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((Short description|Dutch political party))
((More citations needed|date=November 2023))
((Politics of the Netherlands))
The '''General League of Roman Catholic Electoral Associations'''<ref>((Cite book |author=Herman Bakvis |title=Catholic Power in the Netherlands |publisher=McGill–Queen's University Press |year=1981 |page=63))<br>((Cite book |author=Stathis N. Kalyvas |title=The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1996 |page=177))</ref> (((lang-nl|Algemeene Bond van Roomsch-Katholieke Kiesverenigingen))), informally called the '''General League''' (((lang-nl|Algemeene Bond))), was a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[political party]] in the [[Netherlands]]. It existed from 1904 to 1926, when it was succeeded by the [[Roman Catholic State Party]]. It is one of the ancestors of today's [[Christian Democratic Appeal]].

==History==
===Before 1904===
During the 19th century, [[Roman Catholicism in the Netherlands|Catholics]] were a disadvantaged minority in the Netherlands. They enjoyed considerable independence in the southern provinces [[North Brabant]] and [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]], where they formed 90% of the population. In the north, however, Catholics were not allowed to organise religious rallies and demonstrations. Until 1848, the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church was forbidden in the Netherlands. A mix of Protestantism and nationalism, inspired by the [[Eighty Years' War|struggle for independence]] against the Catholic Spanish, was a reason.

Until the 1890s, the most important ally of the Catholics were the [[Liberal Union (Netherlands)|liberals]], who advocated freedom of religion. Catholics supported several liberal governments but were divided between two groups: those for the progressive Schaepman and those for the conservative Bahlman. The progressives favoured a corporatist economy and extension of suffrage, but the conservatives, who represented business interests, opposed both. Meanwhile, the organisation of the Catholics was concentrated on the district or province. The Brabant caucuses was exceptionally strong.

In the late 1880s, the Catholics became disillusioned with the liberals because, although they supported the freedom of religion, they refused to finance Catholic, or otherwise religious, schools. That became an important issue that united the Catholics. In 1888 the Catholic parliamentary party switched its allegiances to the Protestant [[Anti-Revolutionary Party]] and became part of the first [[Coalition (Netherlands)|Coalition]] cabinet, led by [[Aeneas Mackay (1839–1909)|Aeneas Mackay]]. The new cabinet also jump started the formation of a new party in 1896. All Catholic candidates then rallied around one programme, written by Schaepman. The programme was inspired by the encyclical ''[[Rerum novarum]]'', which advocated social Catholic politics. From 1897, Catholic MPs began to meet regularly.

===1904–1926===
Finally, on 15 October 1904, the General League was founded as a federation of district and provincial Catholic caucuses and parliamentarians.

The [[1905 Dutch general election|1905 election]] was the first election contested by the League. It retained the same number of seats as previously held by Catholic candidates: 25 (out of 100). That number remained remarkably stable in subsequent elections. The party governed between 1908 and 1913 together with the ARP and the Protestant CHU, in the cabinet led by [[Theo Heemskerk|Heemskerk]]. Between 1913 and 1918, the party was out of power by a liberal minority cabinet, which was preparing an important constitutional revision to solve the two most pressing political issues of the past three decades: suffrage and equal financing for religious schools. All parties were involved in the process, and in 1917, the changes were implemented.

Then, the General League grew in power. In the [[1918 Dutch general election|1918 election]], held under proportional representation, the League became the largest party, and its alliance with the ARP and CHU won a considerable majority. For the first time in Dutch political history, a Catholic, [[Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck]], became [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Prime Minister]].

That responsibility put considerable pressure on the party. In 1919, Van Groenendael was removed from the party ranks because the MP supported the independence of Dutch Limburg. In 1922 another Catholic party, [[Rooms Katholieke Volkspartij|Roman Catholic People's Party]], was founded by former members of the General League and was oriented towards Catholic workers. In 1923, 10 Catholic MPs caused the fall of the second Ruijs de Beerenbrouck cabinet by voting against the budget of the Ministry for the Navy. Ruijs de Beerenbrouck continued with a new cabinet. In 1925, the orthodox Protestant MP Kersten caused the fall of the first [[Hendrikus Colijn|Colijn]] cabinet. Kersten had proposed every year for the Dutch representative at the [[Holy See]] to be abolished. Each year, the conservative Protestant CHU, which was in government with the General League, had supported the proposal. Now, the socialist and liberal opposition supported the proposal as well, which was unacceptable for the Catholic ministers, and their departure caused the cabinet to fall. Those events and the pressure of governing accelerated the General League's change to a tightly-organised mass party. In 1926, it formed a new party, the [[Roman Catholic State Party]], which was the continuation of the General League with a stronger organisation.

==Name==
The name "League" conveyed three things: its federative nature, as it was a federal league of caucuses, its Roman Catholic ideology, and its opposition to partisan politics – it was a general league. The long name was not abbreviated in an acronym, but just as General League. Before the foundation of the Roman Catholic State Party in 1926 the party was also generally known under that name.

((Christian Democracy sidebar))

==Ideology and issues==
The General League was a Catholic party, which explicitly based itself on the papal [[encyclical]] ''[[Rerum novarum]]''. In this encyclical [[Pope Leo XIII]] expressed the principles of Catholic social teaching. It called for stronger government intervention in the economy, while denouncing [[socialism]].

As a Catholic party, it advocated [[School struggle (Netherlands)|equal finances for religious and public schools]]. Furthermore, the party supported religious freedom for Catholics in the Northern provinces, such as the right to hold religious demonstrations. It wanted a separate envoy at the [[Holy See]] and a strong Catholic mission in the [[Dutch Indies]].

As a Catholic social party, it was a staunch proponent of a [[corporatism|corporatist]] economy, where [[Employers' organization|employers' organisations]], [[trade union|unions]], and [[Sovereign state|state]] work together for the common good. It supported the implementation of a system of [[social security]], protection to develop national industry, and the improvement of the position of workers. It advocated [[Householder Franchise|householder franchise]] in which only heads of families could vote.

After [[World War I]] it advocated increased spending on defense.

==Representation==
This table shows the General League's results in elections to the [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]] and [[Senate (Netherlands)|Senate]], as well as the party's political leadership: the ''fractievoorzitter'', the chair of the parliamentary party, and the lijsttrekker, the party's top candidate in a general election; these posts are normally taken by the party's leader. It is also possible that the party leader was a cabinet member, if the General League was part of the governing coalition. The "highest ranking" minister is listed.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|HoR]]
! [[Senate (Netherlands)|S]]
! ''[[Lijsttrekker]]''
! ''[[Fractievoorzitter]]''
! [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet]]
|-
|[[1905 Dutch general election|1905]]
|25
|17
|not applicable
|[[Maximilien Kolkman]]
|opposition
|-
|1906
|25
|17
|no election
|Maximilien Kolkman
|opposition
|-
|1907
|25
|19
|no election
|Maximilien Kolkman
|opposition
|-
|1908
|25
|19
|no election
|Maximilien Kolkman
|opposition
|-
|[[1909 Dutch general election|1909]]
|25
|19
|not applicable
|[[Jan Loeff]]
|[[Anton Nelissen]]
|-
|1910
|25
|18
|no election
|[[Wiel Nolens]]
|Anton Nelissen
|-
|1911
|25
|18
|no election
|Wiel Nolens
|[[Robert Regout (politician)|Robert Regout]]
|-
|1912
|25
|18
|no election
|Wiel Nolens
|Robert Regout
|-
|[[1913 Dutch general election|1913]]
|25
|18
|not applicable
|Wiel Nolens
|opposition
|-
|1914
|25
|18
|no election
|Wiel Nolens
|opposition
|-
|1915
|25
|18
|no election
|Wiel Nolens
|opposition
|-
|1916
|25
|17
|no election
|Wiel Nolens
|opposition
|-
|[[1917 Dutch general election|1917]]
|25
|17
|not applicable
|Wiel Nolens
|opposition
|-
|[[1918 Dutch general election|1918]]
|30
|17
|Wiel Nolens
|Wiel Nolens
|[[Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck]] ([[Prime Minister of the Netherlands|PM]])
|-
|1919
|30
|17
|no election
|Wiel Nolens
|Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck (PM)
|-
|1920
|30
|17
|no election
|Wiel Nolens
|Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck (PM)
|-
|1921
|30
|17
|no election
|Wiel Nolens
|Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck (PM)
|-
|[[1922 Dutch general election|1922]]
|32
|21
|Wiel Nolens
|Wiel Nolens
|Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck (PM)
|-
|1923
|32
|16
|no election
|Wiel Nolens
|Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck (PM)
|-
|1924
|32
|16
|no election
|Wiel Nolens
|Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck (PM)
|-
|[[1925 Dutch general election|1925]]
|30
|16
|Wiel Nolens
|Wiel Nolens
|[[Dionysius Koolen]]
|}

==Electorate==
The General League was supported by Catholics of all [[Social class|classes]]. In [[North Brabant]] and [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]], it often got more than 90% of the vote, and was comfortably in control of the [[Provincial council (Netherlands)|provincial]] and [[Municipal council (Netherlands)|municipal councils]].

==Organisation==

===Organisational structure===
The party was a loose league of [[caucus]]es, with little [[party discipline]]. The weak party organisation was dependent on the party's parliamentary party.

===Pillarised organisations===
The General League had close links to many other Catholic institutions such as the [[Roman-Catholic Church]], and together they formed the Catholic [[Pillarisation|pillar]]. These organisations included a Catholic [[labour union]], the Catholic [[Employers' organization|employers' organisation]], the Catholic farmers' organisation, Catholic Hospitals united in the Yellow-White Cross, and Catholic Schools.

===Relationships to other parties===
The General League was allied to the Protestant [[Anti-Revolutionary Party]] and [[Christian Historical Union]], in alliance called the [[Coalition (Netherlands)|Coalition]]. Their shared issue was the equal financing for religious schools by the government. The relationship with the ARP, which also supported the extension of suffrage and recognised the Catholic religion, was considerably better than with the CHU, which opposed the extension of suffrage and sought to minimise the rights of Catholics.

==International comparison==
As a Catholic party in a dominantly-Protestant country, it is similar to the German [[Centre Party (Germany)|Centre Party]] or the Swiss [[Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland|Conservative People's Party]]. All three were committed to the emancipation of Catholics from their disadvantaged position.

==References==
((Reflist))

((Defunct political parties in the Netherlands))
((Christian political parties in the Netherlands))

[[Category:Catholic political parties]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Confessional parties in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1904]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1926]]
[[Category:Political party alliances in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Defunct Christian political parties]]
[[Category:Conservative parties in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:1904 establishments in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:1926 disestablishments in the Netherlands]]

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