You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 54.210.0.0/16 has been blocked by ‪JJMC89‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 05:36, 2 February 2025. Your current IP address is 54.210.221.143.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
This IP address range has been globally blocked.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis.
The IP address or range 54.210.0.0/16 has been globally blocked by ‪Jon Kolbert‬ for the following reason(s):

Open proxy/Webhost: See the help page if you are affected

This block will expire on 05:40, 21 February 2029. Your current IP address is 54.210.221.143.

Even while globally blocked, you will usually still be able to edit pages on Meta-Wiki.

If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

Other useful links: Global blocks · Help:I have been blocked

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((distinguish|Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France))
((more citations needed|find=Principes fondamentaux |find2=lois de la République |date=May 2022))
((rough translation|French|listed=yes|date=May 2022))

In France, the '''fundamental principles recognized by the laws of the Republic''' (French: ''principes fondamentaux reconnus par les lois de la République'', abbreviated to PFRLR) are certain [[principle]]s recognized by the [[Constitutional Council (France)|Constitutional Council]] and the [[Council of State (France)|Council of State]] as having constitutional force.

This concept is mentioned briefly in the [[French constitution of 1946|preamble of the Constitution of 1946]]. The [[French Constitution of 1958|preamble of the constitution of 1958]] references the 1946 preamble, and the constitutional judges, in their "freedom of association" ruling, [[Decision 71-44 DC of 16 July 1971|decision n°71-44 DC of 16 July 1971]],<ref>[[Decision 71-44 DC of 16 July 1971|Decision no. 71-44 DC]], known as "Liberté d'association" ("Freedom of association"): https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/en/decision/1971/7144DC.htm</ref> gave constitutional force to this preamble.((efn|name="constitutional block"|These fundamental principles are thus principles included in the [[constitutional block (France)]] (((lang-fr|Bloc de constitutionnalité))): various translations are seen, as no established term exists yet in English for this term, including constitutionality corpus (sometimes Constitutionality Corpus), corpus of constitutionality, constitutionality block, block of constitutionality, constitutional framework, and others.))
((Constitutional block sidebar))

== Initial appearance ==
Fundamental principles were mentioned in a budget law of 31 March 1931 (article 91) to characterize ((ill|freedom of instruction|fr|Liberté d'enseignement|lt=freedom of instruction.|v=sup))<ref name="loi 31 mars 1931">((cite French law|number or usual name= |date in French=31 mars 1931|full name=Loi portant fixation du budget general de l'exercise 1931-1932.|article=91|language=French|lower case=|URL=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000313212)), in [[JORF]], 1 April 1931.  ([https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/download/securePrint?token=OBCNooqt88yMY5fWr!c5 pdf]) p. 3585.</ref><ref name="Wolf-Macedo-2004">((cite book |last=Meuert |first=Dennis |editor1=Patrick J. Wolf |editor2=Stephen Macedo |date=2004 |title=Educating Citizens: International Perspectives on Civic Values and School Choice |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |location=Washington, D.C. |page=263, note 1 |isbn=978-0-8157-9516-2 |oclc=1022619397 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTeBTZVlt5gC&pg=PA263))</ref> This was adopted as a compromise by deputies from the [[Popular Republican Movement]] (MRP) when writing the [[French Constitution of 27 October 1946|Constitution of the Fourth Republic]], since the [[French Section of the Workers' International|SFIO]] (socialist) and [[French Communist Party|PCF]] (communist) deputies had declared themselves hostile to a constitutionalization of this freedom along with the other rights cited in the preamble.((citation needed|date=May 2022))

The principles attached to this notion were defined by the judge.((clarify|judge? Is there a prior mention of a judge?|date=January 2023)) First, the Council of State identified [[freedom of association]] as a fundamental principle, initially basing it on a 1956 appellate decision,((efn|name="Annamites"|The July 11, 1956 decision of the French [[Council of State (France)|Council of State]] established freedom of association for individuals. The decision is known as the ((lang|fr|Arrêt Amicale des Annamites de Paris)).)) and then from 1971 on, the Constitutional Council's [[Decision 71-44 DC of 16 July 1971|Decision #71-44 DC]] on freedom of association as well.((citation needed|date=May 2022))

Today, the fundamental principles designate in the modern spirit the landmark laws of the first, second, and third republics, notably freedom of conscience and freedom of association.((citation needed|date=May 2022))

== Constitutionalization of principles ==
The extensive constitutional body of law developed by the Constitutional Council since 1971 gave constitutional force to some principles by making them fundamental principles recognized by the laws of the Republic (PFRLR). These essential principles of French law, created by the legislature but not specified in the constitution or raised as a constitutional norm, such as the principle of independence of administrative jurisdiction or freedom of association, were then imposed on the legislature and administration.

PFRLRs are mainly defined by constitutional judges, even though their first mention was by the Council of State.((efn|name="Annamites")) Constitutional judges consider themselves not creators but interpreters of these principles, to avoid concerns of “government by the judges”.<ref name="Champagne-2016" />((rp|180))

== Applicability criteria ==
The Constitutional Council verified four criteria before recognizing the PFRLR. Thus, a principle must come from:

* A legislative text of a general scope stating the principle from before 1946<ref name="Champagne-2016">((cite book |last=Champagne |first=Gilles |date=August 2016|isbn=978-2-297-05418-8|language=fr|location=Paris|title=L'essentiel du droit constitutionnel : 2016-2017|publisher=Gualino))</ref>((rp|181|quote-page=193)) (instauration of the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]])
* A republican regime, thus excluding legislation from the monarchical and [[Vichy France|Vichy regimes]]), even if an exception exists in the PFRLR identified in the decision of 23 January 1987 “Competitiveness council”, relying partly on the law of 16 and 24 August 1790 adopted by the [[National Constituent Assembly (France)|National Constituent Assembly]] and sanctioned by [[Louis XVI]]
* Continuous application; there can be no exception allowed.<ref name="Champagne-2016" />((rp|181|quote-page=193))
* A general (not contingent) legal principle. This condition explains why the [[Jus soli]] is not identified as a PFRLR, since the law of 1889 giving it an absolute character (confirmed by a law of 1927) was not affirming a principle but was linked to the circumstances of the time, here the establishment of [[conscription]] (Constitutional Council, Decision n°93-321 DC of 20 July 1993<ref>
((cite web
|title=Décision No. 93-321 DC du 20 juillet 1993
|url=https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/decision/1993/93321DC.htm
|agency=Conseil constitutionnel
|access-date=18 November 2011
|publication-date=
))</ref>). As such, PFRLRs are not comparable to traditions, customs, or simple habits of positive law.<ref>
((cite book
|publisher=[[éditions du Seuil]]
|author1=Guy Carcassonne
|author2=Marc Guillaume
|date=2014
|isbn=978-2-7578-4600-1
|language=fr
|location=Paris
|edition=12
|pages=442–443
|series=Essais, #319
|title=La Constitution introduite et commentée
|quote-pages=480
))</ref>
* The principle must have “sufficient importance”<ref name="Champagne-2016" />((rp|181|quote-page=193)) Decision no. 98-407 DC of 14 January 1999, ''Act determining the mode of election of regional councillors'', wrote “Considering that, in any event, the invoked rule does not have a sufficient importance to be regarded as a 'fundamental principle recognized by the laws of the Republic' mentioned in the first paragraph of the Preamble of the Constitution of 1946, thus the complaint must be rejected”.<ref>
((cite web
|title=Decision no. 98-407 DC of 14 January 1999 Act determining the mode of election of regional councillors and of councillors in the Corsican Assembly, and the operation of regional councils (extracts)
|url=https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/en/decision/1999/98407DC.htm
|author=French Constitutional Council
|language=French
|date=14 January 1999
))</ref>

Since 2013 and Decision no. 2013-669 DC of 17 May 2013 “Law providing for same-sex marriage”,<ref>
((cite web
|title=Decision no. 2013-669 DC of 17 May 2013 Law providing for same-sex marriage
|url=https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/en/decision/2013/2013669DC.htm
|author=French Constitutional Council
|language=French
|date=17 May 2013
|access-date=27 April 2022
))</ref> three new conditions have been identified. On this occasion, the Council ruled that the opposite-sex character of marriage was not a PFRLR.<ref>
((cite book
|publisher=[[Presses universitaires de France|PUF]]
|author1=Xavier Dupré de Boulois
|date=May 2018
|isbn=978-2-13-063500-0
|language=fr
|location=Paris
|page=78
|title=Droit des libertés fondamentales
|quote-pages=549))</ref>

The principles must pertain to at least one of the following topics:
* [[Separation of powers]] 
* [[National sovereignty]] 
* [[Human rights|Fundamental rights and freedoms]]

== List of principles ==
As of April 2022, the Constitutional Council has identified eleven principles as PFRLR:

* [[Freedom of association]]<ref>[[Association loi de 1901|Loi du 1<sup>er</sup> juillet 1901]], [[Décision Liberté d'association|Décision No.&nbsp;71-44 DC du 16 juillet 1971, "liberté d'association"]]</ref>
* [[Right to a fair trial|Rights of defense in a trial]]<ref>Décision No.&nbsp;76-70 DC du 2 décembre 1976, "prévention des accidents du travail"</ref>
* [[Fundamental rights|Individual liberty]]<ref>Décision No.&nbsp;76-75 DC du 12 janvier 1977, "fouille des véhicules"</ref>
* ((ill|Freedom of instruction|fr|Liberté d'enseignement|v=sup))<ref>Article 91 de la loi de finances du 31 mars 1931, Décision No.&nbsp;77-87 DC du 23 novembre 1977, "liberté d'enseignement et de conscience"</ref> and notably [[academic freedom]]<ref>Lois du 12 juillet 1875 et 18 mars 1880, Décision No.&nbsp;99-414 DC du 8 juillet 1999, "loi d'orientation agricole"</ref>
* [[Freedom of conscience]]<ref>Décision No.&nbsp;77-87 DC du 23 novembre 1977, "liberté d'enseignement et de conscience"</ref>
* Independence of [[Public administration|administrative jurisdiction]]<ref>Loi du 24 mai 1872, Décision No.&nbsp;80-119 DC du 22 juillet 1980, "validation d'actes administratifs"</ref>
* Independence of university professors and lecturers<ref name="ReferenceA">Décision No.&nbsp;83-165 DC du 20 janvier 1984, "libertés universitaires"</ref>
* Exclusiveness of administrative jurisdiction for the cancelling or reform of decisions taken in the exercise of prerogatives of public powers<ref>Décision No.&nbsp;86-224 DC du 23 janvier 1987, "Conseil de la concurrence"</ref>
* Judicial authority guardian of private property<ref>Décision No.&nbsp;89-256 DC du 25 juillet 1989, "urbanisme et agglomérations nouvelles"</ref>
* Existence of [[Criminal responsibility in French law#Minors|criminal justice for minors]]<ref>Lois du 12 avril 1906 sur la majorité pénale des mineurs et du 22 juillet 1912 sur les tribunaux pour enfants, ((Interlanguage link|Ordonnance relative à l'enfance délinquante|Ordonnance du 2 février 1945 sur l'enfance délinquante|fr)), Décision No.&nbsp;2002-461 DC du 29 août 2002, "loi d'orientation et de programmation de la justice"</ref>
* Use of [[Local law in Alsace-Moselle|local laws in Alsace and Moselle]] “as long as they have not been replaced with common laws or harmonized with them”<ref>((cite web|title=Décision No. 2011-157 QPC du 5 août 2011|url=https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/decision/2011/2011157QPC.htm|publication-date=))</ref><ref>((cite book|page=Section 3.7.1|title=Guide pour l'élaboration des textes législatifs et réglementaires|url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/Droit-francais/Guide-de-legistique/III.-Redaction-des-textes/3.7.-Application-et-applicabilite-dans-certaines-parties-du-territoire-metropolitain/3.7.1.-Application-et-applicabilite-des-textes-en-Alsace-Moselle))</ref>

Furthermore, the Council of State in 1996 identified the prohibition of political [[extradition]].<ref>((Cite web |date=3 July 1996 |title=Conseil d'Etat, Assemblée, du 3 juillet 1996, 169219, publié au recueil Lebon |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/ceta/id/CETATEXT000007939580/ |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=27 April 2022 |website=Légifrance))</ref>

The PFRLRs are to be distinguished from other principles identified by the Constitutional Council:

* ((ill|Principles of constitutional status|fr|Principes à valeur constitutionnelle|v=sup)) which are general principles of French law having the effect of constitutional text
* The ((ill|objectives of constitutional value|fr|Objectif de valeur constitutionnelle|v=sup))

== See also ==

* [[Fundamental freedoms]]
* [[Constitution of the Fifth Republic]]
* [[Judiciary of France]]
* [[General principles of French law]]

== References ==
;Notes
((notelist))

;Citations
((Reflist))

((Hierarchy of norms in French law))

[[Category:Legal doctrines and principles]]
[[Category:Government of France]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Fundamental principles recognized by the laws of the Republic (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Br (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Break (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Template:Citation needed (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite French law (edit)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Clarify (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Constitutional block sidebar (edit)
Template:Constitutional block sidebar/styles.css (edit)
Template:Delink (view source) (protected)
Template:Distinguish (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Efn (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fix (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix-span (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fix/category (view source) (protected)
Template:Hierarchy of norms in French law (edit)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Ill (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Interlanguage link (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Lang-fr (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Mw lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Notelist (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:R/superscript (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:R/where (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reference page (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Rough translation (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Rp (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Separated entries (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sidebar (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:URL (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:DecodeEncode (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Distinguish (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Exponential search (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:GetParameters (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISO 639 name (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISO 639 name/ISO 639-1 (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISO 639 name/ISO 639-2 (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISO 639 name/ISO 639-2B (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISO 639 name/ISO 639-3 (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISO 639 name/ISO 639-3 (dep) (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISO 639 name/ISO 639-5 (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISO 639 name/ISO 639 deprecated (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISO 639 name/ISO 639 override (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Mw lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Plain text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Redirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:Sidebar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:String2 (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:URL (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Fundamental principles recognized by the laws of the Republic.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_principles_recognized_by_the_laws_of_the_Republic"