High Speed 2 (HS2) is a planned[2][3]high-speed railway proposed to offer alternative destinations Lille, Brussels, Paris, London Heathrow Airport and London Euston from the English Midlands, Northern England, and potentially the central belt of Scotland. The project is being developed by High Speed Two Ltd, a company established by the UK government. The route would take a complex form of a "Y", with a trunk between London and Birmingham, then splitting into two spurs, one continuing to Manchester, and another to Leeds via the East Midlands. The line is to be built in phases with the section between London and Birmingham being the first phase. There will be no stops between London and the West Midlands.
High-speed rail is supported in principle by the three main UK political parties, but there is debate about which cities should be served, and on the environmental performance and impact of high-speed rail.[4]
The Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition government formed in May 2010 stated in its initial programme for government its commitment to creating a high-speed rail network.[5] In January 2012 the construction of phase 1 between London and Birmingham was approved with an indicated opening date of 2026.
High-speed rail has been expanding across the European Union since the 1980s, with several member countries – notably France, Spain and Germany – investing heavily in the construction of new lines capable of operating at over 170 miles per hour (270 km/h). In 2009 there were reportedly 3,480 miles (5,600 km) of high-speed line in operation in Europe; a further 2,160 miles (3,480 km) were under construction and another 5,280 miles (8,500 km) were planned.[6]
High-speed rail arrived in the United Kingdom with the opening in 2003 of the first part of High Speed 1 (then known as the 67-mile (108 km) Channel Tunnel Rail Link) between London and the Channel Tunnel. The development of a second high-speed line was proposed in 2009 by the United Kingdom Government to address capacity constraints on the West Coast Main Line railway, which is forecast to be at full capacity in 2025.[7] Most of the rail network in Britain consists of lines constructed during the Victorian era, which do not permit speeds higher than 125 miles per hour (201 km/h). A document published by the Department for Transport in January 2009 described an increase of 50% in rail passenger traffic and a 40% increase in freight in the preceding 10 years in the UK and detailed a number of infrastructural problems. The report proposed that new high-speed lines should be constructed to address these issues and after assessing various options[8] concluded that the most appropriate initial route for a new line was from London to the West Midlands.[9]
High Speed Two Limited
In January 2009, the Labour government established High Speed Two Limited (HS2 Ltd), chaired by Sir David Rowlands,[10] to examine the case for a new British high-speed line and present a potential route between London and the West Midlands.[11] The government report suggested that ultimately the line could be extended to reach Scotland.[12]
Drawing on consultations carried out for the Department for Transport (DfT) and Network Rail, HS2 Ltd would provide advice on options for a Heathrow International interchange station, access to central London, connectivity with HS1 and the existing rail network, and financing and construction,[13] and report to government on the first stage by the end of 2009.[14]
In August 2009, Network Rail published its own study independent of HS2's work, outlining somewhat different proposals for the expansion of the railway network which included a new high-speed rail line between London and Glasgow/Edinburgh, following a route through the West Midlands and the North-West of England.[15]
For the HS2 report, a route was investigated to an accuracy of 0.5 metres (18 in).[16] In December 2009, HS2 handed its report to the government. The study investigated the possibility of links to Heathrow Airport and connections with Crossrail, the Great Western Main Line, and the Channel Tunnel Rail Link (HS1), as displayed in the map shown.
On 11 March 2010 the HS2 report and supporting studies were published, together with the government's command paper on high-speed rail.[17][18]
Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition government review
The Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition, on taking office in May 2010, undertook a review of HS2 plans inherited from the previous government. The Conservative Party in opposition had backed the idea of a high-speed terminus at St Pancras with a direct link to Heathrow Airport[19] and had adopted a policy to connect London, Manchester, Leeds and Birmingham with Heathrow by high-speed rail with construction starting in 2015.[20] In March 2010 Theresa Villiers had stated "The idea that some kind of Wormwood Scrubs International station is the best rail solution for Heathrow is just not credible".[21]
The new Secretary of State for Transport, Philip Hammond, asked Lord Mawhinney, a former Conservative Transport Secretary, to conduct an urgent review of the proposed route. The coalition government wished the high-speed line to be routed via Heathrow Airport, an idea rejected by HS2 Ltd.[22]
Lord Mawhinney's conclusions contradicted Ms Villiers' view and Conservative policy in opposition, stating that HS2 should not go to Heathrow Airport until it reaches northern England. Routing the whole line via Heathrow would add seven minutes to the journey time of all services.[23]
In December 2008 an article in The Economist noted the increasing political popularity of high-speed rail in Britain as a solution to transport congestion, and as an alternative to unpopular schemes such as road-tolls and runway expansion, but concluded that its future would depend on it being commercially viable.[24] In November 2010, Philip Hammond stated that government support for HS2 did not require it to break-even directly (financially), what the Economist had called the "financial viability" test for new rail infrastructure:
If we used financial accounting we would never have any public spending, we would build nothing ... Financial accounting would strike a dagger through the whole case for public sector investment.[25]
Public consultation
On 20 December 2010 the government published a slightly revised line of route for public consultation,[26][27] based on a Y-shaped route from London to Birmingham with branches to Leeds and Manchester, as originally put forward by Lord Adonis as Secretary of State for Transport under the previous government,[28] with a number of alterations designed to minimise the visual, noise, and other environmental impacts of the line.[26] In a statement to Parliament, the Secretary of State confirmed that the first phase of construction would include a high-speed line from London to Birmingham as well as a connection to High Speed 1. High-speed lines north of the West Midlands would be built in later stages, and a link to Heathrow Airport would be initially provided by a connection at Old Oak Common, with a high-speed link to the airport to be added later. The high-speed line would connect to the existing network, allowing through trains from London to northern destinations.[29][30] The consultation documents were published on 11 February 2011 and the consultation period was set to run until July 2011.[31]
Decision to proceed with HS2
In January 2012 the Secretary of State for Transport announced the go-ahead for HS2. It would comprise a 'Y-shaped' network with stations at London, Birmingham, Leeds, Manchester, Sheffield and the East Midlands conveying up to 26,000 people each hour at speeds of up to 250 mph. It would be built in two stages. Phase one would be a 140-mile route from London to the West Midlands which would be constructed by 2026. Phase two, from Birmingham to both Leeds and Manchester, would be constructed by 2033. Consultation on this phase would begin in early 2014 with a final route chosen by the end of 2014. Additional tunnelling and other measures to meet local communities' and environmental concerns were also announced.[3] The legislative process would be achieved through two hybrid bills, one for each phase.[32]
Legal challenges
At the end of March 2012 the Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust (BBOWT) announced that it had submitted a complaint to the European Commission that the UK government, in failing to carry out a strategic environmental assessment ahead of deciding on the route of Phase I of HS2, was in breach of European Union legislation. BBOWT said that the complaint would only be considered by the EU Commission after the UK Courts had concluded consideration of various judicial reviews submitted to them.[33]
In April 2012 five requests for judicial review were submitted to the UK Courts, two by HS2 Action Alliance (HS2AA) and one each by the 51m Group, Aylesbury Park Golf Club, and Heathrow Hub Ltd. In its applications HS2AA claimed that the government failed to carry out a proper strategic environmental assessment and that it provided inadequate information to the public during the public consultation. As a consequence the HS2AA claimed that the Secretary of State's decision to approve Phase I of HS2 was made without proper justification, that it ignored the government's own processes and assessment criteria, and relied on undisclosed material.[34] In a separate judicial review request the 51m Group challenged the UK government on several grounds. Firstly, that it failed to consult properly on the original or the revised route. Secondly, that it failed to consider the impact of HS2 on the London Underground network. Thirdly, that it did not take proper account of the environmental impact on the Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and a number of important wildlife habitats, and finally that the hybrid bill approach was 'incompatible with the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive.[35][36] Aylesbury Park Golf Club's proceedings are based on the impact of the proposed route which will pass through part of the club.[37] Heathrow Hub Ltd, a company owned by Arup, announced it has also started proceedings on the grounds that the UK Government could choose an alternative route which would provide an improved connection between HS2 and Crossrail via a transport hub built on land owned by the company.[38]
At the end of July 2012 a High Court Judge gave permission for the five judicial reviews to proceed with individual hearings set for an eight-day period in early December 2012. The judge also confirmed that the cases of the HS2AA, 51M and Heathrow Hub, whose consultation responses had been lost by HS2 Ltd, could be amended to incorporate this defect in their claims. A further hearing was also set for October 2012 for the Government to explain its continued refusal to release passenger data relating to the West Coast Line.[39]
Proposed route of the London-Birmingham section (published January 2012)
As proposed in March 2010, the line would run from London Euston, mainly in tunnel, to an interchange with Crossrail west of London Paddington, then along the New North Main Line (Acton-Northolt Line) past West Ruislip and alongside the Chiltern Main Line with a 2.5-mile (4.0 km) viaduct over the Grand Union Canal and River Colne, and then from the M25 to Amersham in a new 6-mile (9.7 km) tunnel. After emerging from the tunnel, the line would run parallel to the existing A413 road and London to Aylesbury Line, through the 29-mile (47 km) wide Chiltern Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, passing close by Great Missenden to the east, alongside Wendover immediately to the west, then on to Aylesbury. After Aylesbury, the line would run alongside the Aylesbury – Verney Junction line, joining it north of Quainton Road and then striking out to the north-west across open countryside through North Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire, South Northamptonshire, Warwickshire and Staffordshire. A number of alignments were studied, and in September 2010 HS2 Ltd set out recommendations for altering the course at certain locations.[40]
In December 2010 the Transport Secretary announced several amendments to the line of route aimed at mitigating vibration, noise or visual impact. These changes include, at Primrose Hill, north London, moving the tunnel 100 metres (330 ft) further north, and in west London reducing the width of the "Northolt Corridor"; lowering the alignment and create a 900 metres (3,000 ft) "green tunnel" in Buckinghamshire at South Heath; at nearby Amersham, where two footpaths would otherwise be severed, at Chipping Warden, Northamptonshire and Burton Green, Warwickshire, "green bridges" would be constructed; the alignment would be moved away from the settlements of Brackley, Northamptonshire, Ladbroke and Stoneleigh in Warwickshire and Lichfield in southern Staffordshire, and from the Grade I listed buildingsHartwell House, Buckinghamshire, and Edgcote House in Northamptonshire."Changes to the HS2 proposed line of route" (Press release). HS2 Ltd. 20 December 2010.
In January 2012 the Transport Secretary announced further revisions to the Phase 1 route. The key revisions included a new 2.7-mile (4.3 km) tunnel at Northolt avoiding the Chiltern Line and mitigating the impact in the Ruislip area; realignment of the route and extension of the continuous tunnel, originally from the M25 to Amersham, to near Little Missenden; at Wendover and nearby South Heath extension to the green tunnels to reduce impact on local communities; an extension to the green tunnel beside Chipping Warden and Aston Le Walls; and realignment to avoid heritage sites around Edgcote. The revised route would comprise 22.5 miles (36.2 km) in tunnel or green tunnel compared to 14.5 miles (23.3 km), a 55% increase. Overall, 79 miles (127 km) of the 140-mile (230 km) route will be in tunnel or cutting, while 40 miles (64 km) will be on viaduct or embankment, a reduction of 10 miles (16 km) from the route in the original consultation documents.[2][3]
Heathrow access
While in opposition in 2009, the Conservative Party stated that, if elected to government, it would go forward with a high-speed line connecting London to Birmingham, Leeds and Manchester, with a long-term aim of linking to Scotland, as well as other English cities.[41]
Consultants Arup had previously suggested in Heathrow Hub Arup Submission to HS2 that a 200-acre (81 ha) site at the Thorney part of Iver, north-east of the intersection of the M25 and M4, could house a railway station of 12 or more platforms, as well as a coach and bus station and a 6th airport terminal. Under this proposal, the high-speed line would then follow a different route to Birmingham, running parallel to existing motorways and railways as with HS1 in Kent.Arup (15 April 2010). "A submission to Lord Mawhinney's Review"(PDF). Arup's proposal was supported by the Conservatives in their 2009 policy paper, which envisaged connections to cities on the Great Western main line (Bristol and Cardiff) as well as high-speed connections both to the new high-speed line to the north and to the European destinations provided by the Channel Tunnel Rail Link.
According to Lord Mawhinney's July 2010 report, the Heathrow station should be directly beneath Heathrow Central station (not at Iver, see Heathrow Hub) and the London terminus for HS2 should be at the 2018 Crossrail station Old Oak Common, not Euston.[42]This slightly further from the centre of London plan properly named "A Heathrow Hub with Old Oak Common terminus" was initially supported by the Conservative Party[43] and was replaced by a rebuilt Euston and proposed phase-2 High Speed Spur to Heathrow in the final consultation plan.[44]
In December 2010 the coalition government announced that a high speed connection with Heathrow Airport would be built as part of the second phase of the project and that until then connections would be made at Old Oak Common, where High Speed 2 would have an interchange station with the Heathrow Express and Crossrail.
Phase 2 – West Midlands to Manchester and Leeds
The corridor of the "Y" route extension to Manchester and Leeds from Birmingham currently preferred by the government.
The second phase planned is a "Y" route with separate branches to Manchester and Leeds after Birmingham.[45] The consultation on the route is planned to take place in 2014, and the line is expected to be built by 2033.[3]
The route to the West Midlands will be the first stage of a line to Scotland,[46] and passengers travelling to or from Scotland will be able to use through trains with a saving of 45 minutes from day one.[47] It was recommended by a Parliament select committee on HS2 in November 2011 that a statutory clause should be in the bill that will guarantee HS2 being constructed beyond Birmingham so that the economic benefits are spread further.[48]
... the new British high speed rail network should be connected to the wider European high speed rail network via High Speed One and the Channel Tunnel, subject to cost and value for money. This could be achieved through either or both of a dedicated rapid transport system linking Euston and St Pancras and a direct rail link to High Speed One.[49]
The March 2010 engineering study conducted by Arup for HS2 Ltd costed a "classic speed" GCloading gauge direct rail link at £458m (single track) or £812m (double track). This link would go from Old Oak Common feeding into the High Speed 1 network at St Pancras, via tunnel and the North London Line with a high-level junction north of St Pancras station for non-stopping services. The study found the same double-track high-speed connection would cost £3.6bn (4.4 times greater than for classic speed).[50]
The Department for Transport High Speed 2 report of the same date recommended that, if a direct rail link is built, it should be the classic-speed, double-track option.[51]
In December 2010 Arup's final report concluded the best option would be a connection with High Speed 1 as part of the first phase of construction using a tunnel between Old Oak Common on the Great West Main Line and Crossrail and nearby Chalk Farm on the North London Line, and then using existing lines to connect north of St Pancras.[29][30] The proposed connection would be built to GC loading gauge and would not be suitable in this stretch for running at high speed.[52]
However, in August 2012 the Secretary of State for Transport announced it had asked HS2 Ltd to look for a better link between HS2 and HS1 than provided in that plan.[53]
In parallel with this, the Mayor of London's Transport for London team had already been looking at route options including potentially incorporating Euston in a north-south Crossrail 2 that might improve further the economic prospects of the proposal, which a direct link to HS2 might provide.[53] The Mayor's Office suggested that a direct link between HS1 and HS2 could be achieved by modifying the Crossrail 2 route proposals and providing a direct rail link between the termini for the two high speed rail lines at Euston and St Pancras stations.
As a consequence of Crossrail 2 coming to Euston, major modifications would need to made to the current redevelopment plans for Euston, geared solely to HS2 which does not provide sufficient capacity to deal with the additional passenger demand from its becoming a stop of Crossrail 2 as well as for certain HS2 services.[53]
In January 2013, rail expert Dick Keegan, former director of projects at British Rail, called for HS2 to have instead Stratford International station as its London terminus. The benefits mooted are a direct link to HS1 and on to continental Europe, greater capacity (Eurostar services do not currently stop at this station), fast access in to central London from Stratford Regional station, and the ability to create the connection without the need to demolish homes and businesses, as is planned as part of the Euston redevelopment. [54]
Should proposals for a north-south line Crossrail 2 in London (which will be additional to Thameslink) achieve funding, then Transport for London have expressed an interest in connecting this too with HS2 at Euston.
Journey times
The DfT's latest revised estimates of journey times for some major destinations once the line has been built as far as Leeds and Manchester, set out in the January 2012 document High Speed Rail: Investing in Britain's Future – Decisions and Next Steps, are as follows:[55] The intermediate timings given after the section to Birmingham has been built (Phase 1) are taken from an earlier document.[citation needed] Times given for Sheffield, Leeds and Edinburgh are for trains via Birmingham: until Phase 2 almost all trains from these cities to/from London will continue to use direct 'classic' lines.
^Birmingham: one train per day, in one direction only: 07:30 New Street–08:42 Euston
^Manchester: one train per day, in one direction only: 07:00 Piccadilly–08:58 Euston
^Liverpool: one train per day, in one direction only: 07:00 Lime Street–09:01 Euston
^Leeds: one train per day, in one direction only: 07:00 Leeds–08:59 King's Cross
^Sheffield: two trains per day, northbound: St Pancras–Sheffield
^Newcastle: one train per day, in one direction only: 07:03 Newcastle Central–09:40 King's Cross
^Edinburgh: one train per day, in one direction only: 05:40 Waverley–09:40 King's Cross
^Glasgow: one train per day, in one direction only: 16:30 Euston–20:38 Glasgow Central
Planned stations
London to Birmingham
Euston Terminus, also showing nearby terminus of High Speed 1 at St Pancras
Central London
Under the March 2010 scheme, HS2 will start from a rebuilt London Euston. The station will be extended to the south and west with significant construction above. Twenty-four platforms will serve High Speed and classic lines to the Midlands, with six underground lines. The connection with Crossrail at Old Oak Common in West London is designed to mitigate the extra burden on Euston, although Euston too would see its underground station rebuilt and integrated with Euston Square.[31][57] A rapid transit 'people mover' link between Euston and St Pancras might be provided[58] and it is proposed to route the proposed Crossrail 2 (Chelsea–Hackney line) via Euston to cope with increased passenger demand.[59][60]
A review by former Conservative Transport Secretary Lord Mawhinney suggested that HS2 should terminate at Old Oak Common, not Euston.[23] He questioned the sense of HS2 terminating at Euston, HS1 at St Pancras, with no through running connection between them.[23] Plans as at October 2012 propose a link via an upgraded section of the North London Line to enable three trains per hour to run through to HS1 and the Channel Tunnel, bypassing Euston.[31] In addition, a 'people mover' link is proposed between the stations.[58]
Lord Mawhinney recommended that HS2 should terminate at Old Oak Common because of its good connections and in order to save the cost of tunnelling to Euston.[23]
The HS2 route published on 10 January 2012 included stations at both Euston and Old Oak Common. [62]
According to Birmingham Airport's chief executive Paul Kehoe, HS2 is a key element in increasing the number of flights using the airport, and patronage by inhabitants of London and the South-East, as HS2 will reduce travelling times to Birmingham Airport from London to under 40 minutes.[64]
New Street station, the main station serving central Birmingham, has been described as operating at full capacity and being unable to accommodate new high-speed services.[citation needed] A new terminus for HS2, termed "Birmingham Curzon Street" in the government's command paper[65] and "Birmingham Fazeley Street" in the report produced by High Speed 2 Ltd, would be built on land between Moor Street Queensway and the site of Curzon Street Station. It would be reached via a spur line from a triangular junction with the HS2 main line at Coleshill.[66]
As of January 2012[update] there are no plans for the Curzon Street/Fazeley Street terminus to be used by other rail services, but it will be adjacent to Moor Street station and the two stations could be directly linked. A link to New Street station via a people mover with a journey time of two minutes is possible.[67] The walking route between New St and Moor St has been considered in the redevelopment of New St station, which will have a new footbridge at its east entrance[68] The other city-centre station, Snow Hill, is just a couple of minutes' train journey from Moor Street station.
Development planning for the Fazely St quarter of Birmingham has changed as a result of HS2. Prior to announcement of the HS2 station, Birmingham City University had planned to build a new campus in Eastside.[69][70] The proposed Eastside development will now include a new museum quarter, with the original stone Curzon St station building becoming a new museum of photography, fronting onto a new Curzon Square, which will also be home to Ikon 2 a museum of contemporary art.[71]
In addition, the Government proposes that there will be a depot at Washwood Heath, where 30 homes will be demolished to enable the development.[72]
Beyond Birmingham (Phase 2)
Further stations are proposed for the second phase of HS2, on unidentified sites as of January 2012.[73]
Manchester branch
The route would continue from Birmingham to Manchester with a possible stop at Manchester Airport - the busiest airport outside the London region -[74] continuing into central Manchester to terminate at an as-yet undecided location. A possible option is to build a new high-speed railway station. Another option would be to lengthen platforms at Manchester Piccadilly station to 400 metres (1,300 ft) to accommodate the new high-speed trains, but Piccadilly is on a congested city centre site and not favourable for expansion of High Speed 2 to Scotland.[74] HS2 trains will transfer onto existing lines to Liverpool.
HS2 will reduce the average journey time from central Manchester from 2 hours 8 minutes to 1 hour 8 minutes.
HS2 will reduce the average journey time from central Leeds from 2 hours 20 minutes to 1 hour 28 minutes.
Development
Infrastructure
Euston station is planned to be the London terminus of HS2
The Department for Transport report on High Speed Rail published in March 2010 sets out the specifications for a high-speed line. It will be built to a European structure gauge (as was HS1) and will conform to European Union technical standards for interoperability for high-speed rail[76] (EU Directive 96/48/EC). HS2 Ltd's report assumed a GC structure gauge for passenger capacity estimations,[77] with a maximum design speed of 250 miles per hour (400 km/h).[1] Initially, trains would run at a maximum 225 miles per hour (362 km/h)*.[78]
Freight trains could use the line only within a limited night-time window, due to their lower speed. The new line would release capacity for freight on the existing West Coast Main Line and Midland Main Line.[79]
Signalling would be based on the European Rail Traffic Management System with in-cab signalling, to resolve the visibility issues associated with lineside signals at speeds over 125 miles per hour (201 km/h)
A 2008 Alstom AGV, a European-profile high-speed train (not specified for HS2 as at October 2012)British Rail Class 373, an existing example of a high-speed train compatible with British and Continental gauges (not specified for HS2)
The rolling stock for HS2 has not yet been specified in any detail. The 2010 DfT government command paper outlined some requirements for the train design among its recommendations for design standards for the HS2 network. A photograph of a French AGV (Automotrice à grande vitesse) was used as an example of the latest high-speed rail technology. The paper addressed the particular problem of designing trains to continental European standards, which use taller and wider rolling stock, requiring a larger structure gauge than the rail network in Great Britain.
The report proposed the development of two new types of train to make best use of the European-standard line:[78]
Wider and taller trains built to a European loading gauge, which would be confined to the high-speed network (including HS1 and HS2) and other lines cleared to their loading gauge.
'Classic compatible' trains, capable of high speed but built to a British loading gauge to permit them to leave the high-speed line to join conventional routes such as the West Coast Main Line, Midland Main Line and East Coast Main Line.[note 2] Such trains would allow running of HS2 services to the north of England and Scotland. HS2 Ltd has stated that, because of their non-standard nature, these classic-compatible trains were expected to be more expensive.[81]
Both types of train would have a maximum speed of at least 220 miles per hour (350 km/h) and length of at least 200 metres (660 ft). Two units could be joined together for a 400 metres (1,300 ft) train, but only platforms specially built or rebuilt for the high-speed line would be able to accommodate such long trains.[78]
The DfT report also considered the possibility of 'gauge clearance' work on non-high-speed lines as an alternative to 'classic compatible' trains. This work would involve extensive reconstruction of stations, tunnels and bridges and widening of clearances to allow European-profile trains to run beyond the high-speed network. The report concluded that although initial outlay on commissioning new rolling stock would be high, it would cost less than the widespread disruption of rebuilding large tracts of Britain's rail infrastructure.[78]
Maintenance depot
In April 2010 Arup was asked to develop proposals for the location, engineering specification and site layout of the Infrastructure Maintenance Depot (IMD). The general location of the IMD was identified as ideally adjacent to, or within 10k of the intersection of the preferred HS2 route and the East West Rail (EWR) route near Steeple Claydon/Calvert in Buckinghamshire. The feasibility of using the MoD site at Bicester as the IMD was also considered. Six such potential sites were shortlisted and rated against the specification. The preferred site, called 'Thame Road' (at Claydon Junction), and a fall-back site, 'Great Pond' were announced in December 2010.[82] The nearby Calvert Waste Plant has also been identified for heat and power generation.[82]
Cost
The first 120-mile (190 km) section from London to Birmingham will cost between £15.8 and £17.4 billion,[83] while the cost for the entire Y-shaped 335-mile (540 km) network is £30 billion.[83]
Upgrading existing lines from London to Birmingham instead of building HS2 will cost more (£20bn) and would provide only two-thirds the extra capacity of HS2, according to Lord Adonis.[84]
Timeline to opening
HS2 Ltd suggested[85] that, following ministerial approval, public consultation, parliamentary approval through a hybrid bill, and detailed design, construction of the London-Birmingham section could begin in mid-2018. This is estimated to require six-and-a-half years, with a further year to finish testing.[86] Reconstruction of Euston station and preparation of related infrastructure is expected to require the full length of the construction period to complete. Other major construction elements include the Old Oak Common and Birmingham stations (over four years), and the tunnelling work (Old Oak to Euston, Little Missenden, Ufton Wood, Chalfont and Amersham), all estimated to require over four years for construction.[87] Opening would be at the end of 2025.[86]
The command paper suggested that opening to Birmingham should be possible by the end of 2026.[88] The timetable included the additional work of preparing the routes to Leeds and Manchester, for approval by Parliament in the hybrid bill. The initial Y-shaped network was to be presented in one bill to simplify planning and minimise the parliamentary time required for the bill.[89]
A 2008 paper, 'Delivering a Sustainable Transport System' [90] identified fourteen strategic national transport corridors in England, and described the London – West Midlands – North West England route as the "single most important and heavily used" and also as the one which presented "both the greatest challenges in terms of future capacity and the greatest opportunities to promote a shift of passenger and freight traffic from road to rail".[91] They noted that railway passenger numbers had been growing significantly in recent years[92] and that the Rugby – Euston section was already operating at up to 80% of capacity in the 2009 morning peak,[dubious – discuss][93] also that the DfT expected the WCML to have insufficient capacity south of Rugby sometime around 2025.[94] This is despite the major WCML upgrade which was completed in 2008, lengthened trains and an assumption that plans to upgrade the route with cab signalling would be realised.[95]
According to the DfT, the primary purpose of HS2 is to provide additional capacity on the rail network from London to the Midlands and North.[96] They say that the new line "would improve rail services from London to cities in the North of England and Scotland,[97] and that the chosen route to the west of London will improve passenger transport links to Heathrow Airport".[98] Additionally, if the new line were connected to the Great Western Main Line (GWML) and Crossrail it would provide links with East and West London, and the Thames Valley.[99]
In launching the project, the DfT announced that HS2 between London and the West Midlands would follow a different alignment from the WCML, rejecting the option of further upgrading or building new tracks alongside the WCML as being too costly and disruptive, and because the Victorian-era WCML alignment was not suitable for very high speeds.[100]
The Government expects that over the next 30 years, HS2 will cost £32 billion to build, provide £43.7 billion of economic benefits and generate £27 billion in fares.[101]
Support
Organisations that support the HS2 project include:
Greengauge 21, a not-for-profit research company which focuses on investigating high-speed rail technology,[105]
The Campaign for HSR,[106] a campaign group led by Professor David Begg which aims to canvas support from businesses across the UK to promote the case for proposed high-speed rail. The campaign currently has support from over 400 UK businesses.[citation needed]
The Scottish Government, which is generally supportive of the HS2 project and has been engaged in discussions with the UK Government about the development of a Scottish high-speed railway connecting to London and continental Europe, with the aim of reducing journey times to London from Scotland to under 3 hours.[110]
Hammersmith and Fulham Council, which reaffirmed its support for the project in January 2012. The council's cabinet member for strategy was reported as saying "HS2 is the fastest way to deliver much-needed new homes, jobs and opportunities in one of London's poorest areas."[112]
StopHS2, which represents local action groups along the route.[123][124]
The HS2 Action Alliance,[125] an umbrella group for opposition groups[126] including ad hoc entities, residents' associations, and parish councils.[127] The Alliance's primary aim is to prevent HS2 from happening; secondary aims include evaluating and minimising the impacts of HS2 on individuals, communities and the environment, and communication of facts about HS2, and its compensation scheme.[125] Even after the latest changes made to the scheme to mitigate concerns, it continues to be opposed by some MPs and personalities on the line of route.[128] A member[who?] of the 'HS2 Action Alliance' has criticised the Department of Transport's demand forecasts as being too high, as well as having other shortcomings in the assessment methodology.[129][130]
The UK Independence Party (UKIP), which is fully opposed nationally and locally to the proposed HS2 plans. UKIP says there is no business case, no environment case and no money to pay for it.[131] UKIP has been campaigning against HS2 as it is also part of the EU's Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) Policy.
The Green Party, which voted to oppose the HS2 plans at its Spring 2011 conference on environmental and economic grounds.[132] Alan Francis, the party transport spokesperson, had previously outlined its support for high-speed rail in principle in terms of benefits to capacity, reduced journey times and reduced carbon emissions, but recommended a line restricted to 190 miles per hour (310 km/h) to 200 miles per hour (320 km/h) which would enable it to use existing transport corridors to a greater extent and increase efficiency.[133]
The New Economics Foundation, a think tank promoting environmentalism, localism and anti-capitalism. It published a formal response to the public consultation on 5 August 2011[134] which concluded that the case for a high-speed rail link was incomplete and that the benefits of the scheme had been "over-emphasised" by its promoters.[131]
Organisations with noncommittal, ambiguous or dissatisfied positions include:
The Right Lines Charter, an umbrella group established in 2011 for several environmental and other organisations that support the principle of a high-speed rail network but believe that the current HS2 scheme is unsound. Members include the Campaign for Better Transport, the Campaign to Protect Rural England, Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace, and Railfuture.[137]
Arup, which did the engineering work to identify routes for HS2 Ltd., has opposed the chosen route for HS2 (route 3) calling it "deeply flawed"[138] It says the route should link to Heathrow and then follow the M40 motorway and Chiltern railway line, improving the business case, lowering construction costs and creating less impact on the countryside.[139]
Railfuture, a railway campaigning organisation, which supports high-speed rail in principle, but stated in its submission to the Transport Select Committee Inquiry that it sees no benefit in trains running at up to 250 miles per hour (400 km/h) and therefore is not in favour of the current proposal and route, and suggests that alternatives be investigated.[140]
The Campaign to Protect Rural England,[141] which believes that lower speeds would increase journey times only slightly, while allowing the line to run along existing motorway and railway corridors, reducing intrusion.[141]
The Wildlife Trusts, which have criticised the proposals, stating that the former Government's policy on High Speed Rail (March 2010) underestimated the effect on wildlife habitats (with 4 SSSIs and over 50 of other types of nature site affected), as well as noting that the proposals had not comprehensively shown any significant effect on transport carbon emissions and questioning the economic benefits of a line. The trusts called for additional research to be done on the effects of a high-speed line.[142]
The Federation of Small Businesses, which has expressed scepticism over the need for high-speed rail, stating that roads expenditure was more useful for its members.[143]
The Coventry and Warwickshire Chamber of Commerce, which opined that HS2 offered no benefit to its area.[144]
The Commons Transport Committee, which in November 2011 reported that the scheme had "a good case" and offered "a new era of inter-urban travel in Britain."[148] However, they also said that there should be a firm commitment made now to extend the line to Manchester and Leeds and that other investment in rail should not suffer, and noted a poor level of public debate which had failed to address the facts and had resorted to name-calling and accusations of nimbyism.[149] While questioning some data it found a good economic case for the project bringing more benefits than a conventional rail line, that the noise impact would be less than feared and that while it would not reduce carbon dioxide emissions they would be smaller than under further motorway or air traffic expansion and that the business case for diverting via Heathrow had not been made. The report's findings were welcomed by the Association of Train Operating Companies, the Campaign for Better Transport, the Countryside Alliance and the Campaign to Protect Rural England. Action Groups Against High Speed Two (AGHAST) condemned the authors as a 'partisan committee' though they welcomed some of the findings saying it poked holes in the Government's arguments.
Hybrid bill
To implement the HS2 proposals the government will introduce on behalf of HS2 Ltd two hybrid bills, one for each phase, as the railway will impact on private individuals and organisations along the route or elsewhere. Each bill is required to address the environmental impact and how this will be mitigated, and to allow individuals affected to petition parliament to seek amendments or assurances.[32] The timeline requires for the legislation relating to the construction and operation of phase 1 to be introduced to parliament towards the end of 2013 and to pass into law by the spring of 2015. The hybrid bill for phase 2 will be prepared for January 2015.[150]
A legal requirement of the hybrid bill is the production and deposition of an Environmental impact assessment (EIA) to identify the significant impacts on the community, property, landscape, visual amenity, biodiversity, surface and ground water, archaeology, traffic, transport, waste and resources. Proposals to avoid, reduce or remedy significant adverse impacts through mitigation measures are also required. HS2 Ltd announced its intention to consult on the 'scope and methodology' of the EIA in April 2012 and based on this will publish a draft environmental statement on which it intends to consult with national bodies and local authorities and community forums along the route, in the spring of 2013.[151]
Community engagement
HS2 Ltd announced in March 2012 that it will conduct consultations with local people and organisations along the London to West Midlands route through community forums, planning forums and an environment forum. Between them the forums will discuss the development of the route, the identification of potential impacts and look at the best approaches to mitigate these.[152] HS2 has also confirmed that the consultations will be conducted in line with the terms of the Aarhus Convention which commits organisations to provide access to environmental information they hold, and enable participation and challenge as part of decision making processes.[153]
Community forums
HS2 Ltd set up 25 community forums along the London to West Midlands section of the route in March 2012. The forums provide for representatives of local authorities, residents associations, special interest groups and environment bodies in each community forum area to 'engage' with HS2 Ltd to:- "discuss potential ways to avoid and mitigate the environmental impacts of the route, such as screening views of the railway; managing noise and reinstating highways; highlight local priorities for the route design; identify possible community benefits."[154] Forum meetings will take place every 2–3 months and will have an independent chairman appointed by HS2.
Planning forums
Six planning forums with their scope aligned to local authority boundaries along Phase 1 of the route were announced by HS2 in April 2012. Membership would comprise HS2 Ltd and officers from highway and planning authorities. Meeting every two months their particular focus would include, location specific constraints, design and impacts, including construction; spatial planning considerations; the planning regime to be set out in the hybrid bill; and proposals for mitigations.[155]
Environment forum
An environment forum involving HS2 Ltd and national representatives of environmental organisations and government departments has been formed to assist with the development of the HS2 environmental policy.[156]
Environmental and community impact
The HS2 route will cut through areas such as this landscape at Wendover Dean in the Chiltern Hills[157]
Visual impact
The visual impact of HS2 has received particular attention in the Chilterns, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.[158] The Government announced in January 2011 that £2m would be spent planting trees along sections of the route to mitigate the visual impact.[159]
Property demolition and land take
HS2's first phase would result in the demolition of more than 400 houses; 250 around Euston station, 20–30 between Old Oak Common and West Ruislip, a number in Ealing, around 50 in Birmingham, and the remainder in pockets along the route.[160] This includes nine Grade II listed buildings and possibly a Grade II* listed farmhouse at Hampton in Arden.[citation needed]
In 2007, the DfT commissioned a report, Estimated Carbon Impact of a New North South Line, from Booz Allen Hamilton to investigate the likely overall carbon impact associated with the construction and operation of a new rail line to either Manchester or Scotland including the extent of carbon reduction or increase from population shift to rail use, and the comparison with the case in which no new high-speed lines were built.[167] The report concluded that there was no net carbon benefit in the foreseeable future taking only the route to Manchester. Additional carbon from building a new rail route would be larger in the first ten years at least than a model were no new rail line was built.[168]
The High Speed Rail Command paper published in March 2010 stated that the project was likely to be roughly carbon neutral.[169]
The Eddington Report cautioned against the common argument of modal shift from aviation to high-speed rail as a carbon-emissions benefit, since only 1.2% of UK carbon emissions are due to domestic commercial aviation, and since rail transportation energy efficiency is reduced as speed increases.[170]
The Government White Paper Delivering a Sustainable Railway states trains that travel at a speed of 220 miles per hour (350 km/h) currently use 90% more energy than at 125 miles per hour (201 km/h);[citation needed] which results in carbon emissions for a London to Edinburgh journey of approximately 14 kilograms (31 lb) per passenger for high speed rail compared to 7 kilograms (15 lb) per passenger for conventional rail. Air travel uses 26 kilograms (57 lb) per passenger for the same journey. The paper questioned the value for money of high speed rail as a method of reducing carbon emissions, but noted that with a switch to carbon-free or neutral energy production the case becomes much more favourable.[171]
The House of Commons Transport Select Committee Report in November 2011 (paragraph 77) concluded that the Government's claim that HS2 would have substantial carbon reduction benefits did not stand up to scrutiny. At best, the Select Committee found, HS2 could make a small contribution to the Government’s carbon-reduction targets. However this was dependant on the government making rapid progress on reducing carbon emissions from UK electricity generation.[32]
Noise
HS2 Ltd stated that 21,300 dwellings could experience a noticeable increase in rail noise and 200 non-residential receptors (community, education, healthcare, and recreational/social facilities) within 300 metres (980 ft) of the preferred route have the potential to experience significant noise impacts.[160] The Government has announced that trees planted to create a visual barrier will reduce noise pollution.[159]
Geology and water supply
Research presented by Dr Haydon Bailey, geological adviser to the Chiltern Society, showed that HS2 tunnelling could cause long-term damage to the chalk aquifer system responsible for water supply for the North Western Home Counties and North London.[172]
Compensation
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2012)
The only compensation scheme for which details are available is the government's discretionary Exceptional Hardship Scheme (EHS), on which consultation closed on 17 June 2010. It is intended to compensate homeowners who have difficulty selling their home because of the HS2 route announcement, to protecting those whose property value may be seriously affected by the 'preferred route option' and who urgently need to sell.
The EHS was intended to run from about August 2010, until the route is chosen (originally estimated around the end of 2011). Homeowners may apply to the Secretary of State to buy their home, at its full market value (assuming no HS2), if all of the following criteria are met:
Residential owner-occupier.
Pressing need to sell. This means a change in employment location, extreme financial pressure, to accommodate enlarged family, move into sheltered accommodation, or medical condition of a family member.
On or in 'close vicinity' of the 'preferred route' (that is mainly those who will later on be covered by statutory blight provisions).
Have tried to sell – been on the market for at least three months with no offers within 15% of full market value (as if no HS2).
Can demonstrate inability to sell is due to HS2.
No knowledge of HS2 before acquiring the property.
Decisions on individual applications will by made by a panel of experts.[173]
The results of the consultations are not yet known, but Alison Munro, Chief Executive of HS2 Ltd, has stated that they are also looking at other options, including property bonds.[174]
The statutory blight regime would apply to any route confirmed for a new high-speed line following the public consultations, now due to commence in 2011.[175]
The government has said it plans to introduce a new discretionary hardship scheme to ensure the housing market along the route is not unduly disrupted.
HS2 Action Alliance's alternative compensation solution for property blight was presented to DfT/HS2 Ltd and Secretary of State for Transport Philip Hammond, in response to the consultation on the EHS. The Alliance also presented DfT and HS2 Ltd with a pilot study on property blight.[176]
^"Northamptonshire Arc". Northamptonshire County Council. High Speed Two (HS2). the County Council objects strongly to the current published routes and insists that HS2 should only go ahead if a route can be found through consultation which minimises the potential adverse effect on local amenity, landscape and the environment
^"StopHS2". We oppose the HS2 High Speed Rail link, because the business case is based on unrealistic assumptions, the environmental impact has not been assessed, it is not green, the strategic benefits are questionable, and the money could be better spent on other things.
^<Millward,David (12 January 2012). "Tory MPs face high speed rail backlash". The Daily Telegraph. London. Another campaigner, Penny Gaines, chairman of stop HS2. accused Mrs Gillan of "bottling out" by appearing to welcome the concessions announced by Justine Greening, the Transport Secretary.
^ ab"UKIP Say No To HS2". UK Independence Party. August 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2011. Cite error: The named reference "nef" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^McGee, Simon; Henry, Robin (30 January 2011). "Secret rival to high-speed rail link - Government engineers have warned that the current route is flawed". The Sunday Times. London. p. 15. Details of a "secret" alternative route for the £34 billion London to Birmingham highspeed railway line have emerged for the first time, showing the government's own engineers bitterly oppose the current plan. (....) An alternative route, which was considered and rejected behind closed doors, takes the line further west, past Heathrow, and then northwest alongside the M40 and the existing Chiltern railway line, weaving around Princes Risborough, Bicester and Banbury.
HS2(2012Maps): High Speed Two Ltd (10 January 2012). "HS2 revised line of route maps". Department for Transport. Retrieved 30 October 012. ((cite web)): Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
Notes
^In British usage, a parkway station is one with car parking, remote from the location it is intended to serve
^The British Rail Class 373 trains used by Eurostar are an example of a high-speed train that is compatible with French/Belgian high-speed lines and British lines.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to High Speed 2.
"High speed rail: In your back yard?". BBC News. 12 March 2010. Details have been announced of the preferred route for a high-speed rail link between Birmingham and London
"High Speed Rail". Department for Transport. This section contains information on proposals for high speed rail and the work of the company High Speed Two Ltd
