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((Short description|Disruption to science, space and technology projects globally))
((cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc))
((Multiple issues|
((Update|date=June 2021))
((Globalize|date=November 2022))
))

((Use British English|date=March 2020))

((COVID-19 pandemic sidebar|expanded=issues))
The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] has affected innumerable scientific and technical institutions globally, resulting in lower productivity in a number of fields and programs. However, the impact of the pandemic has also led to the opening of several new research funding lines for government agencies around the world.<ref>((Cite web|title=Acciones sobre COVID-19|url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/ciencia/agencia/acciones-sobre-covid-19-0|date=2020-03-20|website=Argentina.gob.ar|language=es|access-date=2020-05-04|archive-date=2020-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408085328/https://www.argentina.gob.ar/ciencia/agencia/acciones-sobre-covid-19-0|url-status=dead))</ref><ref>((Cite web|title=Gobierno lanza "Fondo COVID-19" y dispone $2.300 millones para proyectos de investigación científica « Diario y Radio U Chile|url=https://radio.uchile.cl/2020/04/30/gobierno-lanza-fondo-covid-19-y-dispone-2-300-millones-para-proyectos-de-investigacion-cientifica/|language=es-ES|access-date=2020-05-04))</ref><ref>((Cite web|title=CLAIRE Taskforce on COVID19|url=https://covid19.claire-ai.org/|last=Taskforce|first=CLAIRE COVID19|website=CLAIRE COVID19 Taskforce|language=en|access-date=2020-05-04|archive-date=2020-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515031342/https://covid19.claire-ai.org/|url-status=dead))</ref>

==Science==
[[File:When science goes viral - The research response during three months of the COVID-19 outbreak - graphical abstract.jpg|thumb|upright=2|none|Overview of scholarly publications on COVID-19 and the pandemic in the first three months of 2020]]
As a result of the [[COVID-19]] pandemic, new and improved forms of scientific communication have evolved. One example is the amount of data being published on [[Preprint Server|preprint servers]] and the way it has been reviewed on [[social media platforms]] before being formally [[peer reviewed]]. Scientists are reviewing, editing, analyzing, and publishing manuscripts and data speedily.<ref name="Aristovnik et al. 2020">((cite journal | vauthors = Aristovnik A, Ravšelj D, Umek L|title = A Bibliometric Analysis of COVID-19 across Science and Social Science Research Landscape| journal = Sustainability | volume = 12 | issue = 21 | pages = 9132 | date = November 2020 | doi=10.3390/su12219132| doi-access = free ))</ref> This intense communication may have enabled an unusual level of collaboration and efficiency among scientists.<ref>((cite web |last1=Kupferschmidt |first1=Kai |title='A completely new culture of doing research.' Coronavirus outbreak changes how scientists communicate |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/completely-new-culture-doing-research-coronavirus-outbreak-changes-how-scientists |website=Science ((!)) AAAS |access-date=2 April 2020 |language=en |date=26 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304090315/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/02/completely-new-culture-doing-research-coronavirus-outbreak-changes-how-scientists |archive-date=4 March 2020 |url-status=live ))</ref> [[Francis Collins]] notes that while he has not seen research move faster, the pace of research "can still feel slow" during a [[pandemic]]. The typical research model was considered too slow for the "urgency of the [[coronavirus]] threat".<ref name="TWP-20200415">((cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Carolyn Y. |title=Chaotic search for coronavirus treatments undermines efforts, experts say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/04/15/coronavirus-treatment-cure-research-problems/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=18 April 2020 |language=en))</ref>

===World Health Organization (WHO)===
On the 4th of May, 2020, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) organized a [[telethon]] to raise ((US$| 8)) billion from forty countries to support the rapid development of [[COVID-19 vaccine]]s.<ref name="waked">((Cite web|title=World leaders urge cooperation in vaccine hunt, raise $8 billion|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/eu-hosts-virus-telethon-seeking-first-7-5-003500556.html|publisher=Yahoo Finance|author=Damon Wake|date=2020-05-04|access-date=2020-05-04))</ref> WHO also announced the implementation of an international "[[solidarity trial]]" to simultaneously evaluate multiple [[vaccine]] candidates reaching [[Phases of clinical research|phase II-III clinical trials]].<ref name="who-accel">((Cite web|title=Update on WHO Solidarity Trial – Accelerating a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/solidarity-trial-accelerating-a-safe-and-effective-covid-19-vaccine|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2020-04-27|access-date=2020-05-02|quote=It is vital that we evaluate as many vaccines as possible as we cannot predict how many will turn out to be viable. To increase the chances of success (given the high level of attrition during vaccine development), we must test all candidate vaccines until they fail. WHO is working to ensure that all of them have the chance of being tested at the initial stage of development. The results for the efficacy of each vaccine are expected within three to six months and this evidence, combined with data on safety, will inform decisions about whether it can be used on a wider scale))</ref> The "[[solidarity trial]] for treatments" is a multinational [[Phases of clinical research|phase III-IV clinical trial]], organized by [[World Health Organization|WHO]] and its partners, to compare four untested treatments for hospitalized people with severe cases of [[COVID-19]] disease.<ref name="who">((cite web |title=UN health chief announces global 'solidarity trial' to jumpstart the search for COVID-19 treatment |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/03/1059722 |publisher=United Nations, World Health Organization |access-date=2 April 2020 |language=en |date=18 March 2020))</ref><ref name="kai">((cite news |last1=Kupferschmidt |first1=Kai |last2=Cohen |first2=Jon |title=WHO launches global mega trial of the four most promising coronavirus treatments |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/who-launches-global-megatrial-four-most-promising-coronavirus-treatments |access-date=2 April 2020 |work=Science |publisher=AAAS |date=22 March 2020 |language=en))</ref> The trial was announced on March 18, 2020,<ref name="who"/> and by April 21, 2020. Over 100 countries have participated in the trial.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/solidarity-clinical-trial-for-covid-19-treatments|title='Solidarity' clinical trial for COVID-19 treatment|website=www.who.int|publisher=World Health Organization|language=en|access-date=2020-04-22))</ref> In addition, WHO is coordinating an international multisite [[randomized controlled trial]]—"solidarity trial for vaccines"<ref name=who-accel/><ref name="solidarity-vacc">((Cite web|title=An international randomised trial of candidate vaccines against COVID-19: Outline of Solidarity vaccine trial|url=https://www.who.int/blueprint/priority-diseases/key-action/Outline_CoreProtocol_vaccine_trial_09042020.pdf|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2020-04-09|access-date=2020-05-09))</ref>—that will allow simultaneous assessment of the benefits and risks of different vaccine candidates being clinically tested in countries with high rates of COVID-19 disease.<ref name=who-accel/> The WHO Vaccine Coalition prioritizes which vaccines to include in phase II and III clinical trials, and establishes harmonized phase III protocols for all vaccines that reach the [[Pivotal trial|pivotal testing]] phase.<ref name=who-accel/>

The [[Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations]] (CEPI), which has established a ((US$|2)) billion global fund for rapid investment and development of vaccine candidates,<ref name="cepi-fund">((cite web |title=CEPI welcomes UK Government's funding and highlights need for $2 billion to develop a vaccine against COVID-19 |url=https://cepi.net/news_cepi/2-billion-required-to-develop-a-vaccine-against-the-covid-19-virus/ |publisher=Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Oslo, Norway |access-date=23 March 2020 |date=6 March 2020))</ref> indicated in April 2020 that a vaccine could be available under protocols of emergency use in less than 12 months, or by early 2021.<ref name="thanh">((cite journal | last1=Thanh Le | first1=Tung | last2=Andreadakis | first2=Zacharias | last3=Kumar | first3=Arun | last4=Gómez Román | first4=Raúl | last5=Tollefsen | first5=Stig | last6=Saville | first6=Melanie | last7=Mayhew | first7=Stephen | title=The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape | journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery | date=9 April 2020 | volume=19 | issue=5 | pages=305–306 | issn=1474-1776 | doi=10.1038/d41573-020-00073-5| pmid=32273591 | doi-access=free ))</ref>

===UNESCO===
The seventh edition of the ''[[UNESCO Science Report]]'', which monitors science policy and governance around the world, was in preparation as the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] began. As a result, the report documents some of the ways in which scientists, inventors, and governments used science to meet society's needs during the early stages of the pandemic. In the paper, ''What the [[COVID-19]] Pandemic Reveals About the Evolving Landscape of Scientific Advice'', the authors present five countries' case studies ([[Uruguay]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Jamaica]], [[Ghana]], and [[New Zealand]]). The authors conclude, "Effective and trusted scientific advice is not simply a function of linkages with the policy-maker. It also involves an effective conversation with stakeholders and the public."

According to the World Health Organization, during the COVID-19 pandemic, [[Africa]] contributed 13% of the world's new or adapted technologies, such as robotics, [[3D printing]], and mobile phone apps. Many countries have accelerated their approval processes for research project proposals. For example, the innovation agencies of [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], and [[Uruguay]] have issued calls for research proposals with an expedited approval process through early April 2020. [[Peru|Peru's]] two innovation agencies reduced their own response time to two weeks, as documented in the [[UNESCO Science Report]] (2021).

The UNESCO study of publication trends in 193 countries on the topic of new or re-emerging [[virus]]es that can infect humans covered the period from 2011 to 2019 and now provides an overview of the state of research prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Global output on this broad topic increased by only 2% per year between 2011 and 2019, slower than overall global scientific publications. Growth was much higher in individual countries that had to use science to address other viral outbreaks during this period, such as Liberia to combat [[Ebola]] or [[Brazil]] to combat [[Zika fever]]. It remains to be seen whether or not the scientific landscape will shift toward a more proactive approach to health sciences after COVID-19.

===National and intergovernmental laboratories===
The [[United States Department of Energy]] federal scientific laboratories, such as the [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]],  closed to all visitors and many employees; non-essential employees and scientists became [[remote work]]ers. Contractors were also strongly advised to isolate their facilities and employees unless necessary. Overall, ORNL operations remain reasonably unaffected.<ref>((Cite web |url=https://www.ornl.gov/content/covid-19-advisory |title=COVID-19 Advisory |website=ornl.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326122304/https://www.ornl.gov/content/covid-19-advisory |archive-date=2020-03-26 |url-status=live))</ref>

[[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] was tasked by the [[White House Coronavirus Task Force]] to use most of its supercomputing capacity to continue the research on the [[virus]] stream, possible [[mutations]], and other factors, while other projects were temporarily scaled back or indefinitely postponed.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.llnl.gov/news/lab-antibody-anti-viral-research-aids-covid-19-response|title=Lab antibody, anti-viral research aids COVID-19 response &#124; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|website=llnl.gov|access-date=2020-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326122613/https://www.llnl.gov/news/lab-antibody-anti-viral-research-aids-covid-19-response|archive-date=2020-03-26|url-status=live))</ref>

The [[European Molecular Biology Laboratory]] (EMBL) closed all of its six sites in Europe (Barcelona, Grenoble, Hamburg, Heidelberg, Hinxton, and Rome). All EMBL site governments have implemented strict controls in response to the coronavirus. EMBL staff have been instructed to follow the advice of local authorities. Several staff members have been given permission to work at the sites to provide essential services such as animal facility maintenance or data services. All other staff were instructed to stay at home. EMBL also cancelled all visits to the sites by groups outside the staff. This includes physical attendance at the Heidelberg course and conference program, EMBL-EBI training courses, and all other seminars, courses, and public visits at all sites. Meanwhile, the [[European Bioinformatics Institute]] established a European COVID-19 platform for data/information exchange. The goal is to collect and share readily available research data to enable synergy, cross-fertilization, and use of different data sets with varying degrees of aggregation, validation, and/or completeness. The platform is envisioned to consist of two interconnected components, the SARS-CoV-2 data hubs, to organize the flow of [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2]] outbreak sequence data and enable comprehensive open data exchange for the European and global research community, and a more comprehensive COVID-19 portal.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.embl.org/news/lab-matters/corona-updates/|title=EMBL's response to the coronavirus outbreak|date=March 25, 2020))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.embl.org/news/science/embl-ebi-leads-international-collaboration-to-share-covid-19-research-data/|title=EMBL-EBI leads International collaboration to share COVID-19 research data|date=March 27, 2020))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/pathogens/covid-19|title=EMBL-EBI COVID-19 Data Platform|access-date=2020-04-01|archive-date=2020-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410164803/https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/pathogens/covid-19|url-status=dead))</ref>

=== World Meteorological Organization ===
The [[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO) has expressed concern about the effects of the pandemic on its monitoring system. Observations from the [[Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay]] program, which uses in-flight measurements from the fleets of 43 airlines, have been reduced by 50 to 80 percent depending on the region. Data from other automated systems have been virtually unaffected, although WMO has expressed concern that repairs and maintenance may be affected eventually. Manual observations, mainly from developing countries, have also seen a significant decrease.<ref>((cite press release |title=WMO is concerned about impact of COVID-19 on observing system |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/covid-19-impacts-observing-system |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218180528/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/covid-19-impacts-observing-system |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 18, 2023 |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |date=31 March 2020 |language=en))</ref>

=== Open science ===
((See also|COVID Moonshot))
The need to accelerate [[open science|open scientific]] research prompted several civil society organizations to create an Open [[COVID-19]] Pledge<ref>((Cite web|title=Open COVID Pledge: Removing Obstacles to Sharing IP in the Fight Against COVID-19|url=https://creativecommons.org/2020/04/07/open-covid-pledge-removing-obstacles-to-sharing-ip-in-the-fight-against-covid-19/|date=2020-04-07|website=Creative Commons|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-04))</ref><ref>((Cite web|title=PIJIP Among Founding Partners of Open COVID Pledge|url=https://www.wcl.american.edu/impact/initiatives-programs/pijip/news/pijip-among-founding-partners-of-open-covid-pledge/|website=American University Washington College of Law|language=en|access-date=2020-05-04))</ref> asking different industries to release their intellectual property rights during the pandemic to help find a cure for the disease. Several tech giants have joined the pledge,<ref>((Cite web|title=Tech Giants Join the CC-Supported Open COVID Pledge|url=https://creativecommons.org/2020/04/20/tech-giants-join-the-cc-supported-open-covid-pledge/|date=2020-04-20|website=Creative Commons|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-04))</ref> which includes the release of an Open COVID license.<ref>((Cite web|title=The Open COVID Pledge|url=https://opencovidpledge.org/|website=opencovidpledge.org|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-04))</ref> Long-time open access advocates such as [[Creative Commons]] have launched a myriad of calls and actions to promote open access in science as a key component to combat the disease.<ref>((Cite web|title=Creative Commons' Response to COVID-19|url=https://creativecommons.org/creative-commons-response-to-covid-19/|website=Creative Commons|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-04))</ref><ref>((Cite web|title=La risposta di Creative Commons all'emergenza causata dal COVID-19: interventi a tutela del personale e della comunità. – Italia|url=https://creativecommons.it/chapterIT/index.php/1035/|language=it|access-date=2020-05-04))</ref> These include a public call for open access policies<ref>((Cite web|title=Now Is the Time for Open Access Policies—Here's Why|url=https://creativecommons.org/2020/03/19/now-is-the-time-for-open-access-policies-heres-why/|date=2020-03-19|website=Creative Commons|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-04))</ref> and a call to scientists to adopt zero embargo periods for their publications, applying a [[Creative Commons license|CC BY]] to their articles and a [[CC0]] waiver for research data.<ref>((Cite web|title=Dr. Lucie Guibault on What Scientists Should Know About Open Access|url=https://creativecommons.org/2020/03/27/what-scientists-should-know-about-open-access/|date=2020-03-27|website=Creative Commons|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-04))</ref> Other organizations have challenged the current scientific culture, calling for more open and public science.<ref>((Cite web|title=Antivírus 02 – Que ciência queremos? - ANTIVÍRUS|url=https://open.spotify.com/episode/1XzfApJbww4f5rI5W1QdfJ|website=Spotify|language=pt|access-date=2020-05-04))</ref>

For studies and information on coronavirus that can contribute to [[citizen science]] through open science, many other online resources are available on other open science and open access websites, including an e-book chapter hosted by the medical collective [[EMCrit]]<ref name="EMCrit Project 2023">((cite web | title=Management of COVID-19 patients admitted to stepdown or ICU | website=EMCrit Project | date=February 11, 2023 | url=https://emcrit.org/ibcc/covid19/ | access-date=May 11, 2023))</ref> and portals run by [[Cambridge University Press]],<ref name=CUP_1>((cite web| title=Coronavirus Free Access Collection| url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/browse-subjects/medicine/coronavirus-free-access-collection| publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]| date=2020| access-date=4 April 2020))</ref> the Europe branch of the [[Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition]],<ref name=SPARC_1>((cite web| title=The Coronavirus and Open Science: Our reads and Open use cases| url=https://sparceurope.org/coronaopensciencereadsandusecases| publisher=[[Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition]] Europe| date=March 2020| access-date=4 April 2020))</ref> ''[[The Lancet]]'',<ref name=TL_1>((cite web| title=The Lancet COVID-19 Resource Centre| url=https://www.thelancet.com/coronavirus| publisher=[[Elsevier]] Inc.| date=April 2020| access-date=4 April 2020))</ref> [[John Wiley and Sons]],<ref name=Wil_1>((cite web| title=Covid-19: Novel Coronavirus Outbreak| url=https://novel-coronavirus.onlinelibrary.wiley.com| publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]], Inc.| date=March 2020| access-date=4 April 2020))</ref> and [[Springer Nature]].<ref name=Spri_1>((cite web| title=SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19| url=https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/campaigns/coronavirus| publisher=[[Springer Nature]]| date=2020| access-date=4 April 2020))</ref>

=== Medical research ===
A [[JAMA Network Open]] study examined trends in oncology clinical trials initiated before and during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. It was noted that pandemic-related declines in clinical trials raised concerns about the potential negative impact on the development of new [[Cancer|cancer therapies]] and the extent to which these findings could be applied to other diseases.<ref>((Cite journal|last1=Lamont|first1=Elizabeth B.|last2=Diamond|first2=Sheila S.|last3=Katriel|first3=Ron G.|last4=Ensign|first4=Lisa L.|last5=Liu|first5=Jingshu|last6=Rusli|first6=Emelly|last7=Alexander|first7=G. Caleb|date=2021-01-27|title=Trends in Oncology Clinical Trials Launched Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic|journal=JAMA Network Open|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2036353|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.36353|pmid=33502481|pmc=7841452|issn=2574-3805|doi-access=free))</ref>

==Computing and machine learning research and citizen science==
((Further|Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation|COVID-19 drug development#Computer-assisted research|Citizen science#COVID-19 pandemic))
((Update section|date=November 2020))
In March 2020, the [[United States Department of Energy]], [[National Science Foundation]], [[NASA]], industry, and nine universities pooled resources to access supercomputers from [[IBM]] combined with cloud computing resources from [[Hewlett Packard Enterprise]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Microsoft]], and [[Google]] for drug discovery.<ref name="Summit">((cite news |last1=Shankland |first1=Stephen |title=Sixteen supercomputers tackle coronavirus cures in the US |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/sixteen-supercomputers-tackle-coronavirus-cures-in-us/|date=2020-03-23 |access-date=27 April 2020 |work=CNET |publisher=ViacomCBS))</ref><ref name="C-19HPCC">((cite web|url=https://covid19-hpc-consortium.org/|title=The COVID-19 High Performance Computing Consortium|publisher=The COVID-19 High Performance Computing Consortium|date=2020|access-date=2020-04-27|archive-date=2020-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923003850/https://covid19-hpc-consortium.org/|url-status=dead))</ref> 

The COVID-19 High-Performance Computing Consortium also aims to predict the spread of disease, model possible vaccines, and study thousands of chemical compounds to develop a [[COVID-19 vaccine]] or therapy.<ref name="Summit" /><ref name="C-19HPCC" /> ((As of|2020|May)), the Consortium has used up 437 peta[[FLOPS]] of computing power.

The C3.ai Digital Transformation Institute, another consortium of [[Microsoft]], six universities (including the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], a member of the first consortium), and the [[National Center for Supercomputer Applications]] in Illinois, operating under the auspices of C3.ai, founded by [[Thomas Siebel]], is pooling supercomputing resources for drug discovery, developing medical protocols, and improving public health strategies, and awarded large grants through May 2020 to researchers proposing to use AI for similar tasks.<ref name="C3NewsRelease">((cite web |title=C3.ai, Microsoft, and Leading Universities Launch C3.ai Digital Transformation Institute |url=https://c3.ai/c3-ai-microsoft-and-leading-universities-launch-c3-ai-digital-transformation-institute/ |date=2020-03-26|website=C3.ai |access-date=27 April 2020))</ref><ref name="NYTBroad">((cite news |last1=Broad |first1=William |title=A.I. Versus the Coronavirus |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/26/science/ai-versus-the-coronavirus.html |access-date=27 April 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=26 March 2020))</ref>

In March 2020, the [[Folding@home]] [[distributed computing]] project launched a program to support medical researchers around the world. The first wave of the project will simulate potential target proteins of [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2]] and the related [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus|SARS-CoV]] virus, which has already been studied.<ref name="tomshw-fah">((cite web |last1=Broekhuijsen |first1=Niels |title=Help Cure Coronavirus with Your PC's Leftover Processing Power |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/news/folding-fight-coronavirus |website=Tom's Hardware |access-date=12 March 2020 |date=3 March 2020))</ref><ref name="fah-newspost">((cite web |last1=Bowman |first1=Greg |title=Folding@home takes up the fight against COVID-19 / 2019-nCoV |url=https://foldingathome.org/2020/02/27/foldinghome-takes-up-the-fight-against-covid-19-2019-ncov/ |website=Folding@home |access-date=12 March 2020 |date=27 February 2020))</ref><ref>((Cite web | url=https://www.hpcwire.com/2020/03/16/foldinghome-turns-its-massive-crowdsourced-computer-network-against-covid-19/ |title = Folding@home Turns Its Massive Crowdsourced Computer Network Against COVID-19|date = March 16, 2020))</ref><ref name="Calmiano">((cite journal |last1=von Delft |first1=Frank |last2=Calmiano |first2=Mark |last3=Chodera |first3=John |last4=Griffen |first4=Ed |last5=Lee |first5=Alpha |last6=London |first6=Nir |last7=Matviuk |first7=Tatiana |last8=Perry |first8=Ben |last9=Robinson |first9=Matt |last10=von Delft |first10=Annette |title=A white-knuckle ride of open COVID drug discovery |journal=Nature |date=June 2021 |volume=594 |issue=7863 |pages=330–332 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01571-1 |pmid=34127864 |bibcode=2021Natur.594..330V |s2cid=235438395 |language=en|doi-access=free ))</ref>((Update inline|date=October 2021))

In March, the [[Rosetta@home]] distributed computing project also joined the effort. The project uses volunteers' computers to model the proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to discover potential drug targets or develop new proteins to neutralize the virus. The researchers announced that using Rosetta@home, they were able to "accurately predict the atomic-scale structure of an important coronavirus protein weeks before it could be measured in the lab."<ref>((Cite web|date=2020-03-24|title=Rosetta@home Rallies a Legion of Computers Against the Coronavirus|url=https://www.hpcwire.com/2020/03/24/rosettahome-rallies-a-legion-of-computers-against-the-coronavirus/|access-date=2020-11-04|website=HPCwire|language=en-US))</ref>

In May 2020, the Open Pandemics—COVID-19 partnership was launched between [[Scripps Research]] and IBM's [[World Community Grid]]. The partnership is a distributed computing project that "will automatically run a simulated experiment in the background [of connected home PCs] that will help predict the efficacy of a particular chemical compound as a potential treatment for [[COVID-19]]."<ref name=WCG_1>((cite web| title=OpenPandemics - COVID-19| url=https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/research/opn1/overview.do| publisher=IBM| date=2020| access-date=18 May 2020))</ref> 

Resources for informatics and scientific [[crowdsourcing#Health-care crowdsourcing|crowdsourcing]] projects on COVID-19 can be found on the internet or as apps.<ref name=CSR1>((cite web| title=Citizen science resources related to the COVID19 pandemic| url=https://www.citizenscience.org/covid-19| author=CSA team| publisher=Citizen Science Association| date=April 2020| access-date=2 April 2020| archive-date=5 April 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405043645/https://www.citizenscience.org/covid-19/| url-status=dead))</ref><ref name=COIE_1>((cite web| title=COVID-19 Open Innovation Efforts| url=https://my.usgs.gov/confluence/display/cdi/COVID-19+Open+Innovation+Efforts| publisher=[[University of California, San Francisco]]| date=24 March 2020| access-date=2 April 2020))</ref><ref name=HHMI_1>((cite web| title=Citizen Scientists Are Helping Researchers Design New Drugs to Combat COVID-19| url=https://www.hhmi.org/news/citizen-scientists-are-helping-researchers-design-new-drugs-to-combat-covid-19| publisher=[[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]]| date=26 March 2020| access-date=2 April 2020))</ref> Some examples of such projects are listed below:
* The Eterna Open-Vaccine project allows video game players to "design an mRNA encoding a potential vaccine against the novel coronavirus."<ref name="EOV_1">((cite web| title=Eterna OpenVaccine| author=Do Soon & the Eterna Developer Team| url=https://eternagame.org/web/news/9818657/| publisher=Eterna| date=23 March 2020| access-date=20 April 2020))</ref>
* The EU-Citizen Science project provides "a selection of resources related to the current COVID-19 pandemic. It contains links to citizen science and crowdsourcing projects."<ref name=EUCS_1>((cite web| title=Citizen science resources related to the COVID19 pandemic| first=Lucie| last=Steigleder| url=http://eu-citizen.science/citizen-science-resources-related-to-the-covid19-pandemic| publisher=EU-Citizen.Science| date=24 March 2020| access-date=2 April 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331093204/http://eu-citizen.science/citizen-science-resources-related-to-the-covid19-pandemic/| archive-date=31 March 2020| url-status=dead))</ref>
* The COVID-19 Citizen Science project is "a new initiative by [[University of California, San Francisco]] physician-scientists" that "will allow anyone in the world age 18 or over to become a citizen scientist advancing understanding of the disease."<ref name=UCSF_1>((cite web| title=New COVID-19 'Citizen Science' Initiative Lets Any Adult with a Smartphone Help to Fight Coronavirus| first=Jeff| last=Norris| url=https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2020/03/417026/new-covid-19-citizen-science-initiative-lets-any-adult-smartphone-help-fight|  publisher=The Regents of The University of California| date=30 March 2020| access-date=2 April 2020))</ref>
* The CoronaReport digital journalism project is "a citizen science project which democratizes the reporting on the Coronavirus and makes these reports accessible to other citizens."<ref name=CR_1>((cite web| title=CoronaReport| url=https://www.coronareport.eu| date=April 2020| access-date=2 April 2020))</ref><ref name=CR_2>((cite web| title=Corona Report App (social media)| website=[[Facebook]]| url=https://www.facebook.com/coronareportapp| date=April 2020| access-date=2 April 2020))</ref>
* The COVID Symptom Tracker is a crowdsourced study of symptoms of the virus. It has been downloaded two million times as of April 2020.<ref name=CST_1>((cite web| title=COVID Symptom Tracker| url=https://covid.joinzoe.com| publisher=[[King's College London]]| date=March 2020| access-date=2 April 2020))</ref><ref name=COCO_1>((cite web| title=New COVID-19 symptom tracker app helps researchers better understand coronavirus| url=https://www.clickorlando.com/health/2020/04/01/new-covid-19-symptom-tracker-app-helps-researchers-better-understand-coronavirus| first=Gwen| last=Baumgardner| publisher=ClickOrlando.com| date=1 April 2020| access-date=2 April 2020))</ref>
* The COVID Near you epidemiology tool "uses crowdsourced data to visualize maps to help citizens and public health agencies identify current and potential hotspots for the recent pandemic coronavirus, COVID-19."<ref name=CNY_1>((cite web| title=Covid Near You| first=CNY| last=team| url=https://www.covidnearyou.org/#!/who-we-are| date=April 2020| access-date=2 April 2020))</ref>
* The We-Care project is a novel initiative by [[University of California, Davis]] researchers that uses anonymity and crowdsourced information to alert infected users and slow the spread of COVID-19.<ref>((Cite web|date=July 21, 2020|title=Coronavirus tracing apps prevalent outside the US, fail to gain foothold stateside|url=https://www.cbs8.com/article/news/health/coronavirus/coronavirus-tracing-apps-prevalent-outside-the-us-fail-to-gain-foothold-stateside/509-225174c3-40d9-4f64-b556-c3c2c3eab50c|access-date=2021-10-22|website=cbs8.com|language=en-US))</ref><ref>((Cite web|date=2020-05-27|title=UC Davis Computer Scientists Launch App To Help Slow Spread Of COVID-19|url=https://sacramento.cbslocal.com/2020/05/27/uc-davis-app-covid-19-contact-tracing/|access-date=2021-10-22|language=en-US))</ref><ref>((Cite web|title=States Ramp Up Contact Tracing Amidst Privacy Concerns - State Net|url=https://www.lexisnexis.com/en-us/products/state-net/news/2020/05/28/States-Ramp-Up-Contact-Tracing-Amidst-Privacy-Concerns.page|access-date=2021-10-22|website=www.lexisnexis.com))</ref>

The scientific community has held several [[machine learning]] competitions to identify false information related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Some examples are listed below:
* The First Workshop on Combating Online Hostile Posts in Regional Languages during Emergency Situation,<ref>((Cite book|last1=Patwa|last2=Bhardwaj|last3=Guptha|last4=Kumari|last5=Sharma|last6=Pykl|last7=Das|last8=Ekbal|last9=Akhtar|last10=Chakraborty|title=Combating Online Hostile Posts in Regional Languages during Emergency Situation |chapter=Overview of CONSTRAINT 2021 Shared Tasks: Detecting English COVID-19 Fake News and Hindi Hostile Posts |series=Communications in Computer and Information Science|date=2021|volume=1402|pages=42–53|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-73696-5_5|isbn=978-3-030-73695-8|s2cid=234973379))</ref> co-located with the [[Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence]] conference (AAAI-2021), focused on detecting fake news in English related to COVID-19. The data sources were various social media platforms such as [[Twitter]], [[Facebook]], and [[Instagram]]. Given a social media post, the objective of the shared task was to classify it as fake or real news. The winner of the task<ref>((Cite book|last1=Glazkova|first1=Anna|last2=Glazkov|first2=Maksim|last3=Trifonov|first3=Timofey|title=Combating Online Hostile Posts in Regional Languages during Emergency Situation |chapter=G2tmn at Constraint@AAAI2021: Exploiting CT-BERT and Ensembling Learning for COVID-19 Fake News Detection |date=2021|volume=1402|pages=116–127|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-73696-5_12|arxiv=2012.11967|isbn=978-3-030-73695-8|s2cid=229349150|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347624180))</ref> presented an [[Ensemble learning|ensemble]] approach based on fine-tuning COVID-Twitter-BERT models.<ref>((cite arXiv |last1=Muller |first1=Martin|last2=Salathé |first2=Marcel|last3=Kummervold|first3=Per E |date=2020 |title=COVID-Twitter-BERT: A Natural Language Processing Model to Analyse COVID-19 Content on Twitter |class=cs.CL|eprint=2005.07503))</ref>
* The Sixth Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text: Identification of Informative COVID-19 English Tweets,<ref>((Cite journal|last1=Nguyen|first1=DQ|last2=Vu|first2=T|last3=Rahimi|first3=A|last4=Dao|first4=MH|last5=Nguyen|first5=LT|last6=Doan|first6=L|title=WNUT-2020 Task 2: Identification of Informative COVID-19 English Tweets|url=https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.wnut-1.41/|journal=Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text (W-NUT 2020)|date=2020|pages=314–318|doi=10.18653/v1/2020.wnut-1.41|arxiv=2010.08232|s2cid=223953613))</ref> aimed to automatically identify whether a COVID-19 related English tweet is informative or not. The organizers provided the research community with a new dataset of tweets for identification. The selection of tweets included information about suspected, confirmed, recovered, and death cases, as well as the location or travel history of cases. The winning solution<ref>((Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=P|last2=Singh|first2=A|title=NutCracker at WNUT-2020 Task 2: Robustly Identifying Informative COVID-19 Tweets using Ensembling and Adversarial Training|url=https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.wnut-1.57/|journal=Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text (W-NUT 2020)|date=2020|pages=404–408|doi=10.18653/v1/2020.wnut-1.57|arxiv=2010.04335|s2cid=222272063))</ref> for the workshop task presented a neural network ensemble consisting of the COVID-Twitter-BERT and RoBERTa [[BERT (language model)|language models]].

==Space==
===NASA===
<noinclude>[[File:JWST spacecraft model 2.png|thumb|The launch of the [[James Webb Space Telescope]] was postponed to December 25, 2021.]]
[[File:SLS Intertank moving down the factory floor.jpg|thumb|Components of the [[Space Launch System]]]]</noinclude>
[[NASA]] announced the temporary closure of all visitor complexes at its field centers until further notice and asked all non-critical personnel to work from home if possible. Production and manufacturing of the [[Space Launch System]] at the [[Michoud Assembly Facility]] was halted,<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-leadership-assessing-mission-impacts-of-coronavirus|title=NASA Leadership Assessing Mission Impacts of Coronavirus|first=Karen|last=Northon|date=March 20, 2020|website=NASA|access-date=March 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323195123/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-leadership-assessing-mission-impacts-of-coronavirus|archive-date=March 23, 2020|url-status=live))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://mafspace.msfc.nasa.gov/|title=MAFspace|website=mafspace.msfc.nasa.gov|access-date=2020-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321195440/https://mafspace.msfc.nasa.gov/|archive-date=2020-03-21|url-status=live))</ref> and further delays occurred for the [[James Webb Space Telescope]],<ref>((Cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/03/23/nasa-confirms-work-stoppage-on-james-webb-space-telescope/|title=NASA confirms work stoppage on James Webb Space Telescope – Spaceflight Now|first=Stephen|last=Clark|access-date=2020-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324191821/https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/03/23/nasa-confirms-work-stoppage-on-james-webb-space-telescope/|archive-date=2020-03-24|url-status=live))</ref> although work resumed on June 3, 2020.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://spacenews.com/work-on-jwst-ramps-up-again/|title=Work on JWST ramps up again|date=June 3, 2020|website=SpaceNews))</ref>

The majority of [[Johnson Space Center]] personnel transitioned to [[Telecommunications|telecommunicating]], and mission-critical personnel on the [[International Space Station]] were ordered to reside in the [[Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center|mission control room]] until further notice. Station operations were relatively unaffected, but [[astronaut]]s on new expeditions are subject to longer more stringent pre-flight quarantine.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.houstoniamag.com/coronavirus/2020/03/johnson-space-center-taking-safety-precautions-amid-coronavirus|title=Johnson Space Center Taking Safety Precautions Amid Coronavirus|website=Houstonia Magazine))</ref>

NASA's emergency response framework varied based on local virus cases around its agency's field centers. As of March 24, 2020, the following space centers had moved to Stage 4.<ref>((cite web |last1=Bridenstine |first1=Jim |title=March 24 Update on NASA Response to Coronavirus |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/bridenstine/2020/03/24/march-24-update-on-nasa-response-to-coronavirus/ |website=blogs.nasa.gov/ |publisher=NASA Blogs |access-date=1 September 2021 |archive-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325035806/https://blogs.nasa.gov/bridenstine/2020/03/24/march-24-update-on-nasa-response-to-coronavirus/ |url-status=dead ))</ref>
<noinclude>
* [[Glenn Research Center]] in Ohio
* [[Plum Brook Station]] in Ohio
* [[Armstrong Flight Research Center]] in California
* [[Wallops Flight Facility]] in Virginia
* [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]] in New York
* [[Goddard Space Flight Center]] in Maryland, which also reported its first COVID-19 positive employee case.
</noinclude>
Two facilities were maintained at Stage 4 after reporting new cases of coronavirus: the [[Michoud Assembly Facility]] reported its first employee to test positive for COVID-19, and [[Stennis Space Center]] recorded the second case of a NASA community member with the virus. [[Kennedy Space Center]] maintained at Stage 3 after a workforce member tested positive. Due to the mandatory [[remote work]] policy already in place, the individual had not been on-site for more than a week before the onset of symptoms.<ref>((cite web |last1=Kelley |first1=Emre |title=Employee at Kennedy Space Center tests positive for coronavirus |url=https://eu.floridatoday.com/story/tech/science/space/2020/03/23/employee-nasas-kennedy-space-center-tests-positive-coronavirus/2898173001/ |website=eu.floridatoday.com |publisher=Florida Today |access-date=1 September 2021))</ref> On May 18, the Michoud facility began resuming work operations on the SLS, but so far remains in a Level 3 status.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/releases/2020/20-011.html|title=Michoud Transitions to Stage 3 of the NASA Response Framework|first=Lee|last=Mohon|date=May 17, 2020|website=NASA))</ref>

At Level 4, mandatory [[remote work]] is in effect for all personnel except for limited personnel required for mission-critical work and to ensure and maintain the safety and security of the facility.<ref>((Cite web |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/bridenstine/2020/03/24/march-24-update-on-nasa-response-to-coronavirus/ |title=March 24 Update on NASA Response to Coronavirus – Administrator Jim Bridenstine | work=[[NASA]] |date=24 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325035806/https://blogs.nasa.gov/bridenstine/2020/03/24/march-24-update-on-nasa-response-to-coronavirus/|archive-date=2020-03-25|url-status=live))</ref>

===ESA===
((more citations needed|section|date=June 2020))
The [[European Space Agency]] (ESA) directed many of its science and technology facility personnel to [[telework]] whenever possible.<ref>((Cite web|title=Recruiting during COVID-19|url=https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Careers_at_ESA/Recruiting_during_COVID-19|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.esa.int|language=en))</ref>

Developments, including increased restrictions by national, regional, and local authorities across Europe and the first positive COVID-19 test result among [[European Space Operations Centre]] personnel, led the agency to further restrict on-site personnel at its mission control centres.

ESA Director of Operations, Rolf Densing, strongly advised mission personnel to reduce activity on science missions, especially on interplanetary spacecraft.

The affected spacecraft had stable orbits and long-duration missions, so turning off their science instruments and placing them into a largely unattended safety configuration for a certain period of time would have a negligible impact on their overall mission performance.

Examples of such missions include:<ref>((Cite web|last=Gohd|first=Chelsea|date=2020-03-24|title=Europe stalls science on 4 space missions due to coronavirus pandemic|url=https://www.space.com/europe-stalls-4-space-missions-amid-coronavirus.html|access-date=2021-07-30|website=Space.com|language=en))</ref>
* [[Cluster II (spacecraft)|Cluster]] – A four-spacecraft mission launched in 2000, orbiting Earth to study our planet's magnetic environment and how it is forged by the solar wind, the stream of charged particles constantly released by the Sun;
* [[ExoMars]] Trace Gas Orbiter – Launched in 2016, the spacecraft orbited Mars, where it studied the planet's atmosphere and provided data relay for landers on the surface;
* [[Mars Express]] – Launched in 2003, the workhorse orbiter has been imaging the Martian surface and sampling the planet's atmosphere for more than a decade and a half;
* [[Solar Orbiter]] – ESA's newest science mission, launched in February 2020, was en route to its science operations orbit around the Sun.

ESA Science Director Günther Hasinger said: "It was a difficult decision, but the right one to take. Our greatest responsibility is the safety of people, and I know all of us in the science community understand why this is necessary."

The temporary reduction in on-site personnel will also allow the ESOC teams to focus on maintaining spacecraft safety for all other missions involved, especially the Mercury explorer [[BepiColombo]], which is en route to the [[Solar System|solar system's]] closest planet and would need on-site support during its planned April 10 2020 flyby of Earth. The difficult manoeuvre, which uses Earth's gravity to adjust BepiColombo's trajectory as it cruises towards Mercury, was performed by a very small number of engineers and with due regard to social distancing and other health and hygiene measures required by the current situation. Commissioning and initial checkout operations of the launched Solar Orbiter were temporarily suspended.

ESA plans to resume these operations in the near future, depending on the development of the coronavirus situation. In the meantime, [[Solar Orbiter]] will continue its journey towards the Sun, with the first Venus flyby to take place in December.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/ESA_scales_down_science_mission_operations_amid_pandemic|title=ESA scales down science mission operations amid pandemic|website=esa.int|access-date=2020-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324133913/http://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/ESA_scales_down_science_mission_operations_amid_pandemic|archive-date=2020-03-24|url-status=live))</ref>

===JAXA===
The space and science operations of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ([[JAXA]]) were virtually unaffected. However, all visits to their many field centers were suspended until April 30, 2020, to reduce contamination.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://global.jaxa.jp/about/centers/tksc/|title=JAXA &#124; Tsukuba Space Center|website=JAXA &#124; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency|access-date=Mar 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821051657/https://global.jaxa.jp/about/centers/tksc/|archive-date=August 21, 2019|url-status=live))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://global.jaxa.jp/about/centers/|title=JAXA &#124; Field Centers|website=JAXA &#124; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency|access-date=Mar 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328155252/https://global.jaxa.jp/about/centers/|archive-date=March 28, 2020|url-status=live))</ref>

===Commercial aerospace===
[[Bigelow Aerospace]] announced on March 23, 2020, that it was laying off all its 88 employees. It said it would rehire the workers when pandemic restrictions were lifted.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://spacenews.com/bigelow-aerospace-lays-off-entire-workforce/|title=Bigelow Aerospace lays off entire workforce|date=March 23, 2020|website=SpaceNews.com))</ref> [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson, Arizona-based]] [[World View Enterprises|World View]] announced on April 17, 2020, that it had terminated new business initiatives and laid off an unspecified number of employees to reduce cash outflows. The company also received rent deferrals from [[Pima County, Arizona]].<ref>((Cite web|url=https://spacenews.com/world-view-delays-plans-and-furloughs-staff-because-of-pandemic/|title=World View delays plans and furloughs staff because of pandemic|date=2020-04-17|website=SpaceNews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-19))</ref>

[[OneWeb]] filed for [[bankruptcy]] on March 27, 2020, following a [[Liquidity crisis|cash crunch]] due to difficulties in raising capital to complete construction and deployment of the remaining 90 percent of the network. The company had already laid off approximately 85 percent of its 531 employees, but said it would maintain operational satellite capabilities while the court restructures it and new owners for the constellation were sought.<ref name="sn20200327">((cite news|last=Henry|first=Caleb|url=https://spacenews.com/oneweb-files-for-chapter-11-bankruptcy/|title=OneWeb files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy|date=27 March 2020|work=[[SpaceNews]]|access-date=2 April 2023))</ref><ref name="wired-bankrupt">((cite news|last=Oberhaus|first=Daniel|url=https://www.wired.com/story/spacex-competitor-oneweb-is-reportedly-bankrupt|title=SpaceX Competitor OneWeb Is Reportedly Bankrupt|date=27 March 2020|access-date=28 March 2020|magazine=Wired))</ref>

[[Rocket Lab]] temporarily closed its launch site in New Zealand, but operations continued at its [[Wallops Flight Facility]] launch complex.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://spacenews.com/rocket-lab-executive-says-company-is-well-positioned-to-weather-crisis/|title=Rocket Lab executive says company is well positioned to weather crisis|date=2020-04-01|website=SpaceNews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-19))</ref>

Major companies such as [[SpaceX]] and [[Boeing]] were not economically affected, except that they took extra precautions and security measures for their employees to limit the spread of the virus in their workplaces. As of April 16, 2020 [[Blue Origin]] said that it was continuing to hire staff, with about 20 more people added each week.<ref>((Cite tweet|url=https://twitter.com/blueorigin/status/1250788099715510273|number=1250788099715510273|title=We're continuing to hire and...|user=BlueOrigin|date=Apr 16, 2020|website=Twitter|access-date=19 April 2020))</ref> [[United Launch Alliance|ULA]] implemented an internal pandemic plan. Although some aspects of launch-related outreach were scaled back, the company made clear its intention to maintain its launch schedule.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/03/the-virus-has-gone-global-so-what-happens-to-the-launch-industry/|title=The virus has gone global—so what happens to the launch industry?|last=Berger|first=Eric|date=2020-03-16|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|access-date=2020-04-18))</ref>

==Telecommunications==
((Expand section|1=Not enough attention to the digital divide; needs more detail|date=November 2020))((Update|section|date=November 2020))
[[File:The_crisis_widened_the_gap_between_digital_and_non-digital_firms.jpg|thumb|270x270px|The pandemic resulted in a greater gap between digital and non-digital firms.<ref>((Cite book|last=Bank|first=European Investment|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/investment-report-2021|title=EIB Investment Report 2021/2022: Recovery as a springboard for change|date=2022-01-12|publisher=European Investment Bank|isbn=978-92-861-5155-2|language=EN))</ref>]]
From 2019 to 2020, the proportion of EU enterprises employing advanced digital technology in their operations expanded dramatically. From 2020 to 2021, this percentage remained relatively stable, reaching 61% in 2021, compared to 63% in 2020 and 58% in 2019.<ref name=":34">((Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/digitalisation-in-europe-2021-2022 |title=Digitalisation in Europe 2021-2022: Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey |date=2022-05-05 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-5233-7 |language=EN))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=Press corner |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=European Commission - European Commission |language=en))</ref> The pandemic has caused a huge strain on internet traffic, with [[BT Group]] and [[Vodafone]] seeing a 60 and 50 percent increase in broadband usage, respectively. At the same time, [[Netflix]], [[Disney+]], [[Google]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], and [[YouTube]] have considered reducing the quality of their videos to avoid overload. In addition, [[Sony]] has begun to slow down [[PlayStation]] game downloads in Europe and the United States to maintain the traffic levels.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/27/coronavirus-can-the-internet-handle-unprecedented-surge-in-traffic.html|title=The internet is under huge strain because of the coronavirus. Experts say it can cope — for now|website=CNBC|date=27 March 2020|access-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328151542/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/27/coronavirus-can-the-internet-handle-unprecedented-surge-in-traffic.html|archive-date=28 March 2020|url-status=live))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/sony-slows-ps4-game-download-speeds-in-the-us-and-europe|title=Sony slows PS4 game download speeds in the US and Europe|work=TechRadar|date=27 March 2020|access-date=24 April 2020))</ref>

Cellular service providers in mainland China reported significant declines in subscribers, partially due to inability of [[Mingong|migrant workers]] to return to work as a result of the [[quarantine]] [[lockdown]]s; [[China Mobile]] saw a reduction of 8 million subscribers, while [[China Unicom]] had 7.8 million fewer subscribers, and [[China Telecom]] lost 5.6 million users.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-23/china-s-mobile-carriers-lose-15-million-users-as-virus-bites|title=China's Mobile Carriers Lose 21 Million Users as Virus Bites|first=Shirley|last=Zhao|date=March 23, 2020|website=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=March 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330130828/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-23/china-s-mobile-carriers-lose-15-million-users-as-virus-bites|archive-date=March 30, 2020|url-status=live))</ref>
[[File:Firms_that_use_advanced_digital_technologies_and_invested_to_become_more_digital_as_a_response_to_COVID-19_(in_%25).png|thumb|271x271px|Firms that use advanced digital technologies and invested to become more digital as a response to COVID-19 (in %)]]
[[File:ZOOM VIDEO MEETING 2021.png|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Zoom video meeting in 2021]]

Teleconferencing has been used to replace cancelled events as well as daily 
[[File:The_COVID-19_crisis_accelerated_the_digital_transformation,_with_many_firms_starting_to_provide_services_online.jpg|thumb|269x269px|During the COVID-19 pandemic, many firms began providing services online.<ref>((Cite book|last=Bank|first=European Investment|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/investment-report-2021|title=EIB Investment Report 2021/2022: Recovery as a springboard for change|date=2022-01-12|publisher=European Investment Bank|isbn=978-92-861-5155-2|language=EN))</ref>]] business meetings and social contacts. Teleconference companies such as [[Zoom Video Communications]] have seen a sharp increase in usage, accompanied by technical issues such as bandwidth overcrowding and social problems such as [[Zoombombing]].<ref>((Cite news|last1=Kang|first1=Cecilia|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/26/business/coronavirus-internet-traffic-speed.html|title=Surging Traffic Is Slowing Down Our Internet|date=2020-03-26|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-03-29|last2=Alba|first2=Davey|author-link2=Davey Alba|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|last3=Satariano|first3=Adam))</ref><ref>((Cite news|last1=Lorenz|first1=Taylor|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/style/zoom-parties-coronavirus-memes.html|title=We Live in Zoom Now|date=2020-03-17|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-03-29|last2=Griffith|first2=Erin|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|last3=Isaac|first3=Mike))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/03/26/zoombombers-disrupt-online-classes-racist-pornographic-content|title='Zoombombers' disrupt online classes with racist, pornographic content|website=www.insidehighered.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-29))</ref>

However, teleconferencing has also contributed to the development of [[distance education]].<ref>((Cite news |last1=Thrasyvoulos|first1=Tsiatsos |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304065744 |title=Teleconference in support of distance learning: Views of educators |work=[[ResearchGate]] |date=August 24, 2021))</ref>

Thanks to this technology, virtual [[happy hour]]s for "quarantinis" (mixed drinks)<ref>((Cite news |last=Goldfarb |first=Rose | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/20/well/virus-virtual-happy-hour.html | title=How to Have a Successful Virtual Happy Hour | work=The New York Times | date=March 20, 2020 | url-access=limited |issn=0362-4331))</ref> and even virtual dance parties have been organised.<ref>((Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5809569/dj-dance-party-coronavirus/
 |title=Coronavirus Shut Down Nightclubs. These DJs Are Hosting Digital Dance Parties to Get By
 |magazine=Time|language=en|access-date=2020-03-29))</ref>

A survey conducted in 2021 found that while the [[COVID-19 pandemic|coronavirus outbreak]] has boosted overall digitization, it has also widened the digital divide, specifically across firms. Leading businesses advanced digitization more frequently, but some enterprises fell behind and were less likely to convert digitally during the pandemic.<ref>((Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/706b5701-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/706b5701-en |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=www.oecd-ilibrary.org |language=en))</ref> 53% of surveyed firms in the [[European Union]] had previously implemented advanced digital technology and invested more into other digital technologies. 34% of non-digital EU firms viewed the pandemic as a chance to begin investing in their [[digital transformation]].<ref name=":342">((Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/digitalisation-in-europe-2021-2022 |title=Digitalisation in Europe 2021-2022: Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey |date=2022-05-05 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-5233-7 |language=EN))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=COVID-19, and digitalisation |url=https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/data/digitalisation/research-digests/covid-19-and-digitalisation |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=Eurofound |language=en))</ref> According to the survey, 16% of EU enterprises regard to access to digital infrastructure to be a substantial barrier to investment.<ref name=":344">((Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/digitalisation-in-europe-2021-2022 |title=Digitalisation in Europe 2021-2022: Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey |date=2022-05-05 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-5233-7 |language=EN))</ref><ref name="Nagle">((Cite web |last=Nagle |first=Frank |date=2021-11-09 |title=Digital infrastructure is more than just broadband: What the US can learn from Europe's open source technology policy study |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/digital-infrastructure-is-more-than-just-broadband-what-the-u-s-can-learn-from-europes-open-source-technology-policy-study/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=Brookings |language=en-US))</ref><ref name="mapfreglobalrisks.com">((Cite web |date=2021-09-07 |title="The development of digital infrastructure is critical for all of the region's industries" |url=https://www.mapfreglobalrisks.com/en/risks-insurance-management/interviews/the-development-of-digital-infrastructure-is-critical-for-all-of-the-regions-industries/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=MAPFRE Global Risks |language=en-US))</ref> 

A growing [[digital divide]] is also emerging - in the United States, despite non-digital enterprises being more dynamic than in the European Union, 48% of enterprises that were non-digital before to the pandemic utilized the crisis to begin investing in digital technologies, compared to 64% of firms that had previously implemented advanced digital 
[[File:Firms_becoming_more_digital_as_a_response_to_COVID-19.png|thumb|271x271px|Firms in the EU became more digital as a response to COVID-19. ]]
technology.<ref name=":342" /><ref>((Cite book |last1=European Investment Bank |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2867/222528 |title=The growing digital divide in Europe and the United States |last2=Rückert |first2=Désirée |last3=Veugelers |first3=Reinhilde |last4=Weiss |first4=Christoph |date=2020 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=978-92-861-4683-1 |location=LU|doi=10.2867/222528 ))</ref> 

Digital infrastructure is essential for digital transformation. Many EU areas have the potential to enable investment in the digital transformation of firms by expanding access to faster internet. This influences organizations' decisions to go digital.<ref>((Cite web |title=Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/digitaldevelopment/overview |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=World Bank |language=en))</ref><ref>((Cite report |last1=Anderton |first1=Robert |last2=Jarvis |first2=Valerie |last3=Labhard |first3=Vincent |last4=Petroulakis |first4=Filippos |last5=Rubene |first5=Ieva |last6=Vivian |first6=Lara |date=2021-01-06 |title=The digital economy and the euro area |url=https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/economic-bulletin/articles/2021/html/ecb.ebart202008_03~da0f5f792a.en.html |language=en))</ref>

Across Europe, access to digital infrastructure is already increasing, with the great majority of homes now having access to broadband, but more has to be done to promote the spread of fast connections. There is a large proportion of enterprises citing digital infrastructure as a key barrier to investment and development across nations and regions.<ref name=":343">((Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/digitalisation-in-europe-2021-2022 |title=Digitalisation in Europe 2021-2022: Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey |date=2022-05-05 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-5233-7 |language=EN))</ref><ref name="Nagle"/><ref name="mapfreglobalrisks.com"/>

One out of every five businesses in the region of [[Europe]] and [[Central Asia]] launched or grew their online business or distribution of products and services, while one out of every four businesses started or increased their remote operations.<ref name=":502">((Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/business-resilience-in-the-pandemic-and-beyond |title=Business resilience in the pandemic and beyond: Adaptation, innovation, financing and climate action from Eastern Europe to Central Asia |date=2022-05-18 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-5086-9 |language=EN))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=How companies can make remote working a success ((!)) McKinsey |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/people-and-organizational-performance/our-insights/reimagining-the-postpandemic-workforce |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=www.mckinsey.com))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=How B2B sales have changed during COVID-19 ((!)) McKinsey |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/growth-marketing-and-sales/our-insights/the-b2b-digital-inflection-point-how-sales-have-changed-during-covid-19 |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=www.mckinsey.com))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=E-commerce in the time of COVID-19 |url=https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/e-commerce-in-the-time-of-covid-19-3a2b78e8/ |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=OECD |language=en))</ref>

The pandemic has also hastened corporate transformation, with over 30% of companies altering or transforming their [[File:Digital_uptake_as_a_response_to_COVID-19.png|thumb|267x267px|The difference between regions with slow internet vs fast internet (in the EU), and their digital uptake after the pandemic ]] output as a result of it. Chemical manufacturers and wholesalers were the first to respond, with one in three expanding online business activity, beginning or boosting delivery of products and services, increasing remote employment, and changing manufacturing.<ref name=":502" /><ref>((Cite web |title=Resilience during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives from Somalia's Businesses |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/africacan/resilience-during-covid-19-pandemic-perspectives-somalias-businesses |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=blogs.worldbank.org |date=5 May 2022 |language=en))</ref>

Across sub-regions, Russian companies reported the highest rate of [[digital transformation]], with more than half of them beginning or growing online activity, products delivery, and remote work.<ref name=":502"/>

Within Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe, enterprises in [[Slovenia]] (48%) and [[Poland]] (44%), were the most innovative in 2022, while firms in [[Slovakia]] (14%), were the least innovative. 67% of enterprises in these regions deployed at least one sophisticated digital technology, the same as the current EU average (69%).'''<ref name=":115">((Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20220265-econ-eibis-2022-cesee |title=EIB Investment Survey 2022 - CESEE overview |date=2023-01-11 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-5435-5 |language=EN))</ref>'''

==See also==
* [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education]]
* [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion]]
* [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics]]
* [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation]]
* [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema]]

==References==
((reflist))

((COVID-19 pandemic |state=collapsed))

((DEFAULTSORT:COVID-19 pandemic - Impact on science and technology))
[[Category:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology| ]]
[[Category:History of science and technology]]
[[Category:2020 in science]]
[[Category:2020 in technology]]

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