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((Short description|Modern Greek language variety spoken by Greek Cypriots))
((Infobox language
| name             = Cypriot Greek
| nativename       = ((lang|el|κυπριακή ελληνική))<br>((lang|el|κυπριακά))
| pronunciation    = ((IPA|[cipriaˈci elːiniˈci]))<br>((IPA|[cipriaˈka]))
| states           = [[Cyprus]]<br>[[Rhodes]], [[Greece]]
| speakers         = c. 700,000 in Cyprus
| ethnicity        = [[Greek Cypriots]]
| date             = 2011
| ref              = <ref>((cite web |title=Statistical Service - Population Census 2011 |url=http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/census-2011_cystat_en/census-2011_cystat_en |website=www.mof.gov.cy))</ref>((efn|group=note|This number includes speakers of all Greek varieties in Cyprus.))
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Hellenic languages|Hellenic]]
| fam3             = [[Greek language|Greek]]
| fam4             = [[Attic Greek|Attic]]–[[Ionic Greek|Ionic]]
| script           = [[Greek alphabet]]
| lingua           = 56-AAA-ahg
| glotto           = cypr1249
| glottorefname    = Cypriot Greek
| isoexception     = dialect
| notice           = ipa
))

'''Cypriot Greek''' (((lang-el|κυπριακή ελληνική)) ((IPA-el|cipriaˈci elːiniˈci|local)) or ((lang|el|κυπριακά)) ((IPA-el|cipriaˈka|))) is the [[Varieties of Modern Greek|variety of Modern Greek]] that is spoken by the majority of the [[Cyprus|Cypriot]] populace and [[Greek Cypriot diaspora]]. It is considered a divergent dialect as it differs from [[Standard Modern Greek]]((efn|group=note|Standard Modern Greek is the variety based on [[Demotic Greek|Demotic]] (but with elements of [[Katharevousa]]) that became the official language of [[Greece]] in 1976. See also: [[Greek language question]].)) in various aspects of its [[lexicon]],((sfn|Ammon|2006|p=1886)) [[phonetics]], [[phonology]], [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], [[syntax]] and even [[pragmatics]],((sfn|Themistocleous|Katsoyannou|Armosti|Christodoulou|2012|p=262)) not only for historical reasons but also because of geographical isolation, and extensive contact with [[Linguistic typology|typologically distinct]] languages.((sfn|Ammon|2006|pp=1886–1887))

==Classification==
 [[File:Griechisch Isoglossen 1900.png|thumb|300px|Some phonological phenomena Cypriot shares with varieties of the Aegean: word-initial gemination; word-final ((IPA|/n/)); and palatalisation of ((IPA|/k/)) to ((IPA|[t͡ʃ]|cat=no)).]]
Cypriot Greek is not an evolution of ancient [[Arcadocypriot Greek]], but derives from Byzantine [[Medieval Greek]].((sfn|Joseph|Tserdanelis|2003|p=823)) It has traditionally been placed in the [[Varieties of Modern Greek#Core dialects|southeastern group of Modern Greek varieties]], along with the dialects of the [[Dodecanese]] and [[Chios]] (with which it shares several phonological phenomena).

Though Cypriot Greek tends to be regarded as a [[Dialect#Dialect or language|dialect]] by its speakers, it is unintelligible to speakers of Standard Modern Greek without adequate prior exposure.((sfn|Arvaniti|2006|p=26)) Greek-speaking Cypriot society is [[diglossia|diglossic]], with [[vernacular]] Cypriot Greek (the "low" variety) and Standard Modern Greek (the "high" variety).((sfn|Arvaniti|2006|p=25))((sfn|Tsiplakou|2012)) Cypriot Greek is itself a [[dialect continuum]] with an emerging [[wikt:koine|koine]].((sfn|Arvaniti|2006|pp=26–27)) Davy, Ioannou & Panayotou (1996) have argued that diglossia has given way to a "post-diglossic [dialectal] continuum [...] a quasi-continuous spread of overlapping varieties".((sfn|Davy|Ioannou|Panayotou|1996|pp=131,135))

==History==
((Unreferenced section|date=February 2013))

Cyprus was cut off from the rest of the Greek-speaking world from the 7th to the 10th century AD due to Arab attacks. It was reintegrated in the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 962 to be isolated again in 1191 when it fell to the hands of the [[Third Crusade|Crusaders]]. These periods of isolation led to the development of various linguistic characteristics distinct from [[Byzantine Greek]].

The oldest surviving written works in Cypriot date back to the [[Medieval period]]. Some of these are: the legal code of the [[Kingdom of Cyprus]], the [[Assizes of Jerusalem]]; the chronicles of [[Leontios Machairas]] and [[Georgios Boustronios]]; and a collection of sonnets in the manner of [[Francesco Petrarca]]. In the past hundred years, the dialect has been used in poetry (with major poets being [[Vasilis Michaelides]] and [[Dimitris Lipertis]]). It is also traditionally used in folk songs and ((lang|el|τσιαττιστά)) (((lang|el-Latn|tsiattistá)), battle poetry, a form of playing [[the Dozens]]) and the tradition of ((lang|el|ποιητάρηες)) (((lang|el-Latn|poiitáries)), bards).

Cypriot Greek had been historically used by some members of the [[Turkish Cypriots|Turkish Cypriot community]], especially after the end of [[Ottoman Cyprus|Ottoman control]] and consequent [[British Cyprus|British administration of the island]]. In 1960, it was reported that 38% of the Turkish Cypriots were able to speak Greek along with [[Cypriot Turkish]]. Some Turkish Cypriots of Nicosia and [[Paphos]] were also speaking Cypriot Greek as their [[first language|mother tongue]] according to early 20th century population records.<ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gQIAQAAMAAJ&q=rumca+konu%C5%9Fan+k%C4%B1br%C4%B1sl%C4%B1+t%C3%BCrkler|title=Türk dili|date=2003|publisher=Türk Dil Kurumu|language=tr))</ref>

In the late 1970s, Minister of Education [[Chrysostomos A. Sofianos]] upgraded the status of Cypriot by introducing it in education. More recently, it has been used in [[Music of Cyprus|music]], e.g. in reggae by Hadji Mike and in rap by several Cypriot hip hop groups, such as ((lang|el-Latn|Dimiourgoi Neas Antilipsis|italic=no)) (DNA). Locally produced television shows, usually comedies or soap operas, make use of the dialect, for example with ((lang|el-Latn|Vourate Geitonoi)) (((lang|el-CY|βουράτε)) instead of ((lang|el|τρέξτε))) or ((lang|el-Latn|Oi Takkoi)) (((lang|el-CY|Τάκκος)) being a uniquely Cypriot name). The 2006 feature film ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest]]'' features actor Jimmy Roussounis arguing in Cypriot with another crew member speaking [[Cypriot Turkish|Kibrizlija]] (Cypriot Turkish) about a captain's hat they find in the sea. [[Peter Polycarpou]] routinely spoke in Cypriot in his role as Chris Theodopolopoudos in the British television comedy series ''[[Birds of a Feather (TV series)|Birds of a Feather]]''. In a July 2014 episode of the American TV series ''[[The Leftovers (TV series)|The Leftovers]]'', Alex Malaos's character uses the dialect saying "((lang|el-CY|Εκατάλαβα σε))" ('I understood'). In the American [[mockumentary]] [[comedy horror]] television series ''[[What We Do in the Shadows (TV series)|What We Do in the Shadows]]'', actress [[Natasia Demetriou]], as the vampiric character Nadja, occasionally exclaims phrases in Cypriot.

Today, Cypriot Greek is the other only variety of Modern Greek apart from [[Standard Modern Greek]]((efn|group=note|Standard Modern Greek is the variety based on [[Demotic Greek|Demotic]] (but with elements of [[Katharevousa]]) that became the official language of [[Greece]] in 1976. See also: [[Greek language question]].)) with a significant presence of spontaneous use online, including [[blog]]s and [[internet forum]]s, and there exists a variant of [[Greeklish]] that reflects its distinct [[phonology]].

==Phonology==
Studies of the phonology of Cypriot Greek are few and tend to examine very specific phenomena, e.g. [[gemination]], "glide hardening". A general overview of the phonology of Cypriot Greek has ever been attempted only once, by ((harvnb|Newton|1972)), but parts of it are now contested.

===Consonants===
Cypriot Greek has geminate and [[palato-alveolar consonant]]s, which Standard Modern Greek lacks, as well as a contrast between ((IPA|[ɾ])) and ((IPA|[r])), which Standard Modern Greek also lacks.((sfn|Arvaniti|2010|pp=3–4)) The table below, adapted from ((harvnb|Arvaniti|2010|p=4)), depicts the consonantal inventory of Cypriot Greek.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Consonant [[phoneme]]s'''
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br />alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
|- style="font-size: x-small;"
! short
! [[Length (phonetics)|long]]
! short
! [[Length (phonetics)|long]]
! short
! [[Length (phonetics)|long]]
! short
! [[Length (phonetics)|long]]
! short
! [[Length (phonetics)|long]]
! short
! [[Length (phonetics)|long]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| ((IPA link|m)) || ((IPA|mː))
| ((IPA link|n)) || ((IPA|nː))
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
| ((IPA link|p)) || ((IPA|pʰː))
| ((IPA link|t)) || ((IPA|tʰː))
|  || ((IPA link|t͡s))
| ((IPA link|t͡ʃ)) || ((IPA|t͡ʃʰː))
| ((IPA link|c)) || ((IPA|cʰː))
| ((IPA link|k)) || ((IPA|kʰː))
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! <small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| ((IPA link|f)) || ((IPA|fː))
| ((IPA link|θ)) || ((IPA|θː))
| ((IPA link|s)) || ((IPA|sː))
| ((IPA link|ʃ)) || ((IPA|ʃː))
| ((IPA link|ç)) || ((IPA|çː))
| ((IPA link|x)) || ((IPA|xː))
|-
! <small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| ((IPA link|v)) ||
| ((IPA link|ð)) ||
| ((IPA link|z)) ||
| ((IPA link|ʒ)) ||
| ((IPA link|ʝ)) ||
| ((IPA link|ɣ)) ||
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
| ((IPA link|l)) || ((IPA|lː))
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
| ((IPA link|ɾ)) || ((IPA link|r))
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|}

Stops ((IPA|/p t c k/)) and affricate ((IPA|/t͡ʃ/)) are [[Aspiration (phonetics)|unaspirated]] and may be pronounced weakly [[Voicing (phonetics)|voiced]] in fast speech.((sfn|Arvaniti|1999|pp=2–3)) ((IPA|/pʰː tʰː cʰː kʰː/)) are always heavily [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] and they are never preceded by nasals,((sfn|Arvaniti|1999|p=2)) with the exception of some [[loanword|loans]], e.g. ((IPA|/ʃamˈpʰːu/)) "shampoo".((sfn|Davy|Ioannou|Panayotou|1996|p=134)) ((IPA|/t͡ʃ/)) and ((IPA|/t͡ʃʰː/)) are [[laminal]] post-alveolars.((sfn|Arvaniti|1999|p=3)) ((IPA|/t͡s/)) is pronounced similarly to ((IPA|/t͡ʃʰː/)), in terms of closure duration and aspiration.((sfn|Arvaniti|1999|p=3))

Voiced fricatives ((IPA|/v ð ɣ/)) are often pronounced as [[Approximant consonant|approximants]] and they are regularly [[Elision|elided]] when [[Intervocalic consonant|intervocalic]].((sfn|Arvaniti|1999|pp=2–3)) ((IPA|/ʝ/)) is similarly often realised as an approximant ((IPA link|j|[j])) in weak positions.((sfn|Arvaniti|2010|p=11))

The palatal lateral approximant ((IPA|[ʎ])) is most often realised as a singleton or geminate lateral ((IPA|[ʎ(ː)])) or a singleton or geminate fricative ((IPA|[ʝ(ː)])), and sometimes as a glide ((IPA|[j])) ([[cf.]] [[Yeísmo#Similar phenomena in other languages|yeísmo]]).((sfn|Pappas|2009|p=307)) The circumstances under which all the different variants surface are not very well understood, but ((IPA|[ʝ(ː)])) appear to be favoured in stressed syllables and word-finally, and before ((IPA|/a e/)).((sfn|Pappas|2009|p=309)) ((harvnb|Pappas|2009)) identifies the following phonological and non-phonological influencing factors: stress, preceding vowel, following vowel, position inside word; and sex, education, region, and time spent living in Greece (where ((IPA|[ʎ])) is standard).((sfn|Pappas|2009|p=309)) ((harvnb|Arvaniti|2010)) notes that speakers of some local varieties, notably that of [[Larnaca]], "substitute" the geminate fricative for ((IPA|/ʎ/)),((sfn|Arvaniti|2010|pp=10–11)) but ((harvnb|Pappas|2009)) contests this, saying that, "((IPA|[ʝ(ː)])) is robustly present in the three urban areas of Lefkosia, Lemesos and Larnaka as well as the rural Kokinohoria region, especially among teenaged speakers ... the innovative pronunciation ((IPA|[ʝ(ː)])) is not a feature of any local [[patois]], but rather a supra-local feature."((sfn|Pappas|2009|p=313))

The palatal nasal ((IPA|[ɲ])) is produced somewhat longer than other single nasals, though not as long as geminates. ((IPA|/z/)) is similarly "rather long".((sfn|Arvaniti|1999|pp=2–3))

The alveolar trill ((IPA|/r/)) is the geminate counterpart of the tap ((IPA|/ɾ/)).((sfn|Arvaniti|1999|p=3))<!-- ((IPA|/ɾ/)) is devoiced before voiceless consonants.((citation needed|date=February 2013))-->

====Palatalisation and glide hardening====
In analyses that posit a phonemic (but not phonetic) [[glide (linguistics)|glide]] ((IPA|/j/)), palatals and postalveolars arise from ((mono|CJV)) (consonant–glide–vowel) clusters, namely:((sfn|Nevins|Chirotan|2008|pp=13–14))

((columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* ((IPA|/mj))((mono|V))((IPA|/)) → ((IPA|[mɲ))((mono|V))((IPA|]))
* ((IPA|/nj))((mono|V))((IPA|/)) → ((IPA|[ɲː))((mono|V))((IPA|]))
* ((IPA|/lj))((mono|V))((IPA|/)) → ((IPA|[ʎː))((mono|V))((IPA|])) or ((IPA|[ʝː))((mono|V))((IPA|]))
* ((IPA|/kj))((mono|V))((IPA|/)) → ((IPA|[t͡ʃ))((mono|V))((IPA|])) or ((IPA|[c))((mono|V))((IPA|]))
* ((IPA|/xj))((mono|V))((IPA|/)) → ((IPA|[ʃ))((mono|V))((IPA|])) or ((IPA|[ç))((mono|V))((IPA|]))
* ((IPA|/ɣj))((mono|V))((IPA|/)) → ((IPA|[ʝ))((mono|V))((IPA|]))
* ((IPA|/zj))((mono|V))((IPA|/)) → ((IPA|[ʒː))((mono|V))((IPA|]))
* ((IPA|/t͡sj))((mono|V))((IPA|/)) → ((IPA|[t͡ʃʰː))((mono|V))((IPA|]))
* ((IPA|/sj))((mono|V))((IPA|/)) → ((IPA|[ʃː))((mono|V))((IPA|]))))

The glide is not assimilated, but hardens to an [[obstruent]] ((IPA|[c])) after ((IPA|/p t f v θ ð/)) and to ((IPA|[k])) after ((IPA|/ɾ/)).((sfn|Nevins|Chirotan|2008|pp=13–14)) At any rate, velar stops and fricatives are in [[complementary distribution]] with palatals and postalveolars before front vowels ((IPA|/e i/));((sfn|Arvaniti|1999|p=3)) that is to say, broadly, ((IPA|/k kʰː/)) are [[Palatalization (sound change)|palatalised]] to either ((IPA|[c cʰː])) or ((IPA|[t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰː])); ((IPA|/x xː/)) to ((IPA|[((IPAplink|ç)) çː])) or ((IPA|[ʃ ʃː])); and ((IPA|/ɣ/)) to ((IPA|[ʝ])).

====Geminates====
There is considerable disagreement on how to classify Cypriot Greek geminates, though they are now generally understood to be "geminates proper" (rather than clusters of identical phonemes or "[[Fortis and lenis|fortis]]" consonants).((sfn|Arvaniti|2010|p=12)) Geminates are 1.5 to 2 times longer than singletons, depending, primarily, on position and stress.((sfn|Arvaniti|2010|pp=4–5)) Geminates occur both word-initially and word-medially. Word-initial geminates tend to be somewhat longer.((sfn|Arvaniti|2010|p=5)) ((harvnb|Tserdanelis|Arvaniti|2001)) have found that "for stops, in particular, this lengthening affects both closure duration and [[Voice onset time|VOT]]",((sfn|Tserdanelis|Arvaniti|2001|p=35)) but ((harvnb|Davy|Panayotou|2003)) claim that stops contrast only in aspiration, and not duration.((sfn|Davy|Panayotou|2003|p=8|ps=: "...there is no evidence for the assumption that CG ((IPA|/pʰ/)) is distinctively long (or geminate). The CGasp system contains simply tense aspirated and lax unaspirated stops.")) ((harvnb|Armosti|2010)) undertook a perceptual study with thirty native speakers of Cypriot Greek,((sfn|Armosti|2010|pp=37)) and has found that both closure duration and (the duration and properties of) aspiration provide important cues in distinguishing between the two kinds of stops, but aspiration is slightly more significant.((sfn|Armosti|2010|pp=52–53))

====Assimilatory processes====
Word-final ((IPA|/n/)) [[Assimilation (linguistics)|assimilates]] with succeeding consonants—other than stops and affricates—at word boundaries producing post-lexical geminates.((sfn|Arvaniti|2010|p=8)) Consequently, geminate voiced fricatives, though generally not phonemic, do occur as allophones. <!--For ((IPA|/l/)) and ((IPA|/lː/)), this process was found to give rise to a four-way durational distinction: lexical singleton ((IPA|/l/)), lexical geminate ((IPA|/lː/)), ((IPA|/n/)) + singleton ((IPA|/l/)) → post-lexical ((IPA|[lˑ])) (shorter than the lexical geminate), and ((IPA|/n/)) + geminate ((IPA|/lː/)) → post-lexical "super-geminate" ((IPA|[lːˑ])) (longer).((sfn|Payne|Eftychiou|2006|p=195)) This might hold true for consonants other than ((IPA|/l/)) and ((IPA|/lː/)), but no studies have been conducted to prove that that is the case. ((harvnb|Armosti|2007)) casts doubt on whether this difference is phonemic.((sfn|Armosti|2007|pp=763–764|ps=: "The only robust contrast was arguably between S and WI-G, i.e. between lexical categories. The post-lexical categories, and especially WB-G, were not readily identified by the subjects. No concrete evidence was found for the four categories being, in fact, four linguistically functional categories."))--> Below are some examples of geminates to arise from [[sandhi]].
* ((IPA|/ton ˈluka/)) → ((IPA|[to‿ˈlˑuka])) ((lang|el|τον Λούκα)) "Lucas" (acc.)
* ((IPA|/en ˈða/)) → ((IPA|[e‿ˈðːa])) ((lang|el|εν δα)) "[s/he] is here"
* ((IPA|/pu tin ˈɾiza/)) → ((IPA|[pu ti‿ˈriza])) ((lang|el|που την ρίζα)) "from the root"

In contrast, singleton stops and affricates do not undergo gemination, but become fully voiced when preceded by a nasal, with the nasal becoming [[Homorganic consonants|homorganic]].((sfn|Arvaniti|1999|pp=2–3)) This process is not restricted to terminal nasals; singleton stops and affricates always become voiced following a nasal.((sfn|Arvaniti|1999|p=4))
* ((IPA|/kaˈpnizumen ˈpuɾa/)) → ((IPA|[kaˈpnizumem‿ˈbuɾa])) ((lang|el|καπνίζουμεν πούρα)) "[we] smoke cigars"
* ((IPA|/an ˈt͡ʃe/)) → ((IPA|[an‿ˈd͡ʒe])) ((lang|el|αν τζ̌αι)) "even though"
* ((IPA|/tin ciɾi.aˈcin/)) → ((IPA|[tiɲ‿ɟirĭ.aˈcin])) ((lang|el|την Κυριακήν)) "on Sunday"

Word-final ((IPA|/n/)) is altogether [[Elision|elided]] before geminate stops and consonant clusters:((sfn|Arvaniti|1999|p=5))
* ((IPA|/eˈpiasamen ˈfcoɾa/)) → ((IPA|[eˈpcasame‿ˈfcoɾa])) ((lang|el|επιάσαμεν φκιόρα)) "[we] bought flowers"
* ((IPA|/ˈpa‿stin cʰːeˈlːe/)) → ((IPA|[ˈpa‿sti‿cʰːeˈlːe])) ((lang|el|πα' στην κκελλέ)) "on the head"

Like with ((IPA|/n/)), word-final ((IPA|/s/)) assimilates to following ((IPA|[s])) and ((IPA|[ʃ])) producing geminates:((sfn|Armosti|2011|p=97))
* ((IPA|/as ʃoˈnisi/)) → ((IPA|[a‿ʃːoˈnisi])) ((lang|el|ας σ̌ονίσει)) "let it snow"

Lastly, word-final ((IPA|/s/)) becomes voiced when followed by a voiced consonant belonging to the same phrase, like in Standard Greek:((sfn|Arvaniti|1999|p=5))
* ((IPA|/tis ˈmaltas/)) → ((IPA|[tiz‿ˈmaltas])) ((lang|el|της Μάλτας)) "of [[Malta]]"
* ((IPA|/aˈɣonas ˈðromu/)) → ((IPA|[aˈɣonaz‿ˈðromu])) ((lang|el|αγώνας δρόμου)) "race"

===Vowels===
[[File:Cypriot Greek vowel chart.svg|thumb|250px|The [[Vowel diagram|vowels]] of Cypriot Greek. Adapted from ((harvnb|Arvaniti|1999|p=4)).]]

Cypriot Greek has a five-vowel system ((IPA|/((IPAplink|i)), ((IPAplink|u)), ((IPAplink|e̞|e)), ((IPAplink|o̞|o)), ((IPAplink|ɐ|a))/))((sfn|Georgiou|2018|p=70)) ((sfn|Georgiou|2019|p=4)) that is nearly identical to that of Standard Modern Greek.((efn|group=note|For an acoustic comparison of the two vowel systems see ((harvnb|Themistocleous|2017a)) and ((harvnb|Themistocleous|2017b)).))

Close vowels ((IPA|/i u/)) following ((IPA|/t/)) at the end of an utterance are regularly reduced (50% of all cases presented in study) to "fricated vowels" (40% of all cases, cf. Slavic [[yer]]s), and are sometimes [[Elision|elided]] altogether (5% of all cases).((sfn|Eftychiou|2007|p=518))

In glide-less analyses, ((IPA|/i/)) may alternate with ((IPA|[k])) or ((IPA|[c])),((sfn|Arvaniti|2010|p=1)) e.g. ((IPA|[kluvi])) "cage" → ((IPA|[klufca])) "cages", or ((IPA|[kulːuɾi])) "[[wikt:koulouri|koulouri]]" → ((IPA|[kulːuɾ̥ka])) "koulouria"; and, like in Standard Modern Greek, it is pronounced ((IPA|[ɲ])) when found between ((IPA|/m/)) and another vowel that belongs to the same syllable,((sfn|Arvaniti|1999|p=4)) e.g. ((IPA|[mɲa])) "one" (f.).

===Stress===
Cypriot Greek has [[Stress (linguistics)|"dynamic" stress]].((sfn|Arvaniti|1999|p=5)) Both consonants and vowels are longer in stressed than in unstressed syllables, and the effect is stronger word-initially.((sfn|Arvaniti|2010|pp=17–18)) There is only one stress per word, and it can fall on any of the last four syllables. Stress on the fourth-last syllable in a word is rare and normally limited to certain verb forms. Because of that possibility, however, when words with antepenultimate stress are followed by an enclitic in Cypriot Greek, no extra stress is added unlike Standard Modern Greek in which stress falls only on one of the last three syllables),((sfn|Arvaniti|1999|p=5)) e.g. Cypriot Greek ((lang|el|το ποδήλατον μου)) ((IPA|[to poˈðilato‿mːu])), Standard Modern Greek ((lang|el|το ποδήλατό μου)) ((IPA|[to poˌðilaˈto‿mu])) "my bicycle".

==Grammar==
((Further|Modern Greek grammar))

An overview of syntactic and morphological differences between Standard Modern Greek and Cypriot Greek can be found in ((harvnb|Hadjioannou|Tsiplakou|Kappler|2011|pp=568–9)).
<!--

===Morphology===
The main morphological differences between Standard Modern Greek and Cypriot Greek are the following:((sfn|Hadjioannou|Tsiplakou|Kappler|2011|p=568))
* different [[interrogative word]] for "what" ((lang|el|ίντα)) ((IPA|[ˈiⁿda])) instead of ((lang|el|τί)) ((IPA|[ti]))
* different [[determiner]] ((lang|el|τες)) ((IPA|[tes])) instead of ((lang|el|τις)) ((IPA|[tis])) in the [[grammatical gender|feminine]] [[accusative case|accusative]] plural
* penultimate stress in the [[nominative case|nominative]] plural of second [[declension]] nouns and the [[genitive case|genitive]] plural of first declension feminine [[pronoun]]s((clarify|reason=Please provide the NOM sg. place of accent of (various) cases so that a comparison can be made with SMG.|date=April 2015))
* different plural [[morpheme]]s, e.g. ((lang|el|γιούδες)) ((IPA|[ˈʝuðes])) instead of ((lang|el|γιοι)) ((IPA|[ʝi])) "sons" (sg. ((lang|el|γιος)))((clarify|reason=In which declension(s)/group(s)?|date=April 2015))
* different [[demonstrative pronoun]] ((lang|el|τουν)) ((IPA|[tun-])) instead of ((lang|el|τούτο)) ((IPA|[tuto]))((clarify|reason=Probably NEU; if so, please state it explicitly. Similarly, if instead it's MASC (ACC) or both NEU and MASC (ACC).|date=April 2015))
* different third person plural suffix in present and past tense ((IPA|[-usin])) and ((IPA|[-asin])) instead of ((IPA|[-un])) and ((IPA|[-an])), respectively
* different second person plural morpheme in past tenses ((IPA|[-mete])) instead of ((IPA|[-nate]))((clarify|reason=SMG [-nate]? In SMG, [-nate] means that the verb's root ends in n (the suffix is [-ate]). Does that mean that SMG 'lynate' is 'lymete' in CG changing the root, is this simply a typo and [-ate] (or [-gate] or [-sate]) was meant, or is it a case of 'kano' vs 'kam(n)o'? In any case, what is the meaning of 'morpheme' in this context?|date=April 2015)) 
* syllabic [[augment (linguistics)|augment]] ((IPA|[e])) in past tenses((clarify|reason=Does this mean that it is universally applied? SMG verbs also get syllabic augments but not consistently or at all persons, or put in another way, consistency is found only when the augment is accented in non-compound forms of the verbs.|date=April 2015))
* different future particle ((lang|el|εννά)) ((IPA|[eˈnːa])) instead of ((lang|el|θα)) ((IPA|[θa]))
* different negation marker in non-indicative [[grammatical mood|mood]] ((lang|el|μεν)) ((IPA|[men])) instead of ((lang|el|μη(ν))) ((IPA|[mi(n)]))

===Syntax===
The main syntactic differences between Standard Modern Greek and Cypriot Greek are the following:((sfn|Hadjioannou|Tsiplakou|Kappler|2011|p=569))
* [[clitic]] comes after the verb instead of before it when the verb is emphasized and in the beginning of the sentence, e.g. ((lang|el|είδες το)) ((IPA|[ˈiðes to])) instead of ((lang|el|το είδες)) ((IPA|[to ˈiðes])) "you saw it"
* obligatory [[cleft sentence|clefting]] in wh-questions induced by ''inda'', e.g. ((IPA|[ˈiⁿda ᵐbu ˈiðes])) "what is it that you saw?" instead of ((IPA|[ti ˈiðes])) "what did you see?"
* optional clefting in other wh-questions
* focus clefting (no focus movement), e.g. ((IPA|[e ˈⁿdi ˈkseɲːa ᵐbu ˈiðes])) "it is Xenia that you saw" for ((IPA|[tin ˈkseɲa ˈiðes])) "you saw Xenia"
* indirect before direct object with post-verbal clitics, e.g. ((IPA|[ˈstil mu to])) "send me it" instead of ((IPA|[ˈstile ˈto mu])) "send it to me"
-->

==Vocabulary==
More loanwords are in everyday use than in Standard Modern Greek.((sfn|Ammon|2006|p=1886)) These come from [[Old French]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Occitan language|Occitan]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] and, increasingly, from [[English language|English]]. There are also Arabic expressions (via Turkish) like ((lang|el-CY|μάσ̌σ̌αλλα)) ((IPA|[ˈmaʃːalːa])) "[[mashallah]]" and ((lang|el-CY|ίσ̌σ̌αλλα)) ((IPA|[ˈiʃːalːa])) "[[inshallah]]". Much of the Cypriot core vocabulary is different from the modern standard's, e.g. ((lang|el-CY|συντυχάννω)) ((IPA|[sindiˈxanːo])) in addition to ((lang|el|μιλώ)) "I talk", ((lang|el|θωρώ)) ((IPA|[θοˈɾo])) instead of ((lang|el|βλέπω)) "I look", etc. A historically interesting example is the occasional use of archaic ((lang|el-CY|πόθεν)) instead of ((lang|el|από πού)) for the interrogative "from where?" which makes its closest translation to the English "whence" which is also archaic in most of the English speaking world.
''[[Ethnologue]]'' reports that the [[lexical similarity]] between Cypriot Greek and [[Demotic Greek]] is in the range of 84–93%.<ref>((e18|ell|Greek))</ref>

==Orthography==
((See also|Modern Greek#Writing system))

There is no established orthography for Cypriot Greek.((sfn|Arvaniti|1999|p=1))((sfn|Themistocleous|2010|p=158)) Efforts have been made to introduce [[diacritic]]s to the [[Greek alphabet]] to represent [[palato-alveolar consonant]]s found in Cypriot, but not in Standard Modern Greek, e.g. the [[caron|combining caron]] ((angle bracket|ˇ)), by the authors of the [http://lexcy.library.ucy.ac.cy/Lexicon.aspx "Syntychies" lexicographic database] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413014733/http://lexcy.library.ucy.ac.cy/Lexicon.aspx |date=2021-04-13 )) at the [[University of Cyprus]].((sfn|Themistocleous|Katsoyannou|Armosti|Christodoulou|2012|pp=263–264)) When diacritics are not used, an epenthetic ((angle bracket|ι))—often accompanied by the systematic substitution of the preceding consonant letter—may be used to the same effect (as in [[Polish language|Polish]]), e.g. Standard Modern Greek ((lang|el|παντζάρι)) ((IPA|[paˈ(n)d͡zaɾi])) → Cypriot Greek ((lang|el|ππαντζ'''ι'''άρι)) ((IPA|[pʰːaˈnd͡ʒaɾi])), Standard Modern Greek ((lang|el|χέρι)) ((IPA|[ˈçeɾi])) → Cypriot Greek ((lang|el|'''σι'''έρι)) ((IPA|[ˈʃeɾi])).

[[Geminate]]s (and [[Aspirated consonant|aspirates]]) are represented by two of the same letter, e.g. ((lang|el|σή'''μμ'''ερα)) ((IPA|[ˈsimːeɾa])) "today", though this may not be done in cases where the spelling would not coincide with Standard Modern Greek's, e.g. ((lang|el|σήμμερα)) would still be spelt ((lang|el|σήμερα)).((efn|group=note|Geminates are present in Cypriot Greek and were present (and distinct) in Ancient and earlier Koine, but they are not in Standard Modern Greek. Late twentieth-century spelling reforms in Greece were not indiscriminate, i.e. some words are still spelt with two consecutive consonant letters, but are not pronounced that way. In addition, Cypriot Greek has developed geminates in words where they were not previously found.))

Despite the centuries-long existence of Greek Cypriot literature, the dialect wasn't widely written until the rise of [[computer-mediated communication]] in the 2000s. Online and in [[text messaging]], Cypriot Greek, like Standard Modern Greek, is commonly written in the [[Latin script]],((sfn|Themistocleous|2010|pp=158–159)) and English spelling conventions may be adopted for shared sounds,((sfn|Themistocleous|2010|p=165)) e.g. ((angle bracket|sh)) for ((IPA|/ʃ/)) (and ((IPA|/ʃː/))).

== Some comparisons between Cypriot Greek and Standard Greek ==
Cypriot Greek demonstrates a prevalence of archaic elements. The following comparisons provide a visual representation of this phenomenon.

The tables below do not imply that they were written down the same in Attic Greek but it's simply using the modern Greek alphabet's pronunciation system applied on attic Greek for comparison purposes. 

The [[Ancient Greek phonology|classical attic Greek]] X was pronounced as an aspirated Κ similar to the English K. Θ = aspirated Τ, Γ = ΓΚ/ΓΓ and Β = ΜΠ. In classical attic Greek Η was pronounced a long Ε and not like the modern Greek I, Y <ref name=":0">((Citation |title=Ancient Greek phonology |date=2023-05-10 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_phonology&oldid=1154100474 |work=Wikipedia |access-date=2023-05-15 |language=en))</ref><ref name=":1">((Citation |title=Βικιλεξικό:Κύρια Σελίδα |date=2022-01-09 |url=https://el.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C:%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1&oldid=5396829 |encyclopedia=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |access-date=2023-05-15 |language=el))</ref> 
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Standard <ref name=":1" />
![[Ancient Greek phonology|Classical Attic pronunciation]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|Χ
|[[Aspirated consonant|kʰ]]
|-
|Θ
|[[Aspirated consonant|tʰ]]
|-
|Γ
|ΓΚ 
|-
|Β
|ΜΠ
|-
|Η
|ΕΕ
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonant pronunciation<ref name=":2">((Cite web |title=Ranieri's Greek Pronunciation Chronology |url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1fv46XgPPJy-ky9FUSApiemOVmtc8i6q7ZL5XkqtmMWA/edit?usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Google Docs |language=en-US))</ref> 
!Standard <ref name=":1" />
!Cypriot
!Classical Attic
pronunciation<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|άργησα
|άρκησα
|άργκησα
|-
|άρχισα
|άρκεψα
|άρkʰισα
|-
|έρχομαι
|έρκομαι
έρκουμαι
|έρkʰομαι
|-
|ευχαριστώ
|ευκαριστώ
|ευkʰαριστώ
|-
|πάσχα
|πάσκαν
|πάσkʰαν
|-
|ερθώ
|έρτω
|έρtʰω
|-
|βλέπω
|ημπλέπω
|μπλέπω
|-
|είδα
|άμπλεψα/έμπλεψα
|έμπλεψα
|-
|αγρίζω 
|αγκρίζω
|αγκρίζω
|-
|ποτέ
|ποtʰέ
|ποτέ
|}
αγκρίζω is often confused for an English loan word but it's actually derived from the ancient αγρίζω, from άγριος.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Some vowel comparisons<ref name=":2" />
!Standard<ref name=":1" /> 
!Cypriot
!Classical Attic
pronunciation<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|σκληρό 
|σκλερό 
|σκλεερό
|-
|μην
|μεν
|μεεν
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Extra words:
!Standard<ref name=":1" /> 
!Cypriot
!Classical Attic
<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|αρέσει 
|αρέσκει  
|αρέσκει 
|-
|κάνω 
|κάμνω  
|κάμνω  
|-
|κάνουν 
|κάμνουσιν
|κάμνουσιν
|-
|από που
|πόθεν
|πόtʰεν  
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Verbs
!Standard<ref name=":1" /> 
!Cypriot
!Classical Attic
<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
!Translation
|-
|κάνω 
|κάμνω 
|κάμνω
|I'm doing
|-
|έκανες
|έκαμες
|έκαμε
|You did
|-
|έκανες
|έκαμνες
|έκαμνες
|You were doing
|-
|έκανε
|έκαμεν
|έκαμεν
|He did
|-
|έκανε
|έκαμνεν
|έκαμνεν
|He was doing
|-
|κάνουν 
|κάμνουσιν  
|κάμνουσιν  
|They are doing
|-
|κάνουμε
|κάμνουμεν
|κάμνομεν
|We are doing
|-
|κάνετε 
|κάμνετε
|κάμνετε
|You are doing (plural)
|-
|κάνετε
|κάμετε
|κάμετε  
|Do it (plural)
|-
|κάνατε
|εκάματε
|εκάματε
|You did (plrural)
|-
|κάνουμε
|κάμνουμεν
|κάμνομεν
|We are doing
|-
|το κάνεις
|κάμνειστο
|κάμνεις αὐτό
|You are doing it
|-
|το κάνει
|κάμνειτο
|κάμνει αὐτό
|He is doing it
|}

== Example texts of the dialect ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Η 9η Ιουλίου του 1821 (Written around 1884-1895)<ref>((Cite web |title=Η 9η Ιουλίου του 1821 - Βικιθήκη |url=https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%97_9%CE%B7_%CE%99%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_1821 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=el.wikisource.org |language=el))((PD-notice))</ref>
|-
|18 «Η Ρωμιοσύνη εν φυλή συνότζαιρη του κόσμου,
κανένας εν εβρέθηκεν για να την ι-ξηλείψη,

κανένας, γιατί σιέπει την που τα 'ψη ο Θεός μου.

Η Ρωμιοσύνη εν να χαθή, όντες ο κόσμος λείψει!

19 Σφάξε μας ούλους τζι ας γενεί το γαίμαν μας αυλάτζιν,

κάμε τον κόσμον ματζιελλειόν τζαι τους Ρωμιούς ταούλλια,

αμμά ξέρε πως ύλαντρον όντες κοπεί καβάτζιν

τριγύρου του πετάσσουνται τρακόσια παραπούλια.

Το 'νιν αντάν να τρώ' την γην, τρώει την γην θαρκέται

μα πάντα τζιείνον τρώεται τζαι τζιείνον καταλυέται.

Είσαι πολλά πικράντερος, όμως αν θεν να σφάξης,

σφάξε τους λας που πολεμούν αλλού αρματωμένοι.

Εμάς με σιέρκα όφκαιρα γιατί να μας πειράξεις,

πού 'μαστον δίχως άρματα, τζι είμαστον νεπαμέν


8 Η νύχτα πκιον αρκίνησεν περίτου ν' αναρκώνη,

εγίνην η ανατολή κροκότσιηνη περίτου,

άρτζιεψεν πκιον το Σάββατον να πικροξημερώννη

τζι ακούστηκεν του ξύλενου σημάντρου η φωνή του.

Εξέβην ο Τζιυπριανός με τζιείνον τον καμόν του,

τζι επήεν εις την εκκλησ'ιάν τζαι βάλλει τον σταυρόν του

τζι ήτουν όσον τζι εκάμασιν αρκήν της λειτουργίας,

τζι εστάθηκεν περίλυπος τζαι σγιαν να δκιαλοίστην,

τζι επήεν τζι εγονάτισεν ομπρός της Παναίας

τζαι κάτι εψουψούρισεν τζι ευτύς εκλαμουρίστην.


27 «Εγιώ, αφέντη, μανιχά άκουσα να λαλούσιν,

πως ήρτεν ένας τοπκιανός καλόηρος που πέρα

τζι έφερεν κάμποσα χαρκιά πο τζιει που πολεμούσιν

τζι έδωκεν τα τζαι χάθηκεν, δεν έμεινεν με μέραν,

τζαι τζιείνα ούλλα τα χαρκιά πως ήταν του πολέμου.

Τα άλλα ούλλα που λαλείς εν τάκουσα ποττέ μου.»

«Είντα μας περιπαίζεις, βρε, είμαστον μισταρκοί σου;

Είπες το με το στόμαν σου μεσ' σ' τόσον παναύριν,

πε το, γιατί σκοτώννω σε, κόβκω την τζιεφαλήν σου.

Φέρτε μου τον τζιελλάττην δα, ναν δαχαμαί χαζίριν!»


30 Τότες πκιον εσυντύχασιν ούλοι κάμποσην ώραν,

για τζιείνους πων να κόψουσιν τζι αννοίξαν το δεφτέριν

τζι είδασιν πόσοι εν π' αλλού τζιαι πόσοι που την Χώραν

τζιαι πόσοι για συρτοθηλειάν τζιαι πόσοι για μασιαίριν.

τζι είσιεν πεντ' έξι πούπασιν πως εν πολλοί τζι εν κρίμαν,

τζι ο Μουσελλίμης είπεν τους: «Εν ούλλοι για το μνήμαν»!

Ο ήλιος πκιον εστύλλωσεν, εγίνην μεσομέριν

τζι ακούστην εις τον μιναρέν ο χότζ'ας να φωνάζη

τζι επάψασιν την συντυσιάν τζι αφήκαν το δεφτέριν

τζι εσηκωθήκαν ούλοι τους τζι επήαν στο ναμάζι.
|}

==See also==
* [[Languages of Cyprus]]
* [[Arcadocypriot Greek]] for the ancient Greek spoken on Cyprus

==Footnotes==
'''Explanatory notes'''
((notelist|group=note|colwidth=40em))

'''Citations'''
((reflist|colwidth=20em))

==Bibliography==
((refbegin|colwidth=40em|indent=yes))
* ((cite book
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 |edition      = 2
 |publisher    = Walter de Gruyter
 |isbn         = 9783110184181
 |url          = https://books.google.com/books?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C
))
* ((cite book
 |last             = Armosti
 |first            = Spyros
 |publication-date = 2010
 |chapter          = The perception of plosive gemination in Cypriot Greek
 |title            = On-line Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of Modern Greek Dialects and Linguistic Theory
 |pages            = 33–53
 |date             = 11–14 June 2009
 |location         = Chios, Greece
 |url              = https://www.academia.edu/1277430
 |ref              = ((sfnref|Armosti|2010))
))
* ((cite book
 |last        = Armosti
 |first       = Spyros
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 |chapter     = Fricative and sonorant super-geminates in Cypriot Greek: a perceptual study
 |title       = Studies in Modern Greek Dialects and Linguistic Theory
 |pages       = 97–112
 |location    = Nicosia
 |publisher   = Research Centre of Kykkos Monastery
 |chapter-url = https://www.academia.edu/1279276
))
* ((cite journal
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 |first   = Amalia
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 |doi     = 10.1017/S002510030000654X
 |s2cid   = 163926812
))
* ((cite journal
|last         = Arvaniti
|first         = Amalia
|year         = 2006
|title         = Erasure as a means of maintaining diglossia in Cyprus
|journal         = San Diego Linguistic Papers
|issue         = 2
|url         = http://escholarship.org/uc/item/4q90b3fm
))
* ((cite book
|last         = Arvaniti
|first         = Amalia
|year         = 2010
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|title         = The Greek Language in Cyprus from Antiquity to the Present Day
|pages         = 107–124
|publisher         = University of Athens
|chapter-url         = https://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/ArvanitiCY.pdf
|url-status         = dead
|archive-url         = https://web.archive.org/web/20160123141552/https://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/ArvanitiCY.pdf
|archive-date         = 2016-01-23
))
* ((cite conference
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 |ref              = ((sfnref|Davy|Ioannou|Panayotou|1996))
))
* ((cite conference
 |last1        = Davy
 |first1       = Jim
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 |title        = Phonological constraint on the phonetics of Cypriot Greek: does Cypriot Greek have geminate stops?
 |conference   = Proceedings of 6th International Conference of Greek Linguistics
 |date         = 8–21 September 2003
 |location     = Rethymno, Greece
 |url          = http://www.philology.uoc.gr/conferences/6thICGL/ebook/d/davy%26panayotou.pdf
 |access-date  = 11 February 2013
 |archive-date = 4 October 2018
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20181004053206/http://www.philology.uoc.gr/conferences/6thICGL/ebook/d/davy%26panayotou.pdf
 |url-status   = dead
))
* ((cite conference
 |last       = Eftychiou
 |first      = Eftychia
 |title      = Stop-vowel coarticulation in Cypriot Greek
 |book-title = Proceedings of the International Congress of Phonetic Sciences XVI
 |pages      = 517–520
 |date       = 6–10 August 2007
 |location   = Saarbrücken, Germany
 |url        = http://www.icphs2007.de/conference/Papers/1409/1409.pdf
))
* ((cite journal
|last          = Georgiou
|first         = Georgios
|year          = 2018
|title         = Discrimination of L2 Greek vowel contrasts: Evidence from learners with Arabic L1 background
|journal       = Speech Communication
|volume        = 102
|pages         = 68–77
|doi           = 10.1016/j.specom.2018.07.003
|s2cid = 52297330
))
* ((cite journal
|last          = Georgiou
|first         = Georgios
|year          = 2019
|title         = Bit and beat are heard as the same: Mapping the vowel perceptual patterns of Greek-English bilingual children
|journal       = Language Sciences
|volume        = 72
|pages         = 1–12
|doi           = 10.1016/j.langsci.2018.12.001
|s2cid = 150229377
))
* ((cite journal
|last1=Grohmann
|first1=Kleanthes K.
|last2=Papadopoulou
|first2=Elena
|last3=Themistocleous
|first3=Charalambos
|date=2017
|title=Acquiring Clitic Placement in Bilectal Settings: Interactions between Social Factors
|journal=Frontiers in Communication
|volume=2
|issue=5
|doi=10.3389/fcomm.2017.00005
|doi-access=free
))
* ((cite journal
|last1         = Hadjioannou
|first1        = Xenia
|last2         = Tsiplakou
|first2        = Stavroula
|last3         = Kappler
|first3        = Matthias
|year          = 2011
|title         = Language policy and language planning in Cyprus
|journal       = Current Issues in Language Planning
|volume        = 12
|issue         = 4
|pages         = 503–569
|doi           = 10.1080/14664208.2011.629113
|hdl = 10278/29371
|s2cid = 143966308
|hdl-access= free
))
* ((cite book
|last          = Joseph
|first         = Brian D.
|chapter       = Greek, Modern
|pages         = 464–467
|year          = 2010
|editor1-last  = Brown
|editor1-first = Keith
|editor2-last  = Ogilvie
|editor2-first = Sarah
|title         = Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
|publisher     = Elsevier
|isbn          = 9780080877754
))
* ((cite book
|last1         = Joseph
|first1        = Brian D.
|last2         = Tserdanelis
|first2        = Georgios
|chapter       = Modern Greek
|title         = Variationstypologie. Ein sprachtypologisches Handbuch zu den europäischen Sprachen in Geschichte und Gegenwart / Variation Typology. A Typological Handbook of European Languages
|editor-last   = Roelcke
|editor-first  = Thorsten
|year          = 2003
|pages         = 823–836
|publisher     = Walter de Gruyter
))
* ((cite journal
 |last1   = Nevins
 |first1  = Andrew Ira
 |last2   = Chirotan
 |first2  = Ioana
 |year    = 2008
 |title   = Phonological Representations and the Variable Patterning of Glides
 |pages   = 1979–1997
 |journal = Lingua
 |volume  = 118
 |issue   = 12
 |url     = http://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/000535/current.pdf
 |doi     = 10.1016/j.lingua.2007.10.006
 |s2cid   = 59373528
))
* ((cite book
 |last       = Newton
 |first      = Brian
 |year       = 1972
 |title      = Cypriot Greek: Its phonology and inflections
 |url        = https://archive.org/details/cypriotgreekitsp0000newt
 |url-access = registration
 |location   = The Hague
 |publisher  = Mouton
))
* ((cite conference
|last         = Pappas
|first         = Panayiotis
|title         = A new sociolinguistic variable in Cypriot Greek
|book-title         = On-line Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of Modern Greek Dialects and Linguistic Theory
|pages         = 305–314
|date         = 11–14 June 2009
|location         = Chios, Greece
|url         = http://lmgd.philology.upatras.gr/el/research/downloads/MGDLT4_Proceedings.pdf
|url-status         = dead
|archive-url         = https://web.archive.org/web/20130524233700/http://lmgd.philology.upatras.gr/el/research/downloads/MGDLT4_Proceedings.pdf
|archive-date         = 24 May 2013
))
* ((cite book
|last1=Themistocleous
|first1=Charalambos
|last2=Tsiplakou
|first2=Stavroula
|date=2013
|chapter=High Rising Terminals In Cypriot Greek: Charting `Urban' Intonation
|editor1-last=Auer
|editor1-first=Peter
|editor2-last=Reina
|editor2-first=Javier Caro
|editor3-last=Kaufmann
|editor3-first=Göz
|title=Language Variation - European Perspectives IV: Selected papers from the Sixth International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 6), Freiburg, June 2011
|location=Amsterdam
|publisher=John Benjamin's
|pages=159–172
))
* ((cite book
|last1=Themistocleous
|first1=Charalambos
|last2=Logotheti
|first2=Angeliki
|date=2016
|chapter=Standard Modern Greek and Cypriot Greek vowels: a sociophonetic study
|editor1-last=Ralli
|editor1-first=Angela
|editor2-last=Koutsoukos
|editor2-first=Nikos
|editor3-last=Bompolas
|editor3-first=Stavros
|title=6th International Conference on Modern Greek Dialects and Linguistic Theory (MGDLT6), September 25-28, 2014
|publisher=University of Patras
|pages=177–183
))
* ((cite journal
|last=Themistocleous
|first=Charalambos
|date=2014
|title=Edge-Tone Effects and Prosodic Domain Effects on Final Lengthening
|journal=Linguistic Variation
|volume=14
|issue=1
|pages=129–160
|doi=10.1075/lv.14.1.06the
))
* ((cite journal
|last=Themistocleous
|first=Charalambos
|s2cid=24397973
|date=2016
|title=Seeking an Anchorage. Stability and Variability in Tonal Alignment of Rising Prenuclear Pitch Accents in Cypriot Greek
|journal=Language and Speech
|volume=59
|issue=4
|pages=433–461
|doi=10.1177/0023830915614602
|pmid=28008803
))
* ((cite journal
|last=Themistocleous
|first=Charalambos
|date=2016
|title=The bursts of stops can convey dialectal information
|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|volume=140
|issue=4
|pages=EL334–EL339
|doi=10.1121/1.4964818
|pmid=27794314
|bibcode=2016ASAJ..140L.334T
|doi-access=free
))
* ((cite book
|last1=Themistocleous
|first1=Charalambos
|last2=Savva
|first2=Angelandria
|last3=Aristodemou
|first3=Andrie
|date=2016
|chapter=Effects of stress on fricatives: Evidence from Standard Modern Greek
|title=Interspeech 2016
|pages=1–4
))
* ((cite journal
|last=Themistocleous
|first=Charalambos
|date=2017a
|title=Dialect classification using vowel acoustic parameters
|journal=Speech Communication
|volume=92
|pages=13–22
|doi=10.1016/j.specom.2017.05.003
))
* ((cite journal
|last=Themistocleous
|first=Charalambos
|date=2017b
|title=The Nature of Phonetic Gradience across a Dialect Continuum: Evidence from Modern Greek Vowels
|journal=Phonetica
|volume=74
|issue=3
|pages=157–172
|doi=10.1159/000450554
|pmid=28268213
|s2cid=7596117
))
* ((cite conference
 |last1        = Themistocleous
 |first1       = Charalambos
 |last2        = Katsoyannou
 |first2       = Marianna
 |last3        = Armosti
 |first3       = Spyros
 |last4        = Christodoulou
 |first4       = Kyriaci
 |title        = Cypriot Greek Lexicography: A Reverse Dictionary of Cypriot Greek
 |conference   = 15th European Association for Lexicography (EURALEX) Conference
 |date         = 7–11 August 2012
 |location     = Oslo, Norway
 |url          = http://www.euralex.org/elx_proceedings/Euralex2012/pp262-266%20Themistocleus,%20Katsoyannou,%20Armosti%20and%20Christodoulou.pdf
 |access-date  = 12 February 2013
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20160806040450/http://www.euralex.org/elx_proceedings/Euralex2012/pp262-266%20Themistocleus,%20Katsoyannou,%20Armosti%20and%20Christodoulou.pdf
 |archive-date = 6 August 2016
 |url-status   = dead
))
* ((cite journal
 |last    = Themistocleous
 |first   = Christiana
 |year    = 2010
 |title   = Writing in a non-standard Greek variety: Romanized Cypriot Greek in online chat
 |journal = Writing Systems Research
 |volume  = 2
 |issue   = 2
 |series  = 2
 |pages   = 155–168
 |url     = https://www.academia.edu/1254033
 |doi     = 10.1093/wsr/wsq008
))
* ((cite conference
 |last1        = Tserdanelis
 |first1       = Giorgos
 |last2        = Arvaniti
 |first2       = Amalia
 |year         = 2001
 |title        = The acoustic characteristics of geminate consonants in Cypriot Greek
 |book-title   = Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Greek Linguistics
 |pages        = 29–36
 |location     = Thessaloniki, Greece
 |publisher    = University Studio Press
 |url          = http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~arvaniti/Tserdanelis&Arvaniti.pdf
 |access-date  = 2019-07-13
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20100616200432/http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~arvaniti/Tserdanelis%26Arvaniti.pdf
 |archive-date = 2010-06-16
 |url-status   = dead
))
* ((cite conference
|last          = Tsiplakou
|first         = Stravoula
|title         = Charting Nicosian: properties and perceptions of an emergent urban dialect variety
|conference    = Sociolinguistics Symposium 19
|date          = 21–24 August 2012
|location      = Berlin, Germany
))
((refend))

==Further reading==
((refbegin|colwidth=40em|indent=yes))
* ((cite conference
|last          = Armosti
|first         = Spyros
|title         = The perception of Cypriot Greek 'super-geminates'
|conference    = Proceedings of the International Congress of Phonetic Sciences XVI
|pages         = 761–764
|date          = 6–10 August 2007
|location      = Saarbrücken, Germany
|url           = http://www.icphs2007.de/conference/Papers/1551/1551.pdf
))
* ((cite book
|last          = Armosti
|first         = Spyros
|publication-date= 2012
|chapter   = An articulatory study of word-initial stop gemination in Cypriot Greek
|title     = Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of Greek Linguistics
|pages         = 122–133
|date          = 1–4 September 2011
|location      = Komotini, Greece
|url           = http://www.icgl.gr/files/English/3.Armosti_10ICGL_pp.122-133.pdf
|ref           = none
))
* ((cite book
 |last         = Arvaniti
 |first        = Amalia
 |year         = 1998
 |chapter = Phrase accents revisited: comparative evidence from Standard and Cypriot Greek
 |title    = Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing
 |volume       = 7
 |pages        = 2883–2886
 |location     = Sydney
 |url          = http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~arvaniti/Arvaniti_CYPQs_ICSLP1998.pdf
 |access-date  = 2013-05-27
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120311163322/http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~arvaniti/Arvaniti_CYPQs_ICSLP1998.pdf
 |archive-date = 2012-03-11
 |url-status     = dead
))
* ((cite book
 |last      = Arvaniti
 |first     = Amalia
 |year      = 2001
 |chapter   = Comparing the phonetics of single and geminate consonants in Cypriot and Standard Greek.
 |title     = Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Greek Linguistics
 |pages     = 37–44
 |location  = Thessaloniki, Greece
 |publisher = University Studio Press
 |url       = http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~arvaniti/Arvaniti.geminates_ICGL4.pdf
))((Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes ))
* ((cite journal
|last          = Eklund
|first         = Robert
|year          = 2008
|title         = Pulmonic ingressive phonation: Diachronic and synchronic characteristics, distribution and function in animal and human sound production and in human speech
|journal       = Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|pages         = 235–324
|volume        = 38
|issue         = 3
|doi           = 10.1017/S0025100308003563
|s2cid = 146616135
))
* ((cite book
|last          = Gil
|first         = David
|editor1-last  = Dryer
|editor1-first = Matthew S.
|editor2-last  = Haspelmath
|editor2-first = Martin
|year          = 2011
|chapter       = Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks
|title         = The World Atlas of Language Structures Online
|location      = Munich
|publisher     = Max Planck Digital Library
|url           = http://wals.info/chapter/142
))
* ((cite journal
|last1         = Petinou
|first1        = Kakia
|last2         = Okalidou
|first2        = Areti
|year          = 2006
|title         = Speech patterns in Cypriot-Greek late talkers
|journal       = Applied Psycholinguistics
|pages         = 335–353
|volume        = 27
|issue         =3
|doi           = 10.1017/S0142716406060309
|s2cid = 145326236
))
* ((cite journal
|last1         = Payne
|first1        = Elinor
|last2         = Eftychiou
|first2        = Eftychia
|year          = 2006
|title         = Prosodic shaping of consonant gemination in Cypriot Greek
|journal       = Phonetica
|volume        = 63
|issue         = 2–3
|pages         = 175–198
|pmid          = 17028461
|doi=10.1159/000095307
|s2cid = 26027083
))
* ((cite journal
|last1         = Rowe
|first1        = Charley
|last2         = Grohmann
|first2        = Kleanthes K.
|date          = November 2013
|title         = Discrete bilectalism: towards co-overt prestige and diglossic shift in Cyprus 
|journal       = International Journal of the Sociology of Language
|volume        = 2013
|issue         = 224
|pages         = 119–142
|doi           = 10.1515/ijsl-2013-0058
|s2cid = 144677707
))
* ((cite journal
|last1=Bernardi
|first1=Jean-Philippe
|last2=Themistocleous
|first2=Charalambos
|date=2017
|title=Modelling prosodic structure using Artificial Neural Networks.
|journal=Experimental Linguistics 2017
|pages=17–20
|arxiv=1706.03952
))
* ((cite book
|last1=Botinis
|first1=Antonis
|last2=Christofi
|first2=Marios
|last3=Themistocleous
|first3=Charalambos
|last4=Kyprianou
|first4=Aggeliki
|date=2004
|chapter=Duration correlates of stop consonants in Cypriot Greek
|editor1-last=Branderud
|editor1-first=Peter
|editor2-last=Engstrand
|editor2-first=Olle
|editor3-last=Traunmüller
|editor3-first=Hartmut
|title=FONETIK 2004
|location=Stockholm
|publisher=Dept. of Linguistics, Stockholm University
|pages=140–143
))
* ((cite book
|last1=Melissaropoulou
|first1=Dimitra
|last2=Themistocleous
|first2=Charalambos
|last3=Tsiplakou
|first3=Stavroula
|last4=Tsolakidis
|first4=Symeon
|date=2013
|chapter=The Present Perfect in Cypriot Greek revisited
|editor1-last=Auer
|editor1-first=Peter
|editor2-last=Reina
|editor2-first=Javier Caro
|editor3-last=Kaufmann
|editor3-first=Göz
|title=Language Variation -- European Perspectives IV
|location=Amsterdam / Philadelphia
|publisher=John Benjamin's
))
* ((cite thesis
|type=Ph.D.
|last=Themistocleous
|first=Charalambos
|date=2011
|title=Prosody and Information Structure in Greek (Prosodia kai plirophoriaki domi stin Ellinici)
|url=http://www.charalambosthemistocleous.com/
))
* ((cite journal
|last=Themistocleous
|first=Charalambos
|date=2014
|title=Modern Greek Prosody. Using speech melody in communication (Prosodia tis Neas Ellinikis. I axiopoiisi tis melodias tis fonis stin epikoinonia).
|journal=Stasinos
|volume=6
|pages=319–344
))
* ((cite book
|last=Themistocleous
|first=Charalambos
|date=2011
|chapter=Nuclear Accents in Athenian and Cypriot Greek (ta pirinika tonika ipsi tis kipriakis ellinikis)
|editor1-last=Gavriilidou
|editor1-first=Zoe
|editor2-last=Efthymiou
|editor2-first=Angeliki
|editor3-last=Thomadaki
|editor3-first=Evangelia
|editor4-last=Kambakis-Vougiouklis
|editor4-first=Penelope
|title=10th International Conference of Greek Linguistics
|publisher=Democritus University of Thrace
|pages=796–805
))
((refend))

((Languages of Cyprus))
((Greek language))

[[Category:Varieties of Modern Greek]]
[[Category:Languages of Cyprus|Greek, Cypriot]]
[[Category:Cyprus–Greece relations]]

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Cypriot Greek (edit)
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Return to Cypriot Greek.

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