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((Short description|American lawyer (1853–1931)))

((More citations needed|date=September 2014))
((Infobox officeholder
| name                = Frederick W. Lehmann
| image               = Frederick William Lehmann (1853-1931) portrait.jpg
| office              = 13th [[Solicitor General of the United States]]
| president           = [[William Howard Taft]]
| term_start          = December 12, 1910
| term_end            = July 15, 1912<ref>((cite book |last=Jost |first=Kenneth |date=1993 |title=The Supreme Court A to Z |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XodNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT504 |publisher=CQ Press |page=428 |isbn=9781608717446))</ref>
| predecessor         = [[Lloyd Wheaton Bowers]]
| successor           = [[William Marshall Bullitt]]
| birth_name          = 
| birth_date          = ((Birth date|1853|2|28|mf=y))
| birth_place         = [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]
| death_date          = ((Death date and age|1931|9|12|1853|2|28|mf=y))
| death_place         = 
| nationality         = [[Americans|American]]
| other_names         = 
| occupation          = Lawyer
| years_active        = 
| known_for           = 
| notable_works       = 
| party               = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
))
[[File:Henry Percival Dodge, and Joseph Rucker Lamar, and Frederick William Lehmann, and Robert F. Rose at the Niagara Falls peace conference in 1914.jpg|thumb|[[Henry Percival Dodge]], and [[Joseph Rucker Lamar]], and Frederick William Lehmann, and [[Robert F. Rose]] at the Niagara Falls peace conference in 1914]]

'''Frederick William Lehmann''' (February 28, 1853 – September 12, 1931) was an American [[lawyer]], [[politician]], [[United States Solicitor General]], and rare book collector.<ref>((cite journal|last1=Hier|first1=Marshall|last2=Rasp|first2=John C.|title=Famous and Infamous Lawyers in St. Louis History|date=2014|publisher=Bar Association of Metropolitan St. Louis and the St. Louis Bar Journal))</ref><ref>((cite news|last=Klyman|first=Julius|title=Frederick W. Lehmann|work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch, "Interesting St. Louisans"|date=February 2, 1930))</ref><ref>((cite book|editor-last1=Malone|editor-first1=Dumas |title=Dictionary of American Biography|date=1933|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofamer11amer/dictionaryofamer11amer_djvu.txt|access-date=June 17, 2017))</ref>

==Biography==
((Moresources | section|date=March 2024))
He was born February 28, 1853, in [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]. His father, Friedrich Wilhelm Lehmann, emigrated to [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], when Frederick was two, where he ruled the family with an iron hand. His mother Sophia died young.

At age 10, Frederick ran away from home forever. As a vagabond, selling newspapers, working on farms, and herding sheep, he wandered across the [[Midwest]], rarely going to school. In his teens, at the urging of his fellow sheep men, he took the stump for presidential candidate [[Horace Greeley]] and gave his first political speech.

At 17, he worked as a farm-hand for Judge Epenetus Sears of [[Tabor, Iowa]]. Sears was impressed with the boy's ability and sent him to [[Tabor College (Iowa)|Tabor College]], where he graduated in 1873. After [[reading law]] in his benefactor's office, Lehmann practiced in Tabor, [[Sidney, Iowa|Sidney]], [[Nebraska City]], and [[Des Moines, Iowa]]. He married Nora Stark of [[Indianola, Iowa|Indianola]] on December 23, 1879, and he represented the [[Wabash Railroad]].

A noted [[orator]], he was active in [[Iowa]] politics, including the election of Governor [[Horace Boies]]. In 1890, he moved with his family to [[St. Louis, Missouri]], and continued to represent the Wabash while building a general law practice. In 1908, he was elected president of the  [[American Bar Association]] and served twice.

President [[William Howard Taft]] named Lehmann as [[United States Solicitor General]] in 1910. In the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] Lehmann established the right to tax [[corporation]] incomes. He considered national bank affiliates to be illegal.  About Lehmann's [[oral argument]]s, Justice [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.]] told [[Felix Frankfurter]] that Lehmann was so persuasive "I don't dare decide against Lehmann. You feel as though you're ruling against God."<ref>Felix Frankfurter, ''Tyrrell Williams Lecture,'' [[Washington University in St. Louis]], March 19–20, 1952.</ref>

In 1912, he returned to practice law in St. Louis with his sons.

In 1914, however, he and Justice [[Joseph Rucker Lamar]] represented the United States at the [[ABC Powers]] Conference in which [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], and [[Chile]] mediated between the [[United States]] and [[Mexico]] on the [[Veracruz Incident]].<ref>((cite news |title=Lehmann To Fight At Claflin Meeting |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30A17F7345D13738DDDAD0A94DF405B848DF1D3 |quote=Frederick V. Lehmann, who was one of the United States Commissioners at the Mexican peace conference at Niagara Falls ... |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=July 24, 1914 |access-date=2014-01-02 ))</ref>

Cases in his private practice established the right of the [[Associated Press]] to [[news]] as [[intellectual property]], he secured the Telephone Company's right to valuation on reproduction cost less [[depreciation]], and he preserved [[the Coca-Cola Company]]'s right to use ''"Coca"'' against a claim that it was [[fraudulent]] since actual [[cocaine]] had been removed from the drink formula.<ref>((cite court |litigants=Coca-Cola Company v. Koke Company Of America et al. |vol=254|reporter=U.S.|opinion=143|date=1920|url=http://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/99653/coca-cola-co-v-koke-co-of-america|accessdate=March 6, 2018))</ref>

In 1918, he became counsel for the [[Railway Wage Commission]]. He supported the forced separation of [[investment banks]], [[commercial banks]] and [[Brokerage firm|brokerages]] (a policy later implemented in the [[Glass–Steagall Act]] of 1933) quoting: "No man can serve two masters."  (''Matthew'' 6:2), alluding to an inherent [[conflict of interest]]: investment banks promote the sale of investments, even risky ones, but commercial banks have a duty to avoid risky investments.   Lehmann also vigorously opposed [[Prohibition]].

Representing the U. S. government in the Supreme Court, he would "[[Confession of error|confess error]]", a practice in which the Solicitor General admits that the government has been wrong all along and just drops the case even when supported by a lower court's prior decision. Inscribed in the office rotunda of the [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] is Lehmann's famous saying, when a judge had remarked that he seemed to be supporting the opposing side: "The United States wins its point whenever justice is done its citizens in the courts."

Frederick Lehmann always refused to run for public office, especially at a party convention of the breakaway [[Gold Democrats]] (opposed to the [[Free Silver]] candidate [[William Jennings Bryan]]) in St. Louis which he chaired (being foreign-born, he could not run for President anyway), and he declined judgeships. In politics he was generally a Democrat, if sometimes a Gold Democrat.  In 1909 he drafted the charter by which the City of [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]] is still run today.

He was a founder of the [[St. Louis Art Museum]] and the [[State Historical Society of Missouri]], president of the [[St. Louis Public Library]], and a director of the [[St. Louis World's Fair]] ([[Louisiana Purchase Exposition]]) of 1904, in which he was host of the Universal Congress of Jurists and Lawyers. He was a [[bibliophile]] and he collected rare first editions of [[Charles Dickens]], [[Robert Burns]] and others, and artworks of [[Aubrey Beardsley]], [[George Cruikshank]] and [[Thomas Rowlandson]]. He and industrialist [[William K. Bixby]] started the Burns Society; he was twice president of the University Club of [[St. Louis]]. Furthermore, he had a remarkable (possibly [[eidetic]]) memory—when writer [[Henry James]] visited his house, Lehmann could recite whole works that James himself had written but forgotten. For most his life Lehmann was in demand as a public speaker, which he thoroughly enjoyed. His published works included: [[John Marshall]] (1901); The Lawyer in American History (1906); [[Abraham Lincoln]] (1908); Conservatism in Legal Procedure (1909); [[Prohibition]] (1910); and The Law and the Newspaper (1917).<ref>((cite web|title=Online Books by Frederick William Lehmann |url=https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Lehmann%2C+Frederick+W.+%28Frederick+William%29%2C+1853-1931|access-date=23 February 2023))</ref>

In old age he auctioned off his rare book collections.<ref>((cite book|title=The Library of the Honorable Frederick W. Lehmann St. Louis, MO. Containing his Noteworthy Charles Dickens Collection and Equally Important first editions of American and British authors. Sale number 3871|date=1930|publisher=[[American Art Association]]. [[Anderson Galleries]], Inc.|location=New York))</ref> He died September 12, 1931, aged 78, survived by his wife and three sons, lawyers Sears Lehmann, Frederick W. Lehmann Jr., and John Stark Lehmann. He was buried in [[Bellefontaine Cemetery]] in St. Louis.

==Legacy==

Three special collections at Olin Library, [[Washington University in St. Louis]], include a selection of Lehmann's legal papers (including his time as Solicitor General), a collection of historic manuscript letters of notable people, and rare editions of works of [[Robert Burns]] and others. There is also a Frederick Lehmann Autograph Collection at the [[Missouri Historical Society]], St. Louis.

Frederick W. Lehmann's house at No. 10 Benton Place in St. Louis is now preserved as the "Lehmann House" [[Bed and breakfast|Bed and Breakfast]].<ref>((Cite web |title=Lehmann House Bed and Breakfast |url=http://www.lehmannhouse.com/home/ |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=Lehmann House Bed and Breakfast, St. Louis, Missouri. |language=en))</ref>

==References==
((reflist))

((s-start))
((s-legal))
((succession box|
 before=[[Lloyd Wheaton Bowers]]|
 title=[[United States Solicitor General|Solicitor General]]|
 after=[[William Marshall Bullitt]]|
 years=1910–1912))
((s-end))
((USSolGen))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Lehmann, Frederick William))
[[Category:1853 births]]
[[Category:1931 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century American lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century American lawyers]]
[[Category:American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law]]
[[Category:American book and manuscript collectors]]
[[Category:Burials at Bellefontaine Cemetery]]
[[Category:Iowa lawyers]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Des Moines, Iowa]]
[[Category:Lawyers from St. Louis]]
[[Category:Missouri Democrats]]
[[Category:Ohio lawyers]]
[[Category:People from Tabor, Iowa]]
[[Category:Presidents of the American Bar Association]]
[[Category:Prussian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Railway Wage Commission]]
[[Category:Tabor College (Iowa) alumni]]
[[Category:United States Solicitors General]]

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