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((Short description|Iranian general (1918–1984)))
((More citations needed|date= May 2018))
((Use dmy dates|date=June 2020))
((Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix    = [[Timsar]]
| nickname            = Hero of Iran<ref>((cite web|title=Lodi News-Sentinel – Google News Archive Search |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=19840208&id=8pUzAAAAIBAJ&pg=5419,3921052|accessdate=24 November 2018))</ref>
| image               = Gholam Ali Oveissi portrait.jpg
| image_size          = 250
| caption             = General Gholam-Ali Oveissi, pre-1979
| module              = 
| birth_date          = ((birth date|1918|04|16|df=y))
| death_date          = ((death date and age|1984|02|07|1918|04|16|df=y))
| birth_place         = [[Fordo]], [[Qom Province]], [[Sublime State of Persia]]
| death_place         = [[Paris]], France
| placeofburial       = 
| allegiance          = [[Iran]]
| branch              = [[Imperial Iranian Army]]
| serviceyears        = 1934–1979
| rank                = [[File:IIArmy-Arteshbod.png|20px]] [[General]]
| commands            = Commander of the Iranian Imperial Army
| awards              = [[Gholam Ali Oveissi#Medals|see Medals]]
| office              = [[Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (Iran)|Minister of Labour and Social Affairs]]
| monarch             = [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]]
| primeminister       = [[Gholam Reza Azhari]]
| termstart           = 6 November 1978
| termend             = 22 November 1978
| predecessor         = [[Kazem Wadi'i]]
| successor           = [[:fa:باقر کاتوزیان|Bagher Katouzian]]
))

'''[[Arteshbod]] Gholam-Ali Oveissi''' (((lang-fa|غلامعلی اویسی))&lrm;; 16 April 1918 – 7 February 1984) was an Iranian general and the Chief Commander of the [[Imperial Iranian Armed Forces]] under Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. He was the last general to head the Imperial Army of Iran. He is regarded as one of the most powerful and adept military generals in Iran's modern history.<ref>Mansur Rafizadeh. (1987). ''Witness: From the Shah to the Secret Arms Deal: an Insider's Account of U.S. Involvement in Iran''. W. Morrow.</ref><ref>Mark J. Roberts. (January, 1996). ''Khomeini's Incorporation of the Iranian Military''.</ref>

==Early life==
Oveissi's family from his father's lineage goes back to Shah [[Qara Yusuf|Qara Yusuf Muhammad]], the ruler of the [[Kara Koyunlu|Ghara Ghoyonlu dynasty (Black Sheep Turkomans)]] and descends through [[Uzun Hassan]].<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fY01Tc2SZVEC&q=sanjaq+chapakchur&pg=PA173|title=The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 6|author=Peter Jackson, Lawrence Lockhart|year=1986|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521200943|page=173))</ref><ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZI3AAAAIAAJ&q=jahan+shah+defeated+by+uzun+hasan|title=A History of Persian Literature Under Tartar Dominion (A.D, 1265–1502)|author=Edward Granville Browne|year=2009|publisher=Cambridge: The University press Publication |page=89))</ref><ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fY01Tc2SZVEC&q=jahan+shah+defeated+by+uzun+hasan|title=The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 6|author=Peter Jackson, Lawrence Lockhart|year=1986|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521200943|pages=1120))</ref> He is a direct descendant of Eskandar Beik Torkaman, the minister, head of army (Iraq campaign) and personal advisor to [[Abbas I of Persia|Shah Abbas the Great]].((Citation needed|date= May 2018)) On his mother's side he was the grandson of Hossein Ali Mirza, the eldest son of [[Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar]].((Citation needed|date= May 2018)) In 1937, Oveissi married Sharafat Baniadam, the daughter of Sharif Doleh Baniadam, and granddaughter of Sharif Doleh Bozorg. They were married until her passing in 1972. The Baniadams were members of the Ghaffari family of Kashan.((Citation needed|date= May 2018))

==Education and career==
Oveissi received his diploma from Iran's Military High School. He attended the Officers Faculty in the same class as [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] continuing his military training in the Military Academy in Tehran where he graduated first in his class. The top graduates of the class were selected by [[Reza Shah]] to go straight to the [[Imperial Guard (Iran)|Imperial Guard]], an honor given only to the top five graduates. Oveissi sought permission from Reza Shah to be stationed at [[Khuzestan]] instead where the government was involved in battle with rebel groups. He attended the Military organization in [[Fort Myers, Florida|Fort Myers]], [[Virginia]] and [[Fort Leavenworth]] ([[Kansas]]) in 1959.<ref name="magiran.com">"[https://www.magiran.com/article/1935881 US Embassy and Constructive Criticism of Gholam Ali Oveissi]". Collective biography of Pahlavi men 44. Archive (28 September 2009), No. 1947.</ref>

* From 1938–1939 he was chosen to command the Military Section of the 7th and 13th regiments positioned in [[Fars Province]] and replaced the commander of the 6th regiment from 1940–1941. 
* From 1941–1943 he replaced the military commander of Fars Province, section 13.
* From 1940–1960 he was chief of the military faculty in Tehran.

After 1955 his military career progressed rapidly.
* On 12 September 1954, he became a full colonel and served with that rank until 1960 when he was promoted to general in the [[Military history of Iran|Imperial Iranian Army]].
* From 1958–1960 he participated actively in the military court prosecution of communist officers.
* He continued his military studies in the United States periodically from 1960–1965, and became a full commander of the Royal Military division of the Imperial Guards.<ref name="magiran.com" />

'''Four Star General of the Army'''. From 1960–1965 Oveissi became a four star general of the Army, being the youngest of his peers to achieve the rank of four stars.
* In 1965 General Oveissi became the Chief Commander of the security divisions of the Policy Academy.
* In 1966 he served in the Committee of Information of the Imperial Iranian Army.
* In 1969 he obtained the highest military rank.<ref name="magiran.com" />

In addition, Oveissi served as the military governor of Tehran.<ref>((cite web|author1=Brian Champion|author2=Lee Crowther|title=Appendix 1: Selected, allegedly Iran-sponsored attempts to kill Iranian expatriates, 1979-2012|url=https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2579&context=facpub|publisher=BYU Scholars Archive|page=10|date=12 March 2013))</ref>

==CIA and Iraqi connections==
During his exile in Paris after 1979, Oveissi continued his dialog with both the [[CIA]] as well as [[Saddam Hussein]]. To Saddam, Oveissi was a welcome connection with Iranian sources after the Iranian revolution. As the Shah's last general, he supplied Iraq with essential information on Iranian tactics under the new leadership of Iranian clerics. According to a historical article by the [[Brookings Institution]], "both sides engaged in conspiracies and plots to subvert the other". In 1980, Oveissi foresaw weaknesses in the defence strategy of Iran, a fact that was warmly welcomed by Saddam. The same year, Oveissi travelled to NYC where he met with U.S. intelligence officials, who then concluded that a war between Iran and Iraq was imminent.<ref>Bruce R (January 24, 2019). [https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-irans-revolution-meant-for-iraq/ "What Iran’s revolution meant for Iraq"] ''brookings.edu''. Retrieved 4 April 2024.</ref>

==Medals==
General Oveissi received many military medals for his honorable and distinguished services in the [[Iranian Armed Forces]], including:

1) Medals 1, 2, and 3 for his aptitude;
<br />
2) Medal of Honor 1, 2, and 3;
<br />
3) He was honored with a medal (level 2) for his exceptional effort in the counter coup d'état of 1953 (28 Mordad);  
<br />
4) He received a medal for being a master marksman;
<br />
4) He received the medal of (Taj) crown level 3 Medal of Homayoun level 3;
<br />
5) Medal of appreciation and acknowledgement levels 1 and 2;
<br />
6) Medal for his tireless efforts and highly praised work levels 1, 2, and 3;
<br /> 
7) Medal for his services level 3;
<br />
8) Medal for his distinguished education.

Oveissi additionally obtained medals from various countries' military organizations. He received medals from Italian, English, Lebanese, German, and Ethiopian militaries as well.<ref name="magiran.com"/>

==Personal life==
Oveissi married twice.<ref name=usdd75>((cite web|title=Bio - General Gholam Ali Oveisi|access-date=20 March 2022 |url=https://www.dia.mil/FOIA/FOIA-Electronic-Reading-Room/FileId/161680/|publisher=US Defense Department|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113150954/https://www.dia.mil/FOIA/FOIA-Electronic-Reading-Room/FileId/161680/ |archive-date=13 November 2021|date=13 May 1975))</ref> His first wife was Sherafat Oveissi with whom he had three children.<ref name=usdd75/> She died of cancer in 1971.<ref name=usdd75/> Oveissi married again in 1973.<ref name=usdd75/>General Oveissi married Sharareh Oveissi with whom he had two children.

==Later years and assassination==
In January 1979, Oveissi was pressured to resign and leave the country. He settled in France just before [[Iranian Revolution|the Iranian revolution]] on 11 February.<ref name=nohea/> In the immediate aftermath of the revolution, Ayatollah [[Sadegh Khalkhali]], a [[Qadi|religious judge]] and then chairman of the [[Islamic Revolutionary Court]], informed the press that the death sentence was passed on the members of the Pahlavi family and former Shah officials, including Oveissi.<ref name=nohea/>

Oveissi was shot dead, along with his brother, Gholam Hossein, on 7 February 1984 in Paris, Rue de Passy.<ref name=nohea>((cite web|title=No Safe Haven: Iran's Global Assassination Campaign|url=http://www.iranhrdc.org/english/english/publications/reports/3152-no-safe-haven-iran-s-global-assassination-campaign.html|work=Iran Human Rights|access-date=4 August 2013|year=2008|archive-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817033521/http://www.iranhrdc.org/english/english/publications/reports/3152-no-safe-haven-iran-s-global-assassination-campaign.html|url-status=dead))</ref><ref name=lodi>((cite news|title=Two Iranian exiles are assassinated in Paris|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=19840208&id=8pUzAAAAIBAJ&pg=5419,3921052|access-date=5 August 2013|newspaper=Lodi News Sentinel|date=8 February 1984|agency=United Press International|location=Paris))</ref><ref>((Cite news|author=John Vinocur
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/08/world/exiled-iranian-general-is-killed-with-brother-by-gunmen-in-paris.html|title=Exiled Iranian General Is Killed with Brother by Gunmen in Paris|date=8 February 1984|newspaper=The New York Times))</ref> Oveissi was 66 years old.<ref name=lodi/> The [[Islamic Jihad Organization]] claimed responsibility for the assassination.<ref name=lodi/> His death was considered by many as the blow that dealt the most setback to opposition groups poised to overthrow the revolutionary regime in Tehran. Two days before his assassination he was expected to fly back to the border of Iran to lead a counter revolutionary army of officers and men from elite divisions of the late Shah's military that was quartered in 22 makeshift barracks in eight Turkish villages and at five clandestine bases inside Iran.  Since Oveissi had strong ties and the support of powerful members of the clergy including Grand Ayatollahs [[Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari]] and [[Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei]]((Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=October 2020)) his elimination was priority number one for the newly established revolutionary government.

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
* ((Commons-inline))
((s-start))
((s-mil))
((s-bef|before=[[Fathollah Minbashian]]))
((s-ttl|title=Commander of the [[Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces|Imperial Iranian Ground Force]]|years=1972–1979))
((s-aft|after=[[Abdol Ali Badrei]]))
((s-end))
((Commanders of the Iranian Army's Ground Forces))

((Authority control))
((DEFAULTSORT:Oveissi, Gholam Ali))
[[Category:20th-century Iranian people]]
[[Category:Assassinated military personnel]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Exiles of the Iranian Revolution in France]]
[[Category:Iranian emigrants to France]]
[[Category:Imperial Iranian Armed Forces four-star generals]]
[[Category:Iranian people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:People from Qom]]
[[Category:People murdered in Paris]]
[[Category:People sentenced to death in absentia]]
[[Category:Terrorism deaths in France]] 
[[Category:1984 murders in France]]
[[Category:1980s murders in Paris]]

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