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((Promising draft))
This is a [[Timeline of meteorology|timeline]] of scientific and technological advancements as well as notable [[Academic publishing|academic or government publications]] in the area of [[atmospheric sciences]] and [[meteorology]] during the [[21st century]]. Some historical weather events are included that mark time periods where advancements were made, or even that sparked policy change.
((Dynamic list))
==2000s==
===2001===
*January &ndash; Researchers from the [[University of Maryland, College Park]] and [[McGill University]] published a numerical case study, funded by the [[National Science Foundation]], on [[Hurricane Andrew]] in 1992.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Da-Lin |last2=Liu |first2=Yubao |last3=Yau |first3=M. K. |title=A Multiscale Numerical Study of Hurricane Andrew (1992). Part IV: Unbalanced Flows |journal=[[Monthly Weather Review]] |date=January 2001 |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=92–107 |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0092:AMNSOH>2.0.CO;2 |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/129/1/1520-0493_2001_129_0092_amnsoh_2.0.co_2.xml |access-date=6 May 2024 |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]))</ref>

===2002===
*April–September &ndash; A Service Assessment Team was formed by the United States government to assess the quality of forecasts and post-tornado assessments conducted by the [[National Weather Service]] (NWS) office in Baltimore/Washington for the [[2002 La Plata tornado]]. Their assessment and findings, released in September 2002, found<ref name="LaPlata">((cite web |last1=Evans |first1=Donald L. |last2=Lautenbacher, Jr |first2=Conrad C. |last3=Kelly, Jr. |first3=John J. |title=Service Assessment: La Plata, Maryland, Tornado Outbreak April 28, 2002 |url=https://www.weather.gov/media/publications/assessments/laplata.pdf |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce]], [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]], [[National Weather Service]] |access-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125205158/https://www.weather.gov/media/publications/assessments/laplata.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2024 |location=[[Silver Spring, Maryland]] |format=[[Press release]] |date=September 2002 |url-status=live))</ref>:
**That the local NWS office failed to indicate the initial findings of F5 damage on the [[Fujita scale]] was "preliminary" to the media and public.<ref name="LaPlata"/>
**The Service Assessment Team also recommended the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] require local National Weather Service offices to only release "potentially greater than F3" if F4 or F5 damage was suspected and to only release information regarding F4 or F5 damage after Quick Response Team (QRT) had assessed the damage.<ref name="LaPlata"/>
*September &ndash; The [[National Weather Service]] creates a national Quick Response Team (QRT), whose job is to assess and analyze locations believed to have sustained F4 or F5 damage on the [[Fujita scale]].<ref name="LaPlata"/>

===2003===

===2004===

===2005===

===2006===

===2007===
*February &ndash; The [[Enhanced Fujita scale]] is formally released and put into use across the [[United States]], replacing the [[Fujita scale]].<ref>((Cite web |title=Fujita Tornado Damage Scale |url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/f-scale.html |website=www.spc.noaa.gov))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=Tornado Scale - The Enhanced Fujita Scale &#124; TornadoFacts.net |url=http://www.tornadofacts.net/tornado-scale.php |website=www.tornadofacts.net))</ref>
*May &ndash; The [[Tornado outbreak of May 4–6, 2007#The Greensburg tornado family|2007 Greensburg tornado family]] occurred, producing a [[tornado family]] of 22 tornadoes, including the first tornado to receive the rating of EF5 on the Enhanced Fujita scale; the 2007 Greensburg tornado.<ref name="Lemon">((cite conference|conference=24th Conference on Severe Local Storms|first1=Leslie R.|last1=Lemon|first2=Mike|last2=Umscheid|publisher=American Meteorological Society|title=The Greensburg, Kansas Tornadic Storm: A storm of Extremes|url=https://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/141811.pdf|format=PDF|date=October 27, 2008|accessdate=February 20, 2023))</ref>

===2008===
*August &ndash; [[Timothy P. Marshall]], a meteorologist and structural and forensic engineer with Haag Engineering, Karl A. Jungbluth with the [[National Weather Service]], and Abigail Baca with RMS Consulting Group, published a detailed damage survey and analysis for the [[2008 Parkersburg–New Hartford tornado]].<ref>((cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=Timothy P. |last2=Jungbluth |first2=Karl A. |last3=Baca |first3=Abigail |author1-link=Timothy P. Marshall |title=The Parkersburg, IA Tornado: May 25, 2008 |journal=24th Conference on Severe Local Storms |date=August 2008 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326998312_The_Parkersburg_IA_Tornado_May_25_2008 |access-date=4 May 2024 |publisher=Haag Engineering, National Weather Service, RMS Consulting Group via the [[American Meteorological Society]] |location=[[Savannah, Georgia]] |format=[[Academic publishing|Academic conference publication]]))</ref>
*October
**Leslie R. Lemon with the [[University of Oklahoma]] and Mike Umscheid with the [[National Weather Service]] published a detailed case study on the [[Tornado outbreak of May 4–6, 2007#The Greensburg tornado family|The Greensburg tornado family]].<ref name="Lemon"/>
**Matthew R. Clark with the United Kingdom's [[Met Office]] published a case study on a [[Tornadoes of 2006#December 30 (England)|tornadic storm]] in southern [[England]] on December 30, 2006.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=Matthew R. |title=The southern England tornadoes of 30 December 2006: Case study of a tornadic storm in a low CAPE, high shear environment |journal=[[Atmospheric Research]] |date=July 2009 |volume=93 |issue=1-3 |pages=50–65 |doi=10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.10.008 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169809508002883?via%3Dihub |access-date=3 May 2024 |publisher=[[Met Office]] via [[Elsevier]]))</ref>

===2009===

==2010s==
===2010===

===2011===
*April &ndash; The [[2011 Super Outbreak]] occurs across the [[United States]].<ref>((Cite journal|title=Tornado Debris Characteristics and Trajectories During the 27 April 2011 Super Outbreak as Determined Using Social Media Data|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=94|issue=9|pages=1371–1380|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00036.1 |year=2013 |last1=Knox |first1=John A.|last2=Rackley|first2=Jared A.|last3=Black|first3=Alan W.|last4=Gensini |first4=Vittorio A.|last5=Butler|first5=Michael|last6=Dunn|first6=Corey|last7=Gallo|first7=Taylor|last8=Hunter |first8=Melyssa R. |last9=Lindsey |first9=Lauren |last10=Phan |first10=Minh |last11=Scroggs |first11=Robert |last12=Brustad |first12=Synne |bibcode=2013BAMS...94.1371K |doi-access=free))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=https://ams.confex.com/ams/93Annual/webprogram/Paper223690.html|title=Abstract: Comparative Analysis of Multiple Tornado Tracks During Severe Weather Outbreaks: 2011 Super Outbreak, Alabama (93rd American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting) |publisher=confex.com |date=2013-01-08|last1=j|first1=Sanders |last2=j.|first2=Sanders))</ref><ref name="noaanews">((cite web |url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/april_2011_tornado_information.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511082657/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/april_2011_tornado_information.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 11, 2011|title=April 2011 tornado information|date=May 9, 2011 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date=May 16, 2011))</ref>
*May &ndash; A [[2011 Joplin tornado|violent EF5 tornado strikes Joplin]], Missouri, killing 158 people, becoming the deadliest modern-day tornado in history.<ref>((cite web |author1=[[National Weather Service]] in [[Springfield, Missouri]] |title=Commemoration of Joplin, Missouri EF-5 Tornado |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/d64c8d41c28949bd87478f252ac7e378 |website=[[ArcGIS]] StoryMaps |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011140413/https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/d64c8d41c28949bd87478f252ac7e378 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |format=[[Graphic organizer|StoryMap]] |date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live))</ref>
*October &ndash; The [[Hong Kong Observatory]] and the U.S. Center for Severe Weather Research publish a joint paper analyzing a rare tornado in [[Hong Kong]] on May 20, 2002.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Chan |first1=P.W. |last2=Wurman |first2=J. |last3=Shun |first3=C.M. |last4=Robinson |first4=P. |last5=Kosiba |first5=K. |title=Application of a method for the automatic detection and Ground-Based Velocity Track Display (GBVTD) analysis of a tornado crossing the Hong Kong International Airport |journal=[[Atmospheric Research]] |date=March 2012 |volume=106 |pages=18–29 |doi=10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.10.010 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169809511003371?via%3Dihub |access-date=3 May 2024 |publisher=[[Hong Kong Observatory]] and Center for Severe Weather Research via [[Elsevier]]))</ref>

===2012===

===2013===
*April &ndash; [[Environment and Climate Change Canada|Environment Canada]] (EC) adopts a variation of the [[Enhanced Fujita scale]] (CEF-scale), replacing the [[Fujita scale]] across [[Canada]].<ref>((cite web |date=May 10, 2013 |title=Enhanced Fujita Scale |url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=41E875DA-1 |publisher=Environment Canada))</ref>
*May
**[[2013 Moore tornado|A violent EF5 tornado]] impacts [[Moore, Oklahoma]], marking the last tornado to receive the rating of EF5 on the Enhanced Fujita scale.<ref>((cite web |author1=[[National Weather Service]] |title=May 20, 2013: The Day an EF-5 Tornado Struck the OKC Metro |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/8b60d1b8144048fbb26610ed0c47c5a8 |website=[[ArcGIS]] StoryMaps |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=5 May 2024 |location=[[Norman, Oklahoma]] |format=StoryMap |date=15 May 2023))</ref>
**[[2013 El Reno tornado|A violent tornado]] impacts areas around [[El Reno, Oklahoma]].<ref>((cite web |author1=[[National Weather Service]] |title=May 31, 2013: Tornado Outbreak & Historic Flooding |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/9895d535c2a247e4997fb85493428be8 |website=[[ArcGIS]] StoryMaps |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=5 May 2024 |location=[[Norman, Oklahoma]] |format=StoryMap |date=31 May 2023))</ref> The [[University of Oklahoma]]'s RaXPol mobile Doppler weather radar, positioned at a nearby overpass, measured winds preliminarily analyzed as in excess of ((convert|296|mph|km/h|abbr=on)). These winds are considered the second-highest ever measured worldwide, just shy of the ((convert|302|±|22|mph|km/h|abbr=on)) recorded during the [[1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado]].<ref name=JeffMJune4>((cite web|title=Largest Tornado on Record: the May 31 El Reno, OK EF-5 Tornado|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2426|author=Jeff Masters|website=Weather Underground|publisher=The Weather Company|date=June 4, 2013|access-date=June 4, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605054308/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2426|archive-date=June 5, 2013))</ref><ref>((Cite journal | doi=10.1175/WAF-D-14-00152.1| title=A Multiscale Overview of the el Reno, Oklahoma, Tornadic Supercell of 31 May 2013| journal=Weather and Forecasting| volume=30| issue=3| pages=525–552| year=2015| last1=Bluestein| first1=Howard B.| last2=Snyder| first2=Jeffrey C.| last3=Houser| first3=Jana B.| bibcode=2015WtFor..30..525B| doi-access=free))</ref>

===2014===
*August &ndash; Meteorologist, structural and forensic engineer [[Timothy P. Marshall]], along with the [[National Weather Service]] and [[Texas Tech University]]'s [[National Wind Institute]], published a detailed damage survey and analysis of the [[Tornado outbreak of April 27–30, 2014#Mayflower–Vilonia, Arkansas|2014 Mayflower–Vilonia, Arkansas EF4 tornado]].<ref>((cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=Timothy P. |last2=Robinson |first2=John |last3=Kiesling |first3=Ernst |last4=Tanner |first4=Larry |author1-link=Timothy P. Marshall |title=Damage survey of the Mayflower-Vilonia Arkansas tornado: 27 April 2014 |journal=27th Conference on Severe Local Storms |date=August 2014 |url=https://www.academia.edu/25105088/Damage_survey_of_the_Mayflower_Vilonia_Arkansas_tornado_27_April_2014 |access-date=5 May 2024 |publisher=Haag Engineering, [[National Weather Service]], [[National Wind Institute]] via the [[American Meteorological Society]] |location=[[Madison, Wisconsin]]))</ref>
*October
**Researchers with the [[Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations]] (CIWRO), [[National Weather Service]] (NWS), [[National Severe Storms Laboratory]] (NSSL), and [[Timothy P. Marshall]] with Haag Engineering, published a detailed damage survey and analysis on the [[2013 Moore tornado|2013 Moore, Oklahoma EF5 tornado]].<ref>((cite journal |last1=Burgess |first1=Donald |last2=Ortega |first2=Kiel |last3=Stumpf |first3=Greg |last4=Garfield |first4=Gabe |last5=Karstens |first5=Chris |last6=Meyer |first6=Tiffany |last7=Smith |first7=Brandon |last8=Speheger |first8=Doug |last9=Ladue |first9=Jim |last10=Smith |first10=Rick |last11=Marshall |first11=Tim |title=20 May 2013 Moore, Oklahoma, Tornado: Damage Survey and Analysis |journal=[[Weather and Forecasting]] |date=1 October 2014 |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=1229–1237 |doi=10.1175/WAF-D-14-00039.1 |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/wefo/29/5/waf-d-14-00039_1.xml |access-date=5 May 2024 |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]))</ref>
**Researchers at [[Lyndon State College]] and the [[University of Colorado Boulder]] published a damage and radar analysis of the 2013 Moore tornado.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Atkins |first1=Nolan T. |last2=Butler |first2=Kelly M. |last3=Flynn |first3=Kayla R. |last4=Wakimoto |first4=Roger M. |title=An Integrated Damage, Visual, and Radar Analysis of the 2013 Moore, Oklahoma, EF5 Tornado |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]] |date=October 2014 |volume=95 |issue=10 |pages=1549–1561 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00033.1 |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/95/10/bams-d-14-00033.1.xml |access-date=5 May 2024 |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]))</ref>

===2015===
*September &ndash; The [[European Severe Storms Laboratory]] along with the [[Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics]] publish a detailed assessment of the [[1764 Woldegk tornado]], in which it was assigned a rating of F5 on the [[Fujita scale]], marking the oldest official F5 tornado.<ref>((cite journal |author1=Bernold Feuerstein |author2=Thilo Kühne |title=A violent tornado in mid-18th century Germany: the Genzmer Report |journal=ECSS 2015 - European Conference on Severe Storms at: Wiener Neustadt, Austria |date=September 2015 |volume=8 |doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.3733.8085 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281862975 |access-date=28 January 2023 |publisher=European Severe Storms Laboratory))</ref>

===2016===

===2017===

===2018===
*August &ndash; Researchers with the [[University of Oklahoma]]'s School of Meteorology (OU SOM), [[National Weather Service]] (NWS), [[National Severe Storms Laboratory]] (NSSL), and [[Ohio University]], published a detailed analysis of the [[Multiple-vortex tornado|multiple-vortex]] nature of the [[2013 El Reno tornado|2013 El Reno, Oklahoma tornado]].<ref>((cite journal |last1=Bluestein |first1=Howard B. |last2=Thiem |first2=Kyle J. |last3=Snyder |first3=Jeffrey C. |last4=Houser |first4=Jana B. |title=The Multiple-Vortex Structure of the El Reno, Oklahoma, Tornado on 31 May 2013 |journal=Monthly Weather Review |date=1 August 2018 |volume=146 |issue=8 |pages=2483–2502 |doi=10.1175/MWR-D-18-0073.1 |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/146/8/mwr-d-18-0073.1.xml |access-date=5 May 2024 |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]))</ref>

===2019===
*2019–2022 &ndash; The ''Targeted Observation by Radars and UAS of Supercells'' (TORUS) project, led by the [[University of Nebraska–Lincoln]], along with the NOAA [[National Severe Storms Laboratory]] (NSSL), NOAA [[Office of Marine and Aviation Operations]] (OMAO), [[Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations]] (CIWRO), and [[Texas Tech University]], and the [[University of Colorado Boulder]], occurs.<ref>((cite web |author1=[[National Severe Storms Laboratory]] |title=TORUS: TARGETED OBSERVATIONS BY RADARS AND UAS OF SUPERCELLS |url=https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/projects/torus/ |website=NSSL Projects |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=2 May 2024))</ref><ref>((cite web |title=Targeted Observation by Radars and UAS of Supercells (TORUS) |url=https://torus.unl.edu/targeted-observation-radars-and-uas-supercells-torus |publisher=[[University of Nebraska–Lincoln]] |access-date=2 May 2024))</ref>

==2020s==
===2020===
*March &ndash; The [[European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts]] (ECMWF) announced that a worldwide reduction in aircraft flights due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] could impact the accuracy of weather forecasts, citing commercial airlines' use of [[Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay]] (AMDAR) as an integral contribution to weather forecast accuracy. The [[European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts|ECMWF]] predicted that [[Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay|AMDAR]] coverage would decrease by 65% or more due to the drop in commercial flights.<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.ecmwf.int/en/about/media-centre/news/2020/drop-aircraft-observations-could-have-impact-weather-forecasts |title=Drop in aircraft observations could have impact on weather forecasts |author=Press release |work=European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts |date=24 March 2020 |access-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326005351/https://www.ecmwf.int/en/about/media-centre/news/2020/drop-aircraft-observations-could-have-impact-weather-forecasts |archive-date=26 March 2020 |url-status=live ))</ref>
*May &ndash; Researchers at [[Howard University]], the Cooperative Science Center for Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, and the [[National Center for Atmospheric Research]] (NCAR), published a detailed damage survey and analysis on the [[2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado|2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham EF4 tornado]].<ref>((cite journal |last1=Sanders |first1=Shadya |last2=Adams |first2=Terri |last3=Joseph |first3=Everette |title=Severe Weather Forecasts and Public Perceptions: An Analysis of the 2011 Super Outbreak in Tuscaloosa, Alabama |journal=[[Weather, Climate, and Society]] |date=1 July 2020 |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=473–485 |doi=10.1175/WCAS-D-18-0090.1 |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/wcas/12/3/wcasD180090.xml |access-date=5 May 2024 |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]))</ref>
*June &ndash; The [[World Meteorological Organization]] announces new records for the longest [[lightning|lightning bolt]] (700&nbsp;km) and the "megaflash" with the longest duration (16.73 s).<ref>((cite web |title=WMO certifies Megaflash lightning extremes |url=https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/wmo-certifies-megaflash-lightning-extremes |website=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=5 July 2020 |language=en |date=24 June 2020))</ref><ref>((cite news |last1=Cappucci |first1=Matthew |title=World record lightning 'megaflash' in South America — 440 miles long — confirmed by scientists |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2020/06/25/lightning-megaflash-world-record/ |access-date=5 July 2020 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=25 June 2020))</ref><ref>((cite news |title=700-km Brazil 'megaflash' sets lightning record: UN |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-06-km-brazil-megaflash-lightning.html |access-date=5 July 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en))</ref>

===2021===

===2022===
*March &ndash; The [[National Weather Service]] publishes a new damage survey and analysis for the [[Tornado outbreak of March 2–3, 2012#New Pekin – Henryville – Marysville – Chelsea, Indiana/Bedford, Kentucky|2012 Henryville EF4 tornado]], where a “possible EF5 damage” location is identified and discussed.<ref>((cite web |author1=[[National Weather Service]] |title=National Weather Service Staff Looks Back on the Tenth Anniversary of March 2nd 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bEmwAIu40Fg |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116135015/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bEmwAIu40Fg&t=645s |archive-date=16 November 2023 |location=[[Louisville, Kentucky]] |format=[[Video]] |date=1 March 2022 |url-status=live))</ref>
*June &ndash; A [[scientific review|review]] elucidates the current state of [[Effects of climate change#Weather|climate change]] [[extreme event attribution]] science, concluding probabilities and ((tooltip|2=costs attributable to anthropogenic climate change overall such as economic costs, financial costs and number of early losses of life|costs-severities)) of links as well as identifying potential ways for its improvement.<ref>((cite news |title=Climate change is driving 2022 extreme heat and flooding |url=https://news.trust.org/item/20220628092027-g2xea/ |access-date=July 19, 2022 |work=Thomson Reuters Foundation))</ref><ref>((cite journal |last1=Clarke |first1=Ben |last2=Otto |first2=Friederike |last3=Stuart-Smith |first3=Rupert |last4=Harrington |first4=Luke |title=Extreme weather impacts of climate change: an attribution perspective |journal=Environmental Research: Climate |date=June 28, 2022 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=012001 |doi=10.1088/2752-5295/ac6e7d |s2cid=250134589 |language=en |issn=2752-5295|hdl=10044/1/97290 |hdl-access=free ))</ref>
*July
**Scientists report that [[heatwave]]s [[Climate change in Europe|in western Europe]] are increasing "three-to-four times faster compared to the rest of ((tooltip|2=this includes the United States|the northern midlatitudes)) over the past 42 years" and that ((tooltip|2=caused by 'an increase in the frequency and persistence of double jet stream states over Eurasia'|certain atmospheric dynamical changes)) can explain their increase.<ref>((cite news |last1=Fountain |first1=Henry |title=Why Europe Is Becoming a Heat Wave Hot Spot |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/19/climate/europe-heat-wave-science.html |access-date=August 21, 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=July 18, 2022))</ref><ref>((cite journal |last1=Rousi |first1=Efi |last2=Kornhuber |first2=Kai |last3=Beobide-Arsuaga |first3=Goratz |last4=Luo |first4=Fei |last5=Coumou |first5=Dim |title=Accelerated western European heatwave trends linked to more-persistent double jets over Eurasia |journal=Nature Communications |date=July 4, 2022 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=3851 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-31432-y |pmid=35788585 |pmc=9253148 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.3851R |language=en |issn=2041-1723 |doi-access=free))</ref>
**A study shows that [[Effects of climate change on oceans|climate change-related]] exceptional [[marine heatwave]]s in the [[Mediterranean Sea]] during 2015–2019 resulted in widespread mass sealife die-offs in five consecutive years.<ref>((cite news |title=Marine heatwave: Record sea temperatures seen in the Mediterranean could devastate marine life |url=https://interestingengineering.com/science/marine-heatwave-sea-temperaturesmediterranean |access-date=August 21, 2022 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=August 20, 2022))</ref><ref>((cite journal |last1=Garrabou |first1=Joaquim |last2=Gómez-Gras |first2=Daniel |last3=Medrano |first3=Alba |last4=Cerrano |first4=Carlo |last5=Ponti |first5=Massimo |last6=Schlegel |first6=Robert |last7=Bensoussan |first7=Nathaniel |last8=Turicchia |first8=Eva |last9=Sini |first9=Maria |last10=Gerovasileiou |first10=Vasilis |display-authors=et al. |title=Marine heatwaves drive recurrent mass mortalities in the Mediterranean Sea |journal=Global Change Biology |date=July 18, 2022 |volume=28 |issue=19 |pages=5708–5725 |doi=10.1111/gcb.16301 |pmid=35848527 |pmc=9543131 |hdl=10754/679702 |s2cid=250622761 |language=en |issn=1354-1013))</ref>
**A research team, from the [[University of Oklahoma]], [[National Severe Storms Laboratory]], and [[University of Alabama in Huntsville]] was funded by the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] to investigate a stretch ((Convert|14|km|mi|abbr=out|order=flip)) of the [[Tornado outbreak of April 13–15, 2019|2019 Greenwood Springs, Mississippi EF2 tornado]] where the National Weather Service was unable to survey. In their survey, published in ''[[Monthly Weather Review]]'', they note that the tornado "produced forest devastation and electrical infrastructure damage up to at least EF4 intensity" and conclude by writing that "the Greenwood Springs event was a violent tornado, potentially even EF5 intensity."<ref>((cite journal |title=Damage Analysis and Close-Range Radar Observations of the 13 April 2019 Greenwood Springs, Mississippi, Tornado during VORTEX-SE Meso18-19 |journal=Monthly Weather Review |date=2022 |volume=150 |issue=7 |doi=10.1175/MWR-D-21-0281.1 |doi-access=free |last1=Lyza |first1=Anthony W. |last2=Goudeau |first2=Barrett T. |last3=Knupp |first3=Kevin R. |pages=1873–1893 |bibcode=2022MWRv..150.1873L ))</ref>
*August &ndash; The [[National Centers for Environmental Information]] publish a report called ''Assessing the Global Climate in July 2022'', where they state an all-time record cold temperature occurred in Australia during the month. On October 7, 2022, Zack Labe, a climate scientist for the NOAA [[Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory]] released a statement and a climate report from [[Berkeley Earth]] on the average monthly temperature, tweeting, “There are still no areas of record cold so far in 2022.”<ref>((cite web |title=Assessing the Global Climate in July 2022 |date=August 11, 2022 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/global-climate-202207 |publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information |access-date=October 9, 2022))</ref><ref>((cite web |last1=Labe |first1=Zack |title=There are still *no* areas of record cold so far in 2022. This visual is always so striking to me. [August monthly climate report from @BerkeleyEarth |url=https://twitter.com/ZLabe/status/1578546766131376129 |website=Twitter |publisher=Zack Labe |access-date=October 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009230737/https://twitter.com/ZLabe/status/1578546766131376129 |archive-date=October 9, 2022))</ref> Labe's statement also denied the record cold temperatures in [[Brazil]], reported by the [[National Institute of Meteorology]] in May 2022, a month before the official start of winter, was also not record cold temperatures.<ref>((cite web |title=Record-breaking cold in Brazil threatens homeless, crops |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-05-record-breaking-cold-brazil-threatens-homeless.html |website=Phys.org |access-date=October 16, 2022))</ref>
*September
**Category 5 [[Hurricane Ian]] strikes [[Florida]], causing $113 billion in damage, making it the costliest hurricane in Florida history and third costliest hurricane to ever strike the United States.<ref>((cite news|last=Stillman|first=Dan|title=Upon further review, Hurricane Ian peaked as a rare Category 5|date=April 3, 2023|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/04/03/hurricane-ian-category-5/|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=April 7, 2023))</ref>
**NOAA conducts the first successful launch of the Altius 600 small uncrewed aircraft system into Hurricane Ian, which records winds up to ((convert|216|mph|km/h)).<ref>((cite web |title=Damaging 2022 Atlantic hurricane season draws to a close |date=November 29, 2022 |url=https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/damaging-2022-atlantic-hurricane-season-draws-to-close |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date=November 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129162008/https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/damaging-2022-atlantic-hurricane-season-draws-to-close|archive-date=November 29, 2022 |url-status=live ))</ref>
*October &ndash; [[Timothy P. Marshall|Timothy Marshall]], a meteorologist, [[structural engineer|structural]] and [[forensic engineering|forensic engineer]]; Zachary B. Wienhoff, with Haag Engineering Company; Christine L. Wielgos, a meteorologist at the National Weather Service of Paducah; and Brian E. Smith, a meteorologist at the National Weather Service of [[Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha]], publish a detailed damage survey and analysis of the [[2021 Western Kentucky tornado]].<ref>((cite journal |author1=[[Timothy P. Marshall]] (Haag Engineering Company) |author2=Zachary B. Wienhoff (Haag Engineering Company) |author3=Brian E. Smith (NOAA/NWS) |author4=Christine L. Wielgos (NOAA/NWS) |title=Damage Survey of the Mayfield, KY Tornado: 10 December 2021 |journal=Academia.edu |date=January 2022 |pages=1–13 |url=https://www.academia.edu/90132303 |access-date=19 January 2023))</ref>

===2023===
*January &ndash; [[Perseverance (rover)|Perseverance]] provides the first ever detailed weather report on [[Mars]].<ref>((cite web |last1=Cooper |first1=Keith |title=Perseverance Mars rover files 1st detailed weather report |url=https://www.space.com/perseverance-rover-mars-weather-report |website=Space.com |access-date=January 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127170921/https://www.space.com/perseverance-rover-mars-weather-report |archive-date=January 27, 2023 |date=January 25, 2023 |url-status=live))</ref>
*February
**[[Elizabeth Leitman]] becomes the first woman to issue a convective watch from the [[Storm Prediction Center]].<ref>((cite web |last1=Bates |first1=Sabrina |title=STEM Spotlight: Storm Prediction Center meteorologist makes history for women |url=https://www.koco.com/article/oklahoma-stem-spotlight-storm-prediction-center-meteorologist-makes-history-for-women/60192347 |website=KOCO |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en |date=20 March 2024))</ref><ref>((cite web |title=Storm Prediction Center meteorologist became first woman to issue Severe Thunderstorm Watch |url=https://www.foxweather.com/watch/play-6ffeedab4001102 |publisher=[[Fox Weather]] |access-date=5 April 2024))</ref><ref>((cite web |title=A conversation with Oklahoma meteorologist Liz Leitman, the first woman to issue a thunderstorm watch |url=https://www.kosu.org/energy-environment/2023-02-28/a-conversation-with-oklahoma-meteorologist-liz-leitman-the-first-woman-to-issue-a-thunderstorm-watch |website=KOSU |language=en |date=28 February 2023))</ref>
**February–March &ndash; [[Cyclone Freddy]] becomes the longest-lasting and highest-[[Accumulated cyclone energy|ACE]]-producing tropical cyclone ever recorded worldwide, traveling across the southern [[Indian Ocean]], [[Mozambique]], and [[Madagascar]] for 37 days and producing 87.01 units of ACE.
*April
**The [[TORNADO Act]] was introduced by U.S. Senator [[Roger Wicker]] as well as eight other senators from the [[118th United States Congress]].<ref>((cite web |title=WICKER, COLLEAGUES INTRODUCE TORNADO ACT |date=26 April 2023 |url=https://www.wicker.senate.gov/2023/4/wicker-colleagues-introduce-tornado-act |publisher=Roger Wicker |access-date=26 April 2023))</ref>
**Researchers with the [[University of Western Ontario]]'s Northern Tornado Project (NTP) and the [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] (UIUC) published an assessment of the [[Tornadoes of 2018#August 3 (Canada)|2018 Alonsa, Manitoba EF4 tornado]], in which they assess that the tornado may have had EF5-intensity winds.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Stevenson |first1=Sarah A. |last2=Miller |first2=Connell S. |last3=Sills |first3=David M.L. |last4=Kopp |first4=Gregory A. |last5=Rhee |first5=Daniel M. |last6=Lombardo |first6=Franklin T. |title=Assessment of wind speeds along the damage path of the Alonsa, Manitoba EF4 tornado on 3 August 2018 |journal=Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics |date=July 2023 |volume=238 |pages=105422 |doi=10.1016/j.jweia.2023.105422 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167610523001253?via%3Dihub |access-date=5 May 2024 |publisher=[[Elsevier]]))</ref>
*July &ndash; The [[International Fujita scale]] (IF-scale) is officially published.<ref>((cite web |author1=Pieter Groenemeijer (ESSL) |author2=Lothar Bock (DWD) |author3=Juan de Dios Soriano (AEMet) |author4=Maciej Dutkiewicz (Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology) |author5=Delia Gutiérrez-Rubio (AEMet) |author6=Alois M. Holzer (ESSL) |author7=Martin Hubrig |author8=Rainer Kaltenberger |author9=Thilo Kühne (ESSL) |author10=Mortimer Müller (Universität für Bodenkultur) |author11=Bas van der Ploeg |author12=Tomáš Púčik (ESSL) |author13=Thomas Schreiner (ESSL) |author14=Miroslav Šinger (SHMI) |author15=Gabriel Strommer (ESSL) |author16=Andi Xhelaj (University of Genova) |title=The International Fujita (IF) Scale |url=https://www.essl.org/cms/wp-content/uploads/IF-scale_v1.0.pdf |publisher=European Severe Storms Laboratory |access-date=30 July 2023 |format=PDF |date=30 July 2023))</ref>
*November &ndash; American [[meteorologist]] and [[tornado]] expert [[Thomas P. Grazulis]] publish ''Significant Tornadoes 1974–2022'', which includes the [[Outbreak Intensity Score]] (OIS), a new way to classify and rank [[tornado outbreaks]].<ref>((cite book |last1=Grazulis |first1=Thomas P. |author1-link=Thomas P. Grazulis |title=Significant Tornadoes 1974–2022 |date=2023 |publisher=The Tornado Project |location=[[St. Johnsbury, Vermont]] |isbn=978-1-879362-01-7))</ref>
*December 2023–April 2024 &ndash; The ''Detecting and Evaluating Low-level Tornado Attributes'' (DELTA) project, led by NOAA, along with the [[National Severe Storms Laboratory]] and several research universities occured.<ref>((cite web |title=DELTA: Detecting and Evaluating Low-level Tornado Attributes |url=https://data.eol.ucar.edu/project/DELTA |publisher=[[University Corporation for Atmospheric Research]] |access-date=3 May 2024))</ref>

===2024===
*January &ndash; A study by the Northern Tornadoes Project and the [[University of Western Ontario]] released information on Treefall Identification and Direction Analysis (TrIDA) maps, a new [[artificial intelligence]] (A.I.) application tested using [[Canada|Canadian]] tornadoes as the [[machine learning]] data. TrIDA maps had approximately 80% verification rates.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Butt |first1=Daniel G. |last2=Jaffe |first2=Aaron L. |last3=Miller |first3=Connell S. |last4=Kopp |first4=Gregory A. |last5=Sills |first5=David M. L. |title=Automated Large-Scale Tornado Treefall Detection and Directional Analysis Using Machine Learning |journal=Artificial Intelligence for the Earth Systems |date=January 2024 |volume=3 |issue=1 |doi=10.1175/AIES-D-23-0062.1 |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/aies/3/1/AIES-D-23-0062.1.xml |access-date=3 May 2024 |publisher=Northern Tornadoes Project and Western University via the [[American Meteorological Society]] |issn=2769-7525))</ref>
*February
**Researchers with the [[University of Tennessee]] and [[University of Missouri]] publish an academic study about how survivors from the [[2011 Joplin tornado]] recover from "Tornado Brain", a new term for the [[Post-traumatic stress disorder|PTSD]] of tornado survivors.<ref>((cite journal |last1=First |first1=Jennifer M. |last2=Carnahan |first2=Megan |last3=Yu |first3=Mansoo |last4=Lee |first4=Sangwon |last5=Houston |first5=J. Brian |title=‘Recovering from Tornado Brain’: A Qualitative Analysis of Long-Term Needs after One of the Deadliest Tornadoes in U.S. History |journal=[[Clinical Social Work Journal]] |date=19 February 2024 |pages=1-11 |doi=10.1007/s10615-024-00926-1 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10615-024-00926-1 |access-date=5 April 2024 |publisher=The [[University of Tennessee]] and [[University of Missouri]] via [[Springer Science+Business Media]] |language=en |issn=1573-3343))</ref>
**A study by the [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] and the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] was published in the ''[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]'' which proposed adding a "Category 6" to the [[Saffir–Simpson scale|Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]] to adequately convey storms' risk to the public, the researchers noting a number of storms have already achieved that intensity.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Wehner |first1=Michael F. |last2=Kossin |first2=James P. |title=The growing inadequacy of an open-ended Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale in a warming world |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=5 February 2024 |volume=121 |issue=7 |page=e2308901121 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2308901121 |doi-access=free |pmid=38315843 |pmc=10873601 |bibcode=2024PNAS..12108901W ))</ref>
*March
**Anthony W. Lyza, Matthew D. Flournoy, and A. Addison Alford, researchers with the [[National Severe Storms Laboratory]], [[Storm Prediction Center]], [[Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations|CIWRO]], and the [[University of Oklahoma]]'s School of Meteorology, published a paper titled ''Comparison of Tornado Damage Characteristics to Low-Altitude WSR-88D Radar Observations and Implications for Tornado Intensity Estimation''. In the paper, the authors state, ">20% of supercell tornadoes may be capable of producing EF4–EF5 damage" and that "the legacy F-scale wind speed ranges may ultimately provide a better estimate of peak tornado wind speeds at 10–15 m AGL for strong–violent tornadoes and a better damage-based intensity rating for all tornadoes".<ref>((cite journal |last1=Lyza |first1=Anthony W. |last2=Flournoy |first2=Matthew D. |last3=Alford |first3=A. Addison |title=Comparison of Tornado Damage Characteristics to Low-Altitude WSR-88D Radar Observations and Implications for Tornado Intensity Estimation |journal=[[Monthly Weather Review]] |date=19 March 2024 |doi=10.1175/MWR-D-23-0242.1 |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/aop/MWR-D-23-0242.1/MWR-D-23-0242.1.xml |access-date=19 March 2024 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] and [[University of Oklahoma]] via the [[American Meteorological Society]] |format=[[Academic publishing|Academic publication]]))</ref>
**Researchers from the [[University of Massachusetts Lowell]], [[University Corporation for Atmospheric Research]] (UCAR), and the NOAA [[National Hurricane Center]] published a case study regarding the forecasting of [[Hurricane Ian]] in September 2022.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Colby |first1=Frank P. |last2=Barlow |first2=Mathew |last3=Penny |first3=Andrew B. |title=Steering Flow Sensitivity in Forecast Models for Hurricane Ian (2022) |journal=[[Weather and Forecasting]] |date=6 March 2024 |doi=10.1175/WAF-D-23-0169.1 |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/wefo/aop/WAF-D-23-0169.1/WAF-D-23-0169.1.xml |access-date=5 May 2024 |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]))</ref>
**A study published by the [[University of California, San Diego]], in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', concluded that accelerated melting of ice in Greenland and Antarctica has decreased Earth's rotational velocity, affecting [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC) adjustments and causing problems for computer networks that rely on UTC.<ref name=Nature_20240327>((cite journal |last1=Agnew |first1=Duncan Car |title=A global timekeeping problem postponed by global warming |journal=Nature |date=27 March 2024 |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07170-0 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07170-0))</ref>
*April
**The [[United States House of Representatives]] passed The Weather Act Reauthorization.<ref>((cite web |title=House Passes Weather Act Reauthorization |url=https://science.house.gov/press-releases?id=67BCB64D-CFCC-46B5-B406-3E0BB56381B2 |website=House Committee on Science Space & Tech |publisher=[[United States House of Representatives]] |access-date=2 May 2024 |language=en |date=30 April 2024))</ref>
**The [[European Severe Storms Laboratory]] and the [[Czech Hydrometeorological Institute]], along with seven other European organizations, publish a detailed damage survey and analysis on the [[2021 South Moravia tornado]] using the International Fujita scale.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Púčik |first1=Tomáš |last2=Rýva |first2=David |last3=Staněk |first3=Miloslav |last4=Šinger |first4=Miroslav |last5=Groenemeijer |first5=Pieter |last6=Pistotnik |first6=Georg |last7=Kaltenberger |first7=Rainer |last8=Zich |first8=Miloš |last9=Koláček |first9=Jan |last10=Holzer |first10=Alois |title=The violent tornado on 24 June 2021 in Czechia: damage survey, societal impacts and lessons learned. |journal=[[Weather, Climate, and Society]] |date=10 April 2024 |doi=10.1175/WCAS-D-23-0080.1 |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/wcas/aop/WCAS-D-23-0080.1/WCAS-D-23-0080.1.xml |access-date=2 May 2024 |publisher=[[European Severe Storms Laboratory]] (ESSL), [[Czech Hydrometeorological Institute]] (CHMI), [[Charles University]] (CU), Meteopress, Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMÚ), Commenius University, Geosphere, Austrocontrol, and [[Brno University of Technology]] (BUT) via the [[American Meteorological Society]] |format=[[Academic publishing|Academic publication]]))</ref>
**Timothy A. Coleman, with the [[University of Alabama in Huntsville]] (UAH), Richard L. Thompson with the NOAA [[Storm Prediction Center]], and Dr. Gregory S. Forbes, a retired meteorologist from [[The Weather Channel]] publish an article to the ''[[Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology]]'' stating, “it is apparent that the perceived shift in tornado activity from the traditional tornado alley in the Great Plains to the eastern U.S. is indeed real”.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Coleman |first1=Timothy A. |last2=Thompson |first2=Richard L. |last3=Forbes |first3=Gregory S. |title=A Comprehensive Analysis of the Spatial and Seasonal Shifts in Tornado Activity in the United States |journal=[[Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology]] |date=29 April 2024 |doi=10.1175/JAMC-D-23-0143.1 |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/apme/aop/JAMC-D-23-0143.1/JAMC-D-23-0143.1.xml |access-date=3 May 2024 |publisher=[[University of Alabama in Huntsville]], [[Storm Prediction Center]], [[The Weather Channel]] via the [[American Meteorological Society]] |format=[[Academic publishing|Academic publication]]))</ref>
*May &ndash; Researchers with the [[Ocean University of China]]’s College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences and Physical Oceanography Laboratory published an article to the [[American Meteorological Society]] explaining how the [[Indian Ocean Dipole]] (IOD), which was first discovered in 1999, has two distinct patterns: “the coastal IOD and the offshore IOD”.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lei |last2=Fu |first2=Hui-Huang |last3=Liang |first3=Yu |title=Two Characteristic Patterns of the Summer Indian Ocean Dipole |journal=[[Journal of Climate]] |date=3 May 2024 |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-23-0534.1 |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/aop/JCLI-D-23-0534.1/JCLI-D-23-0534.1.xml |access-date=6 May 2024 |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]))</ref>

==See also==
* [[Timeline of meteorology]]
* [[Meteorology]]
* [[Glossary of meteorology]]
* [[Outline of meteorology]]
* [[Atlantic hurricane season]]
* [[North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone]]
* [[Pacific hurricane]]
* [[Pacific typhoon climatology]]
* [[Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology]]

==References==
((reflist))

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