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((short description|French eugenics organization))
((more citations needed|date=May 2021 ))
((Expand French|FRENCH-ARTICLE-NAME|tpoic=hist|date=May 2021 ))

((use dmy dates|date=May 2021 ))
<!--((infobox organization/Wikidata | fetchwikidata=ALL |suppressfields= |noicon=on))-->
The '''French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems''' (((lang-fr|Fondation française pour l'étude des problèmes humains))), often referred to as the '''Alexis Carrel Foundation''' or the '''Carrel Foundation''', was a eugenics organization created by Nobel laureate in Medicine '''Alexis Carrel''' under the [[Vichy regime]] in World War II France.((sfn|JOEF|1941|p=5251))

[[Alexis Carrel]] spent most of his career at the [[Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research|Rockefeller Institute]] in New York and returned to France just before the outbreak of World War II. Carrel, who had worked previously with [[Philippe Pétain]] during the First World War, accepted an offer to establish and lead a foundation for the study of human problems. Its ambitious mission was to give an account of the "human element associating the soul and the body".((citation needed|date=May 2021))

Charged with "the comprehensive study of the most appropriate measures needed to safeguard, improve, and advance the French people in all their activities," the Foundation was created by decree of the Vichy regime in 1941, and Carrel was appointed as "regent".((sfn|Reggiani|2002|p=331-356))((sfn|JOEF|1941|p=5251))

The Foundation initiated studies on demographics (Robert Gessain, Paul Vincent, Jean Bourgeois), nutrition (Jean Sutter), and housing (Jean Merlet), as well as the first polls ([[Jean Stoetzel]]). The foundation employed 300 researchers from the summer of 1942 to the end of the autumn of 1944.((sfn|Terrenoire|2003|p=10))

The Foundation made many positive accomplishments during its time.((sfn|Reggiani|2007|p=107)) It promoted the 16 December 1942 Act which established the prenuptial certificate, which was required before marriage and which sought to insure the good health of the spouses, in particular in regard to [[sexually transmitted disease]]s (STD) and "life hygiene". The institute also established the ''((ill|livret scolaire|fr|v=sup))'',((efn|The ((lang|fr|livret scolaire)) is an official document of the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|Ministry of National Education]] in France which is a cumulative academic report containing the results of a student's academic achievements in various subjects throughout the national compulsory schooling period from 3 to 16 years of age.)) which could be used to record students' grades in the French secondary schools, and thus classify and select them according to scholastic performance.((sfn|Reggiani|2002|pp=331–356))

Carrel was suspended after the liberation of Paris in August 1944 and died soon thereafter, thus avoiding the inevitable purge. The Foundation itself was "purged", but resurfaced soon after as the [[French Institute for Demographic Studies]] (INED) after the war.((sfn|Terrenoire|2003|p=10)) Most members of Carrel's team moved to INED, led by [[demographist]] [[Alfred Sauvy]], who coined the expression "[[Third World]]". Others joined [[Robert Debré]]'s ((ill|National Hygiene Institute|fr|Institut national d'hygiène|v=sup)) which later became [[INSERM]].((citation needed|date=May 2021))

== See also ==

((div col|colwidth=320em))
* [[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy|Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II]]
* [[Human enhancement]]
* ''[[Institut national d'études démographiques]]''
* [[International Eugenics Conference]]
* [[Nazi eugenics]]
* [[Philippe Pétain]]
* ''[[Révolution nationale]]''
((div col end))

== References ==

;Notes
((Notelist))

;Citations
((Reflist))

== Works cited ==

<!--((sfn|JOEF|1941|p=5251))-->
* ((cite journal |journal=Journal Officiel de l'État Français |title=Loi du 17 novembre 1941 Creation de la Fondation. M. Alexis Carrel est nomme regent de la Fondation. financement, dotation initiale |trans-title=Law of 17 November 1941 Creation of the foundation. Mr Alexis Carrel is appointed regent of the Foundation. financing, initial endowment. |volume=63 |issue=327 |date=5 December 1941 |via=Légifrance |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000869141 |ref=((harvid|JOEF|1941)) ))
<!--((sfn|Reggiani|2002|p=331-356))-->
* ((cite journal |journal=French Historical Studies |last=Reggiani |first=Andres Horacio |title=Alexis Carrel the Unknown: Eugenics and Population Research under Vichy |volume=25 |number=2 |date=2002 |pages=331–356 |publisher=Duke University Press |doi=10.1215/00161071-25-2-331 |s2cid=161094444 |issn=1527-5493 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/11924))
<!--((sfn|Reggiani|2007|p=))-->
* ((cite book |last1=Reggiani |first1=Andrés Horacio |date=2007 |title=God's Eugenicist: Alexis Carrel and the Sociobiology of Decline |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-84545-172-1 |oclc=963478608 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zhx-fkqlOgQC <!--|total-pages=241--> ))
<!--((sfn|Terrenoire|2003|p=))-->
* ((cite web |last=Terrenoire |first=Gwen |title=Eugenics in France (1913–1941) : a review of research findings |date=24 March 2003 |url=http://ong-comite-liaison.unesco.org/ongpho/acti/3/2/document/8/pdfen.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218180717/http://ong-comite-liaison.unesco.org/ongpho/acti/3/2/document/8/pdfen.pdf |archive-date=2006-02-18  |publisher=Joint Programmatic Commission [[UNESCO]]-ONG Science and Ethics |pages=1–13))

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[[Category:1941 in France]]
[[Category:1942 in France]]
[[Category:1943 in France]]
[[Category:1944 documents]]
[[Category:Bioethics]]
[[Category:Eugenics organizations]]
[[Category:France in World War II]]
[[Category:German occupation of France during World War II]]
[[Category:Government of France]]
[[Category:Pseudo-scholarship]]
[[Category:Technological utopianism]]
[[Category:Vichy France]]

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