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((short description|none))
((More citations needed|date=October 2020))

[[Arabic]] has had a great influence on other languages, especially in [[vocabulary]]. The influence of Arabic has been most profound in those countries visited by [[Islam]] or [[Islamic state|Islamic power]].

Arabic loanwords have made into many languages as diverse as [[Amharic language|Amharic]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Berber languages|Berber]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic|Chaldean]], [[Chechen language|Chechen]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Dagestani language|Dagestani]], [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Georgian language|Georgian]], [[German language|German]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hausa language|Hausa]], [[Hebrew]], [[Hindi]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]], [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]], [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]], [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], [[Malaysian language|Malaysian]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Pashto]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Somali language|Somali]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]], [[Urdu]], [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]], [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], [[Visayan languages|Visayan]] and [[Wolof language|Wolof]] as well as other languages in countries where these languages are spoken. Other languages such as [[Maltese language|Maltese]]<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050379/Maltese-language Maltese language - Britannica Online Encyclopedia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and [[Nubi]] derive from Arabic, rather than merely borrowing vocabulary. [[Spanish language|Spanish]] has one of the largest Arabic-influenced vocabularies of any European language, around 8 percent, due to Arab rule mainly in the Southern [[Iberia]] from 711 until 1492 known as [[Al-Andalus]], however Spain's re-Christianization and resulting loss of contact with Arabic culture has led to a significant shift in both meaning and pronunciation of Spanish words of Arabic etymology.

The terms borrowed range from religious terminology (like Berber ''taẓallit'', "prayer" < [[salat]]), academic terms (like [[Persian language|Persian]] ''manteq'', "logic"), to everyday conjunctions (like Hindi/Urdu ''lekin'', "but"). Most Berber varieties (such as [[Kabyle language|Kabyle]]), along with Swahili, borrow numbers from Arabic. Most religious terms used by Muslims around the world are direct borrowings from Arabic, such as ''ṣalāt'', 'prayer' and ''imām'', 'prayer leader'.  In languages not directly in contact with the Arab world, Arabic loanwords are often mediated by other languages rather than being transferred directly from Arabic; for example many older Arabic loanwords in [[Hausa language|Hausa]] were borrowed from [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]].

Outside the [[Muslim world]], there are more limited borrowings from Arabic, usually to denote vegetables and other articles in commerce, such as "[[aubergine]]", "alcohol" and also some other terms like "admiral". Among European languages, these mostly were transmitted through [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]].

==Bengali==
The [[Bengali language]], spoken by the Muslim-majority [[Bengalis]], has gained [[Arabic]] vocabulary both directly, as the language of [[Islam]] and its [[Islamic literature|literature]], but also indirectly as a consequence of Arabic-influenced [[Persian language|Persian]] being an official language in [[Bengal]] for over 500 years. During the late medieval period, a number of Bengali Muslim writers also wrote Bengali using the [[Arabic script]].<ref name=dil>((cite journal|title=Impact of Arabic on Bengali Language and Culture|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh|last=Dil|first=Afia|year=2012))</ref> In the coastal [[Chittagonian dialect]], the Arabic influence is magnified with researchers considering half of the dialect's lexicon to be of [[Arabic]] origin.<ref name=arab>((cite Banglapedia|article=Arabic|author=ATM Muslehuddin))</ref>

== Berber languages ==
Most [[Berber languages]] have a high percentage of borrowing and influence from the Arabic language, as well as from other languages.<ref>((Cite book |last=Mattar |first=Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDEOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA463 |title=Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa: Aaronsohn-Cyril VI |date=2004 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |isbn=978-0-02-865769-1 |pages=463 |language=en |quote=Most Berber languages have a high percentage of borrowing from Arabic, as well as from other languages.))</ref> For example, Arabic loanwords represent 35%<ref>((Cite book |last1=Baldauf |first1=Richard B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sabe8l9hox0C&pg=PA50 |title=Language Planning and Policy in Africa |last2=Kaplan |first2=Robert B. |date=2007-01-01 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-84769-011-1 |language=en))</ref> to 46%<ref>((Cite book |last=Kossmann |first=Maarten |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Se-BAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 |title=The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber |date=2013-07-18 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-25309-4 |pages=98 |language=en))</ref> of the total vocabulary of the [[Kabyle language]], and represent 51.7% of the total vocabulary of [[Tarifit]].<ref>((Cite book |last1=Haspelmath |first1=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OYFMqEJ1KCgC&pg=PA56 |title=Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook |last2=Tadmor |first2=Uri |date=2009 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-021843-5 |pages=56 |language=en))</ref> Almost all Berber languages took from Arabic the [[Voiced pharyngeal fricative|pharyngeal fricatives]] /ʕ/ and /ħ/, the (nongeminated) uvular stop /q/, and the voiceless [[Pharyngealization|pharyngealized consonant]] /ṣ/.<ref>((Citation |last=Kossmann |first=Maarten |title=Berber-Arabic Language Contact |date=2017-03-29 |url=https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-232 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics |access-date=2023-05-30 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.232 |isbn=978-0-19-938465-5))</ref>

The influence of Arabic, the process of [[spirantization]], and the absence of labialization have caused the consonant systems of Berber languages to differ significantly by region.<ref name="Kossmann-2012a">((Cite book |last=Kossmann |first=Maarten |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/795895594 |title=The Afroasiatic languages |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=Zygmunt Frajzyngier, Erin Shay |isbn=978-1-139-42364-9 |location=Cambridge |pages=22–23 |chapter=Berber |oclc=795895594))</ref> Berber languages found north of, and in the northern half of, the Sahara have greater influence from Arabic, including that of loaned phonemes, than those in more southern regions, like Tuareg.<ref name="Kossmann-2012a" /><ref name="Kossmann-2013">((Cite book |last=Kossmann |first=Maarten G. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858861608 |title=The Arabic influence on Northern Berber |date=2013 |isbn=978-90-04-25309-4 |location=Leiden |pages=1 |oclc=858861608))</ref> Many Berber languages have lost use of their original numerals due to the influence of Arabic, such as [[Tarifit]] which lost all except one.<ref name="Kossmann-2012b">((Cite book |last=Kossmann |first=Maarten |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/795895594 |title=The Afroasiatic languages |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=Zygmunt Frajzyngier, Erin Shay |isbn=978-1-139-42364-9 |location=Cambridge |pages=64 |chapter=Berber |oclc=795895594))</ref>

==Catalan/Valencian==
((see also|Catalan language))
Arabic has notably influenced the Catalan language, and especially the southern dialects (including the [[Valencian Community|Valencian]] ones). Due to almost eight centuries of Arabic presence in the Iberian Peninsula ([[Al-Andalus]]), hundreds of words from many fields (including Arabic inventions) have been adapted into Catalan; among many are ''[[Acequia|séquia]]'' ("irrigation ditch"), ''nòria'' ("waterwheel, [[noria]]"), ''algorfa'' ("loft"), ''magatzem'' ("warehouse"), ''alfàbia'' ("earthenware jar"), ''barnús'' ("bathrobe"), ''aladroc'' ("anchovy"), ''dacsa'' ("corn"), ''safanòria'' ("carrot"), ''carxofa'' ("artichoke"), ''albergínia'' ("aubergine"), ''xirivia'' ("parsnip"), ''alfals'' ("alfalfa"), ''albercoc'' ("apricot"), ''tramús'' ("lupin"), ''corfa'' ("bark, peel"), ''xara'' ("thicket"), ''matalaf/matalàs'' ("mattress"), ''alacrà'' ("scorpion"), ''fardatxo'' ("lizard") ''alfàb(r)ega'' ("basil"), etc. and expressions such as ''a la babalà'' ("randomly, to God's will") and ''a betzef'' ("abundance, plenty").

===Toponymy===
Many places of the [[Land of Valencia]], and also a few from [[Catalonia]] and the [[Balearic Islands]], have names of partial or total Arabic origin, such as [[Algemesí]], [[Alzira, Valencia|Alzira]], [[Almassora]], etc.

A large number of places have the Arabic roots ''Beni'', ''Bena'' and ''Bene'', which mean "son of" or "sons of": [[Benidorm]], [[Benimuslem]], [[Benilloba]], [[Benillup]], [[Benimantell]], [[Benimarfull]], [[Benicàssim]], [[Benissa]], [[Benissoda]], [[Benirredrà]], [[Benaguasil]], [[Benasau]], [[Beneixama]], [[Benaixeve]], [[Beneixida]], [[Benetússer]], [[Beniflà]], [[Beniardà]], [[Beniarrés]], [[Beniatjar]], [[Benicarló]], [[Benicolet]], [[Benicull de Xúquer]], [[Benidoleig]], [[Benifaió]], [[Benifairó de la Valldigna]], [[Benifairó de les Valls]], [[Benifato]], [[Benigànim]], [[Benigembla]], [[Benimodo]], [[Benimassot]], [[Benimeli]], [[Beniparrell]], [[Benavites]], [[Benafigos]], [[El Poble Nou de Benitatxell/Benitachell|Benitatxell]], etc.

==English==
((main article|List of English words of Arabic origin))

Like other European languages, [[English language|English]] contains many words derived from Arabic, often through other European languages, especially [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. Among them is every-day vocabulary like "[[sugar]]" (''sukkar''), "[[cotton]]" (''quṭn'') or "magazine" (''[[makhzen|((transliteration|ar|DIN|maḫāzin))]]''). More recognizable are words like "[[algebra]]" (''al-jabr''), "[[Alcohol (chemistry)|alcohol]]" (''al-kuhūl''), "[[alchemy]]" ("al-kimiya"), "[[alkali]]", "[[cipher|cypher]]" and "[[zenith]]" (see [[list of English words of Arabic origin]]).

A more indirect form of influence is the use of certain Latinate words in an unclassical sense, derived from their use in Latin translations of medieval Arabic philosophical works (e.g. those of [[Averroes]]), which entered the [[Scholasticism|scholastic]] vocabulary and later came into normal use in modern languages.  Examples are "information" to mean the imparting or acquisition of knowledge (Arabic ''taṣawwur'', mental impression or representation, from a root meaning "form") and "intention" (Arabic ''ma<sup>c</sup>nā'', meaning).  These words may almost be regarded as [[calque]]s.

==French==
((main article|List of French words of Arabic origin))

French is widely spoken as a second language in France's former colonies in the Maghreb. Therefore, the list of words that are used or incorporated into the French spoken in this region (as a result of code-switching, convenience or lack of an equivalent term in standard French) is potentially endless. Such arabisms, are accepted within the local context but would not normally be known by non-maghrebi French speakers.

Arabic-derived words have entered standard or metropolitan [[French language|French]] from two main sources. As is the case for many other European languages, one principal source was Spanish. The other was directly from [[Maghrebi Arabic]] as a result of the occupation and colonisation of the Maghreb, particularly Algeria, in the 19th and 20th centuries. Examples of the latter include 'bled', a slang term for place of origin, following this word's usage in the Maghreb, as opposed to the Standard Arabic ''balad'', 'country', along with the Maghrebi term 'kif kif' and 'tabeeb', a slang term for 'doctor'. A small number of Arabic terms have entered mainstream French as a result of immigration from North Africa which began after the independence of Algeria. Other slang terms such as "niquer" (to have sex) were taken from Oriental Arabic during Napoleon's occupation of Egypt.

==Interlingua==
Dozens of Arabic words occur in [[Interlingua]], frequently because their co-occurrence in such languages as English, French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese can be used to [[Interlingua and eligibility of international words|verify their internationality]]. Many of these words entered Interlingua's vocabulary through Spanish. Arabic words in Interlingua include "algebra", "alcohol", "cifra" (cypher), "magazin", "sucro" (sugar), "zenit", and "zero".

==Javanese==
There are far fewer Arabic loanwords in [[Javanese language|Javanese]] than Sanskrit loanwords, and they are usually concerned with Islamic religion. Nevertheless, some words have entered the basic vocabulary, such as ''pikir'' ("to think", from the Arabic fikr), ''badan'' ("body"), ''mripat'' ("eye", thought to be derived from the Arabic ''ma'rifah'', meaning "knowledge" or "vision"). However, these Arabic words typically have native Austronesian or Sanskrit alternatives: ''pikir'' = ''galih'', ''idhĕp'' ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]) and ''manah'', ''cipta'', or ''cita'' (from [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]); ''badan'' = ''awak'' (Austronesian) and ''slira'', ''sarira'', or ''angga'' (from Sanskrit); and ''mripat'' = ''mata'' (Austronesian and Tagalog [Philippines]) and ''soca'' or ''netra'' (from Sanskrit).

==Malay and Indonesian==
In [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and [[Malaysian language|Malaysian]] [[Malay language|Malay]], the loanwords from Arabic are mainly concerned with religion, in particular with Islam, but to a lesser extent Christianity. Words of Arabic origin include ''dunia'' (from Arabic: دنيا dunya = the present world), ''Sabtu'' (from Arabic: السبت as-sabt = Saturday), ''khabar'' or ''kabar'' (خبر ḵabar = news), ''selamat''/''salam'' (سلام salām = a greeting), ''Jumaat'' or ''Jumat'' (الجمعة al-jumʿa = Friday), ''ijazah'' (إجازة ijāza = vacation), ''kitab'' (كتاب kitāb = book), ''tertib'' (ترتيب tartīb = orderly) and ''kamus'' (قاموس qāmūs = dictionary).

===Christian usage===
Ilah (Arabic: إله) is the word for God even in Christian Bible translations.

Many early Bible translators, when they came across some unusual Hebrew words or proper names, used the Arabic cognates. In the newer translations this practice is discontinued. They now turn to Greek names or use the original Hebrew Word. For example, the name Jesus was initially translated as 'Isa (Arabic: عيسى), but is now spelt as Yesus. Several ecclesiastical terms derived from Arabic still exist in Indonesian and Malaysian clerical use.

The Malay word for bishop is ''uskup'' (from Arabic: اسقف usquf = bishop, ultimately from Ancient Greek ''episkopos''<ref>((Cite web|title=bishop ((!)) Origin and meaning of bishop by Online Etymology Dictionary|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/bishop|access-date=2020-11-19|website=www.etymonline.com|language=en))</ref>). This in turn makes the derived term for "archbishop" ''uskup agung'' (literally great bishop), which is combining the Arabic word with an Old Javanese word. The term imam (from Arabic: امام imām = leader, prayer leader) is used to translate a Catholic priest, beside its more common association with an Islamic prayer leader. Some Protestant denominations refer to their congregation as ''jemaat'' (from Arabic: جماعة jamā'a = group, community). Even the name of the Bible in Indonesian translation is ''Alkitab'' (from Arabic: كتاب kitāb = book), which literally means "the Book".

== Persian ==
The [[Arab conquest of Iran]] lasted for two centuries, from the 7th to the 9th CE. [[Arabic Language|Arabic]] gradually replaced [[Middle Persian]] as an official language and Arabic became the language of the Persian intellectuals during [[Golden Age of Islam]]. During this period, many Arabic words were imported into the Persian language. Persian words of Arabic origin especially include Islamic terms. Arabic has had an extensive influence on the Persian lexicon, but it has not greatly affected the structure of the language. Although a considerable portion of the lexicon is derived from Arabic roots, including some of the Arabic plural patterns, the morphological process used to obtain these lexical elements has not been imported into Persian and is not productive in the language.

These Arabic words have been imported and lexicalized in Persian. So, for instance, the Arabic plural form for ''kitāb'' (كتاب) ["book"] is ''kutub'' (كتب) obtained by the root derivation system. In Persian, the plural for the lexical word ''ketâb'' is obtained by simply adding the Persian plural [[morpheme]] ''hā'': ''ketāb+hā'' → ''ketābhā'' (كتاب‌ها). Also, any new Persian words can only be pluralized by the addition of this plural morpheme since the Arabic root system is not a productive process in Persian. In addition, since the plurals formed by the Arabic [[morphology (linguistics)|morphological]] system constitute only a small portion of the Persian vocabulary (about 5% in the [[Shiraz corpus]]), it is not necessary to include them in the morphology; they are instead listed in the dictionary as irregular forms.

In fact, among Iranians there have been sporadic [[Linguistic purism|efforts]] as far back as the [[Safavid Empire]] to revive Persian and diminish the use of Arabic loanwords in their language. Both [[Pahlavi dynasty|Pahlavi Shahs]] supported such efforts in the 20th century by creating the [[academy of Persian Language and Literature]]. In 1934, Reza Shah ordered to rebuild [[Tomb of Ferdowsi|tomb]] of [[Ferdowsi]], who is regarded as the savior of Persian language, and set up a ceremony in [[Mashhad]], celebrating a thousand years of [[Persian literature]] since the time of Ferdowsi, titled ''[[Ferdowsi Millenary Celebration]]'' (((lang-fa|جشن هزاره فردوسی))).

Academy of Persian language and literature after the Iranian revolution continued its striving to protect the integrity of the Persian language. However, the attention of the academy has been turned towards the persistent infiltration of Persian, like many other languages, with English words, as a result of the globalization process. Since the 1980s, the academy constantly campaigns for the use of the Persian equivalents of these new English loanwords. It also has the task of linguistically deriving such words from existing Persian roots if no such equivalents exist, and actively promoting the adoption of these new coinages instead of their English equivalents in the daily lives of the [[Persian-speaking people]] in [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Tajikistan]].

==Portuguese==
Between the 9th century and up to 1249<ref>http://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/6410.pdf ((Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022))</ref> when the Arabs were expelled from the Algarve, [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] acquired words (between 400 and 600 estimate<ref>((Cite web|last=Infopédia|title=Influência Árabe na Evolução da Língua Nacional - Infopédia|url=https://www.infopedia.pt/$influencia-arabe-na-evolucao-da-lingua|access-date=2020-11-19|website=Infopédia - Dicionários Porto Editora|language=pt))</ref>) from Arabic by influence of [[al-Andalus|Moorish Iberia]]. Although the native population spoke the Lusitanian-[[Mozarabic language|Mozarabic]], they kept some Mozarabic-derived words. These are often recognizable by the initial Arabic article ''a''(''l'')''-'', and include common words such as ''aldeia'' "village" from ((lang|ar|الضيعة)) ''aḍ-ḍī<sup>c</sup>ah'', ''alface'' "lettuce" from ((lang|ar|الخس)) ''al-khass'', ''armazém'' "warehouse" from ((lang|ar|المخزن)) ''al-makhzan'', and ''azeite'' "olive oil" from ((lang|ar|الزيت)) ''az-zayt''. From Arabic came also the grammatically peculiar word [[Insha'Allah|''oxalá'']] "God willing", which is an archaism. The frequency of Arabic toponyms is more evident in the south of the country.

==Sicilian==
((see also|Sicilian language))

In AD 535, Emperor [[Justinian I]] made Sicily a [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] province, and for the second time in Sicilian history, the [[Greek language]] became a familiar sound across the island ([[#refHull1989|Hull, 1989]]).  As the power of the Byzantine Empire waned, [[Emirate of Sicily|Sicily was progressively conquered]] by [[Arab]] [[Muslim]]s, from the mid 9th to mid 10th centuries. The [[Arabic language]] influence is noticeable in around 800 Sicilian words, many of which relate to agriculture and related activities ([[#refHull1989|Hull]] and [[#refRuffino2001|Ruffino]]).

Sicilian words of Arabic origin include ''azzizzari'' (to embellish, from ''<sup>c</sup>azīz''; precious, beautiful), ''cafisu'' (measure for liquids, from ''qafiz''), ''gebbia'' (artificial pond, from ''gabiya''), ''giuggiulena'' (sesame seed, from ''giulgiulan'', ''ràisi'' (leader, from ''ra'īs''), ''saja'' (canal, from ''saqiya''), and ''zibbibbu'' (a type of grape, from ''zabib''). ([[#refGiarrizzo1989|Giarrizzo]])

==Spanish==
((main article|Arabic influence on the Spanish language))

The [[Spanish language]] has been influenced by [[Arabic language|Arabic]] as a result of the long [[Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula|Islamic presence within the Iberian Peninsula]], beginning with the Umayyad conquest in 711-718 AD; the last Islamic kingdom in the Peninsula was conquered by Christians in 1492 AD. Modern day Spanish, also called ''castellano'' ("Castilian"), gradually evolved from [[Vulgar Latin]] and was influenced by Arabic from an early date. Arabic influence increased when the expanding [[Kingdom of Castile]] spread southward, conquering territory from Muslim kingdoms during the Christian [[Reconquista]]. The [[Mozarab]]s, that had lived under Muslim rulers and had spoken their own varieties of Arabic-influenced Romance (known today by scholars as the [[Mozarabic]] languages), probably had a formative influence on the language and indirectly contributed Arabic vocabulary. The presence of Mozarabic refugees can explain the presence of Arabic toponyms in areas of Northern Spain where Islamic rule was shorter. The only Iberian Muslim kingdom in which Arabic was the sole language at all levels of society was the [[Kingdom of Granada]] in the time of the [[Nasrid dynasty]].

In many cases, both Arabic and Latin derived words are used for the same meaning in Spanish. For example, ''aceituna'' and ''oliva'' (olive), ''alacrán'' and ''escorpión'' (scorpion), ''jaqueca'' and ''migraña'' (headache) or ''alcancía'' and ''hucha'' (piggy bank). The influence of Arabic, whether directly or through Mozarabic, is more noticeable in the Spanish dialects of southern Spain, where the Arabic influence was heavier and of a much longer duration. The same difference also exists between [[Catalan language|Catalan]] and Valencian.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Catalan-language |title=Catalan language &#124; History, Grammar & Dialects &#124; Britannica |date=5 January 2024 ))</ref>

The Arabic influence can be seen in hundreds of [[toponym]]s but with a few minor exceptions, its influence on Spanish is primarily lexical. It is estimated that there are over two thousand Arabic loanwords and three thousand derivatives in the Spanish dictionary.<ref>((cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/38192299 | title=Arabismos en el Español Actual: Traducción, Lengua e Imagen | journal=Nueva Revista del Pacífico | date=2018 | issue=69 | page=1 ))</ref> In the Middle Ages, Spanish was the main route by which Arabic words entered other West European languages. The majority of these words are nouns, with a more limited number of [[verb]]s, [[adjective]]s, [[adverb]]s and one [[preposition]]. Everyday Arabic loanwords include [[wikt:aceite#Spanish|''aceite'']] (oil, from ''az-zayt''), ''[[alcalde]]'' (mayor, from ''al-qādī''), [[wikt:azafata#Spanish|''azafata'']] (stewardess, from سَفَط‎ ''safaṭ''), [[wikt:ahorrar#Spanish|''ahorrar'']] (to save, from ''hurr''), [[wikt:tarea#Spanish|''tarea'']] (task, from ''tariha''), ''[[ojalá]]'' (''if God wills; I wish'', from لو شاء الله ''law šaʾ allāh''), and [[wikt:hasta#Spanish|''hasta'']] (until, from ''hatta'').

==Turkish==
((see also|Replacement of loanwords in Turkish))

Following the adoption of [[Islam]] c. 950 by the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]] and the [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuq Turks]], regarded as the cultural ancestors of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], the administrative and literary languages of these states acquired a large collection of loanwords from Arabic (usually by way of Persian), as well as non-Arabic [[Persian language|Persian]] words: a leading example of a Perso-Arabic influenced Turkic language was [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]], which remained the literary language of Central Asia until Soviet times. During the course of over six hundred years of the [[Ottoman Empire]] (c. 1299–1922), the literary and official language of the empire was a mixture of Turkish, Persian and Arabic, which differed considerably from the everyday spoken Turkish of the time, and is termed [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]].

After the foundation of the [[Republic of Turkey]], and following the [[Turkish language#Writing system|script reform]], the [[Turkish Language Association]] (TDK) was established under the patronage of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] in 1932, with the aim of conducting research on Turkish. One of the tasks of the newly established association was to initiate a [[language reform]] to [[List of replaced loanwords in Turkish|replace loanwords of Arabic and Persian origin]] with Turkish equivalents.<ref>See Lewis (2002) for a thorough treatment of the Turkish language reform.</ref>  By banning the usage of replaced loanwords in the press, the association succeeded in removing several hundred foreign words from the language, thus diminishing but by no means erasing the Arabic influence on Turkish.

==See also==
* [[List of Arabic star names]]
* [[List of Arabic place names]]

==References==
((Reflist))

((Arabic language))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Arabic language]]
[[Category:Historical linguistics]]
[[Category:Language contact]]

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