus left a working copy of the manuscript behind after a trip to Italy (1506–1509) and, upon hearing that an unauthorized version was forthcoming, quickly produced a version to thwart the effort.<ref>Knott 280.</ref> Though he was reluctant to publish the work in haste, Erasmus hoped to avoid being associated with what he called "a thoroughly bad text" and ultimately produced "the lesser evil of the two".<ref>Erasmus 288.</ref> The early draft version of the text that was left behind in Italy is written as a dialogue between two students and is titled ''Brevis de Copia Praeceptio''; it was eventually printed in 1519 as an appendix to the ''Formulae''.<ref>Callahan 100.</ref>

Erasmus did not feel that his work was fully complete with the 1512 edition of ''De Copia'', and he continued to update the work throughout his life. The general concept and structure of the work remained the same over time, even as Erasmus amended and expanded the text.<ref>Knott 281.</ref> Subsequent authorized editions of ''De Copia'' were published in December 1514 (in a volume which also included the ''Parabolae''), April 1517, May 1526, and August 1534.<ref>Knott 281.</ref>

== Contents ==
Book 1 of ''De Copia'' (on ''verbum'' or words) contains Erasmus’ thoughts on the abundance of expression and is divided into 206 short chapters or sections. The initial chapters concern themselves with general commentary on copia, its advantages, and its importance. Chapters 11–32 then detail twenty methods/varieties of expression, while the remaining chapters provide further examples of variety of expression. 

Book 2 (on ''rerum'' or agument) deals with abundance of subject matter which Erasmus says, “involves the assembling, explaining, and amplifying of arguments by the use of examples, comparisons, similarities, dissimilarities, opposites, and other like procedures which I shall treat in detail in the appropriate place”.<ref>Erasmus 301.</ref>

'''''Book I:'''''

'''''Chapters 1–12'''''    A discussion of the general nature and value of the abundant style

'''''Chapters 13 – 33'''''  An analysis of major [[trope (literature)|tropes]] in classical literature:  [[synecdoche]], [[wikt:equivalence|equivalence]], [[allegory]], etc. Chapter 33 is a famous demonstration of variety, where Erasmus illustrates 195 variations on the sentence, "Your letter delighted me greatly." (((lang-la|Tuae litterae me magnopere delectarunt.))) <ref>And 203 variations on "Always, as long as I live, I shall remember you" addressed to [[Thomas_More#Personality_according_to_Erasmus|Thomas More]].</ref>

'''''Chapters 34–94'''''    Feature variations of grammatical and syntactic forms

'''''Chapters 94 – 206'''''   Operate like a Thesaurus, although the organization is haphazard, not alphabetical

'''''Book II :	Abundance of Subject Matter'''''

Not divided into chapters, but does address 11 separate methods of using abundant subject matter. Here Erasmus uses a more dialectical approach, and typically gives a few lines of theory followed by many illustrations from classical sources.

==Themes and ideas==

Erasmus' purpose was to contribute to the existing scholarship on style.<ref>Kennedy 206.</ref> To that end, he put forth in ''De Copia'' that style must be abundant in order to be effective, and that the abundance consists of two primary elements: variety of expression and variety of subject matter. Variety, he says, “is so powerful in every sphere that there is absolutely nothing, however brilliant, which is not dimmed if not commended by variety”.<ref>Erasmus 302.</ref>

Written as both a manual on rhetoric and as a treatise against what Erasmus believed to be the “false copia” of the time that was inspired by an overwhelming admiration of the texts of Cicero, ''De Copia'' operates in multiple rhetorical spheres, for multiple purposes: mainly as a style guide for students and as an example of Erasmus’ rhetorical virtuosity.<ref>Callahan 106.</ref>

==Sources and influences==
Erasmus wrote ''Copia'' while a professor at the University of Cambridge in 1511. He was teaching [[Greek language|Greek]], but between courses composed several texts designed to instruct [[Latin]]. ''Copia'' was one such text, perhaps as an attempt to expand on [[Quintillian]]'s rhetorical guide, ''[[Institutio Oratoria]]''.

The first chapter of book 10 in Quintillian's ''Oratoria'' is titled "''De copia verborum''". This is quite possibly where Erasmus received his most direct inspiration for the book. In that 10th chapter, Quintillian declined to give examples for employing the abundant style, on the grounds that each individual case requires a unique solution. This left the door open for Erasmus to detail the abundant style in ''Copia''.

Erasmus acknowledges Quintillian in the preface, and borrows from him (and other classical authors) throughout ''Copia'', sometimes citing, sometimes not. As further revisions of ''Copia'' are printed, Erasmus becomes increasingly careful to give credit to previous authors where it is due.

If Quintillian was the philosophical inspiration for ''Copia'', his friend [[John Colet]] was most practically responsible. Colet and Erasmus had designs on replacing [[Middle Ages|Medieval]] teaching with classical Greek and Latin writings. While Erasmus was at Cambridge, Colet was teaching at St. Paul's school in London. Colet requested that Erasmus pen something on rhetoric for him to teach at St. Paul's, and Erasmus presented him with ''Copia'', dedicating the book to Colet in the preface.

==Reception==
While designed as a university textbook, ''Copia'' enjoyed far broader appeal. The book was immensely popular in England and in Europe, at least 85 editions of the book were printed in Erasmus' own lifetime, and countless more after that. Erasmus made three separate revisions to the original text, adding chapters each time. The original 1512 edition contained 153 chapters, which swelled to 206 in the final version that Erasmus completed before his death.

== See also ==
* ''[[Exercises in Style]]'', 20th century French book, illustrating variations
* [[Commonplace book]]

== Notes ==
((Reflist))

== References ==
* Callahan, Virginia W. “The De Copia: The Bounteous Horn.” Essays on the Work of Erasmus. Ed. Richard L. DeMolen. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978. 99–109. Print.
* Erasmus, Desiderius. “Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style (De duplici copia verborum ac rerum commentarii duo).” Collected Works of Erasmus, Vol. 24. Ed. Craig R. Thompson. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press, 1978. Print.
* Kennedy, George. Classical Rhetoric and Its Christian and Secular Tradition from Ancient to Modern Times. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1980. Print.
* Kenny, Neil. “Making sense of intertextuality” in O'Brien (2011) “The Cambridge Companion to Rabelais”
* Knott, Betty (trans.). “Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style (De duplici copia verborum ac rerum commentarii duo).” Collected Works of Erasmus, Vol. 24. Ed. Craig R. Thompson. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press, 1978. Print.

==External links==
* ((wikisourcelang-inline|la|De copia verborum|''De copia verborum''))

((Desiderius Erasmus))
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[[Category:16th-century books in Latin]]

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