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((Short description|none)) <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
((Multiple issues|
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[[Image:IBM PC 5150.jpg|275px|thumb|right|The [[IBM Personal Computer]] (model 5150)]]

Following the introduction of the [[IBM Personal Computer]], or IBM PC, many other [[personal computer]] architectures became extinct within just a few years.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.vintage-computer.com/ibm_pc.shtml|title=IBM PC|access-date=2008-05-05|archive-date=2006-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705211337/http://www.vintage-computer.com/ibm_pc.shtml|url-status=dead))</ref> It led to a wave of [[IBM PC compatible]] systems being released.

== Before the IBM PC's introduction ==
Before the IBM PC was introduced, the personal computer market was dominated by systems using the [[MOS Technology 6502|6502]] and [[Zilog Z80|Z80]] 8-bit microprocessors, such as the [[TRS 80]], [[Commodore PET]], and [[Apple II series]], which used proprietary operating systems,<ref>((cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-01-rescan/1983_01_BYTE_08-01_Looking_Ahead#page/n189/mode/2up|title=Byte Jan 1983|date=January 1983))</ref> and by computers running [[CP/M]].<ref name="hogan19810914state">((Cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10 |title=State of Microcomputing / Some Horses Running Neck and Neck |last=Hogan |first=Thom |date=1981-09-14 |access-date=2019-04-08 |pages=10–12))</ref> After IBM introduced the IBM PC, it was not until 1984 that IBM PC and clones became the dominant computers.<ref>[https://arstechnica.com/business/2012/08/from-altair-to-ipad-35-years-of-personal-computer-market-share/2/ From Altair to iPad 35 years of personal computer market share] Ars Technica, October 2012</ref> In 1983, ''[[Byte (magazine)|Byte]]'' forecast that by 1990, IBM would command only 11% of business computer sales. Commodore was predicted to hold a slim lead in a highly competitive market, at 11.9%.<ref>((cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-01-rescan/1983_01_BYTE_08-01_Looking_Ahead#page/n189/mode/2up|title=Personal Computers in the Eighties, ''Byte'' Jan. 1983|date=January 1983))</ref>

Around 1978, [[Microprocessor#16-bit designs|several]] [[16-bit]] CPUs became available. Examples included the Data General [[Data General Nova#microNOVA|mN601]], the [[Fairchild 9440]], the [[Ferranti]] [[Ferranti#Semiconductors|F100-L]], the [[General Instrument]] [[General Instrument CP1600|CP1600 and CP1610]], the [[National Semiconductor]] [[INS8900]], [[Panafacom]]'s MN1610,<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.cpu-museum.com/161x_e.htm|title=161x_e - CPU Museum|date=23 September 2015))</ref>  [[Texas Instruments]]' [[TMS9900]], and, most notably, the [[Intel 8086]].  These new processors were expensive to incorporate in personal computers, as they used a 16-bit [[Bus (computing)|data bus]] and needed rare (and thus expensive) 16-bit peripheral and support chips.

More than 50 new business-oriented personal computer systems came on the market in the year before IBM released the IBM PC.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.old-computers.com/MUSEUM/year.asp?st=1&y=1980|title=OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://www.old-computers.com/MUSEUM/year.asp?st=1&y=1981|title=OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum))</ref> Very few of them used a 16- or 32-bit microprocessor, as 8-bit systems were generally believed by the vendors to be perfectly adequate, and the Intel 8086 was too expensive to use.<ref name = "8-bit dead" >((Cite magazine | title = Is 8-Bit Dead? |magazine= InfoWorld | volume = 4 | issue = 47 | pages =49–57 | publisher = Popular Computing | location = Framingham, MA | date = November 29, 1982 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HjAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA57 | issn = 0199-6649)) The editors asked 17 personal computer executives "Is 8-bit dead?" The response was mixed. Gary Kildall, author of the CP/M operating system, said "We're not too concerned that 8-bit stuff is going to die." Bill Gates said "We need the power of the 16-bit computers for good software design."</ref>

Some of the main manufacturers selling 8-bit business systems during this period were:
((Div col|colwidth=22em))
* [[Acorn Computers]]
* [[Apple Inc.|Apple Computer Inc.]]
* [[Atari Inc.]]
* [[Commodore International]]
* [[Cromemco]]
* [[Digital Equipment Corporation]]
* [[Durango Systems Inc.]]
* [[Hewlett-Packard]]
* [[Ithaca InterSystems|InterSystems]]
* [[Morrow Designs]]
* [[North Star Computers]]
* [[Ohio Scientific]]
* [[Olivetti]]
* [[Processor Technology]]
* [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]]
* [[SWTPC|South West Technical Products Corporation]]
* [[Tandy Corporation]]
* [[Zenith Data Systems]]/[[Heathkit]]
((div col end))

== The IBM PC ==
On August 12, 1981, IBM released the [[IBM Personal Computer]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/comphist/comp1981.htm|title=Chronology of Personal Computers (1981)))</ref> One of the most far-reaching decisions made for IBM PC was to use an [[open architecture]],<ref name="OAPC">((cite web|url=https://forwardthinking.pcmag.com/pc-hardware/286065-why-the-ibm-pc-had-an-open-architecture |title=Why the IBM PC Had an Open Architecture|author=Michael J. Miller|date=August 8, 2011|work=[[pcmag.com]] |quote=In some ways, the most far-reaching decision made by the team that built the IBM PC was to use an open architecture, rather than one that was proprietary to IBM. That decision led to the market for add-in boards, for large numbers of third party applications, and eventually to a large number of competitors all creating "IBM-compatible" machines.&nbsp;... [[William C. Lowe|Bill Lowe]] went to IBM's Corporate Management Committee in July 1980 to propose the project))</ref> leading to a large market for third party add-in boards and applications; but finally also to many competitors all creating "IBM-compatible" machines.

The IBM PC used the then-new [[Intel 8088]] processor. Like other 16-bit CPUs, it could access up to 1 megabyte of [[Random access memory|RAM]], but it used an [[8-bit]]-wide data bus to memory and peripherals. This design allowed use of the large, readily available, and relatively inexpensive family of 8-bit-compatible support chips. IBM decided to use the Intel 8088 after first considering the [[Motorola 68000]] and the [[Intel 8086]], because the other two were considered to be too powerful for their needs.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=274|title=OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum))</ref><ref>[https://www.old-computers.com/history/detail.asp?n=56&t=3 THE 8088, FIRST INTEL'S REALLY SUCCESSFUL CPU (JUNE 1979)] – an article about the influence of the i8088 on old-computers.com.</ref> Although already established rivals like Apple and Radio Shack had many advantages over the company new to microcomputers,<ref name="rosen19811130">((cite magazine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SD0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA86 | title=From the Rosen Electronics Letter / IBM's impact on microcomputer manufacturers |magazine=InfoWorld | date=1981-11-30 | access-date=25 January 2015 | author=Rosen Research | pages=86–87))</ref> IBM's reputation in business computing allowed the IBM PC architecture to take a substantial market share of business applications,<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.digibarn.com/stories/ibm-pc-25/index.html|title=DigiBarn Stories: The 25th Anniversary of the launch of the IBM Personal Computer model 5150))</ref><ref>((cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/Whole_Earth_Software_Catalog_1984_Point/Whole_Earth_Software_Catalog_1984_Point_djvu.txt|title=Whole Earth Software Catalog|year=1984|isbn=9780385191661|quote=...&nbsp;the real impact was in marketing— a PC with IBM's massive organization behind it. By mid-1984, estimates were that 75–85% of all  software being written was targeted for the IBM PC and compatible machines. |last1=Brand|first1=Stewart|publisher=Quantum Press/Doubleday ))</ref> and many small companies that sold IBM-compatible software or hardware rapidly grew in size and importance, including [[Tecmar]], [[Quadram]], [[AST Research]], and [[Microsoft]].((r|sandler198411))

As of mid-1982, three other mainframe and minicomputer companies sold microcomputers, but unlike IBM, [[Hewlett-Packard]], [[Xerox]], and [[Control Data Corporation]] chose the [[CP/M]] operating system.<ref name="wise19820510">((cite magazine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA21 | title=Mainframe makers court third-party vendors for micro software |magazine=InfoWorld | date=1982-05-10 | access-date=25 January 2015 | author=Wise, Deborah | pages=21–22))</ref> Many other companies made "business personal computers" using their own proprietary designs, some still using 8-bit microprocessors. The ones that used Intel [[x86 architecture|x86 processors]] often used the generic, non-IBM-compatible specific version of [[MS-DOS]] or [[CP/M-86]], just as 8-bit systems with an [[Intel]] [[Intel 8080|8080]] compatible CPU normally used CP/M.

== The use of MS-DOS on non-IBM PC compatible systems ==
((See|IBM PC compatible))

((quote|[[Bill Gates|[Bill] Gates]] predicts that in the next six to nine months, several 8086 machines will be introduced. Just because a machine is based on the same processor, he explains, does not mean that all PC software will run on it. In some cases, software bypasses the operating system and uses specific hardware characteristics of the PC.|''InfoWorld'', 23 August 1982((r|freiberger19820823))))

[[File:Compaq portable.jpg|thumb|[[Compaq Portable]]]]
Within a year of the IBM PC's introduction, Microsoft—the developer of its primary operating system, [[IBM PC DOS]]—licensed the operating system generically as [[MS-DOS]] to over 70 other companies.<ref name="freiberger19820823">((cite magazine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22 | title=Bill Gates, Microsoft and the IBM Personal Computer |magazine=InfoWorld | date=1982-08-23 | access-date=29 January 2015 | author=Freiberger, Paul |page=22))</ref> One of the first computers to achieve 100% PC compatibility was the [[Compaq Portable]], released in November 1982;<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.vintage-computer.com/compaq_portable.shtml|title=Compaq Portable Computer|access-date=2008-05-05|archive-date=2014-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115053548/http://www.vintage-computer.com/compaq_portable.shtml|url-status=dead))</ref> it remained the most compatible [[clone (computer science)|clone]] into 1984.((r|mace19840109_16)) Before the PC dominated the market, however, most systems were not clones of the IBM PC design, but had different [[computer architecture|internal designs]], and ran [[Digital Research]]'s CP/M.

The IBM PC was difficult to obtain for several years after its introduction. Many makers of MS-DOS computers intentionally avoided full IBM compatibility because they expected that the market for what ''InfoWorld'' described as "ordinary PC clones" would decline. They feared the fate of companies that sold computers [[plug-compatible]] with IBM mainframes in the 1960s and 1970s—many of which went bankrupt after IBM changed specifications—and believed that a market existed for personal computers with a similar selection of software to the IBM PC, but with better hardware.<ref name="greenwald19830711">((Cite magazine |last=Greenwald |first=John |date=1983-07-11 |title=The Colossus That Works |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,949693-2,00.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription | magazine=TIME |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514004334/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,949693-2,00.html |archive-date=2008-05-14 |access-date=2019-05-18))</ref>((r|mace19840109_16))

While Microsoft used a sophisticated [[installer]] with its DOS programs like [[Multiplan]] that provided [[device driver]]s for many non IBM PC-compatible computers, most other software vendors did not.((r|mace19840109_16))<ref name="norton19840807">((cite magazine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-C_xVnQCcsEC&pg=PA103 | title=A Modest Proposal On Compatibility |magazine=PC Magazine | date=1984-08-07 | access-date=25 October 2013 | author=Norton, Peter |page=103))</ref> [[Columbia University]] discussed the difficulty of having [[Kermit (protocol)|Kermit]] support many different clones and MS-DOS computers.<ref name="dacruz19840123">((cite mailing list | url=http://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/e/mail.84a | title=IBM PC Kermit | publisher=Kermit Project, Columbia University | mailing-list=Info-Kermit Digest | date=1984-01-23 | access-date=23 February 2016 | author=da Cruz, Frank))</ref> [[Peter Norton]], who earlier had encouraged vendors to write software that ran on many different computers, by early 1985 admitted—after experiencing the difficulty of doing so while rewriting [[Norton Utilities]]—that "there's no practical way for most software creators to write generic software".<ref name="norton19850205">((cite magazine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGNWNTJnuRcC&pg=PA101 | title=Software for Once and All |magazine=PC Magazine | date=1985-02-05 | access-date=28 October 2013 | author=Norton, Peter |page=103))</ref> Dealers found carrying multiple versions of software for clones of varying levels of compatibility to be difficult.<ref name="mace19840109_16">((cite magazine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ey4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA79 | title=IBM PC clone makers shun total compatibility |magazine=InfoWorld | date=9–16 January 1984 | access-date=4 February 2015 | author=Mace, Scott | pages=79–81))</ref>

To get the best results out of the 8088's modest performance, many popular software applications were written specifically for the IBM PC. The developers of these programs opted to write directly to the computer's (video) memory and peripheral chips, bypassing MS-DOS and the BIOS.  For example, a program might directly update the video refresh memory, instead of using MS-DOS calls and device drivers to alter the appearance of the screen. Many notable software packages, such as the spreadsheet program [[Lotus 1-2-3]], and [[Microsoft]]'s [[History of Microsoft Flight Simulator|''Microsoft Flight Simulator'' 1.0]], directly accessed the IBM PC's hardware, bypassing the BIOS, and therefore did not work on computers that were even trivially different from the IBM PC. This was especially common among [[PC game]]s. As a result, the systems that were not fully IBM PC-compatible could not run this software, and quickly became obsolete. Rendered obsolete with them was the CP/M-inherited concept of OEM versions of MS-DOS meant to run (through BIOS calls) on non IBM-PC hardware.

=== Cloning the PC BIOS ===
In 1984, [[Phoenix Technologies]] began licensing its clone of the IBM PC BIOS. The Phoenix BIOS and competitors such as [[AMI BIOS]] made it possible for anyone to market a PC compatible computer,<ref name="langdell19840710">((cite magazine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bwng8NJ5fesC&pg=PA56 | title=Phoenix Says Its BIOS May Foil IBM's Lawsuits |magazine=PC Magazine | date=1984-07-10 | access-date=25 October 2013 | author=Langdell, James |page=56))</ref><ref name="schmidt199407">((cite news|url=http://www.smartcomputing.com/editorial/article.asp?article=articles%2F1994%2Fjuly94%2Fpcn0713%2Fpcn0713.asp |title=What Is The BIOS? |work=Computing Basics |date=July 1994 |author=Schmidt, Robert | access-date=2011-09-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310002756/http://www.smartcomputing.com/editorial/article.asp?article=articles%2F1994%2Fjuly94%2Fpcn0713%2Fpcn0713.asp | archive-date=2012-03-10))</ref> without having to develop a compatible BIOS like Compaq.

=== Decline of the Intel 80186 ===
Although based on the i8086 and enabling the creation of relatively low-cost x86-based systems, the [[Intel 80186]] quickly lost appeal for x86-based PC builders because the supporting circuitry inside the Intel 80186 chip was incompatible with those used in the standard PC chipset as implemented by IBM. It was very rarely used in personal computers after 1982.

== Domination of the clones ==

=== "Is it PC compatible?" ===
((quote|Imagine that [[Cray]] computer decides to make a personal computer. It has a 100 MHz processor, 20 megabytes of RAM, 500 megabytes of disk storage, a screen resolution of 1024 X 1024 pixels, relies entirely on voice recognition for input, fits in your shirt pocket and costs $3,000. What's the first question that the computer community asks? "Is it PC compatible?"|''InfoWorld'', February 1984<ref name="clapp19840227">((cite magazine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gy4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22 | title=PC compatibility |magazine=InfoWorld | date=1984-02-27 | access-date=18 January 2015 | author=Clapp, Doug |page=22))</ref>))

((quote|You don't ask whether a new machine is fast or slow, new technology or old. The first question is, "Is it PC compatible?"|''Creative Computing'', November 1984<ref name="sandler198411">((cite magazine | url=http://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v10n11/298_IBM_colossus_of_Armonk.php | title=IBM: Colossus of Armonk |magazine=Creative Computing | date=November 1984 | access-date=February 26, 2013 | author=Sandler, Corey |page=298))</ref>))

In February 1984 ''[[BYTE]]'' described how "the personal computer market seems to be shadowed under a cloud of compatibility: the drive to be compatible with the IBM Personal Computer family has assumed near-fetish proportions", which it stated was "inevitable in the light of the phenomenal market acceptance of the IBM PC".<ref name="curran198402">((cite magazine | url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-02/1984_02_BYTE_09-02_Benchmarks#page/n5/mode/2up | title=The Compatibility Craze |magazine=BYTE | date=Feb 1984 | access-date=26 August 2015 | author=Curran, Lawrence J. |page=4))</ref> The magazine cited the announcement by [[North Star Computers|North Star]] in fall 1983 of its first PC-compatible microcomputer. Founded in 1976, North Star had long been successful with 8-bit [[S-100 bus]] products, and had introduced proprietary 16-bit products, but now the company acknowledged that the IBM PC had become a "standard", one which North Star needed to follow. ''BYTE'' described the announcement as representative of the great impact IBM had made on the industry:<ref name="shapiro198402">((cite magazine | url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-02/1984_02_BYTE_09-02_Benchmarks#page/n147/mode/2up | title=A Business Computer, A Business Program, and More on Voice Recognition |magazine=BYTE | date=February 1984 | access-date=22 October 2013 | author=Shapiro, Ezra |page=147))</ref>

((quote|It's become painfully obvious that the key to survival as a major manufacturer is acceptance by the business community. The IBM PC has unquestionably opened the door to that market wider than any personal computer before it, but in so doing has made compatibility a primary factor in microcomputer design, for better or for worse. Recent announcements by North Star ... and a host of smaller firms seem to indicate that the 8088/MS-DOS/IBM-compatible bandwagon is becoming much more like a speeding freight train.))

The magazine expressed concern that "IBM's burgeoning influence in the PC community is stifling innovation because so many other companies are mimicking Big Blue".((r|curran198402)) Admitting that "it's what our dealers asked for", [[Kaypro]] also introduced the company's first IBM compatible that year.<ref name="sanger19841115">((cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/15/business/at-computer-show-many-retrenching.html | title=At Computer Show, Many Retrenching | work=The New York Times | date=1984-11-15 | access-date=24 October 2013 | author=Sanger, David E.))</ref> Tandy—which had once had as much as 60% of the personal-computer market, but had attempted to keep technical information secret to monopolize software and peripheral sales<ref name="white198708">((Cite magazine |last=White |first=Ron |date=August 1987 |title=The Tandy Story: 10 years after the TRS-80 Model I |url=https://www.vintageisthenewold.com/the-story-of-tandy-10-years-after-the-trs-80-model-1/ |magazine=80 Micro |access-date=2019-05-18))</ref>—also began selling non-proprietary computers;<ref name="lewis19860506">((Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/06/science/peripherals-clone-war-escalates.html |last=Lewis |first=Peter H. |title=PERIPHERALS; Clone War Escalates |date=1986-05-06 |work=The New York Times))</ref> four years after its [[Jon Shirley]] predicted to ''[[InfoWorld]]'' that the new IBM PC's "major market would be IBM addicts",<ref name="freiberger19811005">((cite magazine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JT0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA5-IA2 | title=Old-Timers Claim IBM Entry Doesn't Scare Them |magazine=InfoWorld | date=1981-10-05 | access-date=1 January 2015 | author=Freiberger, Paul |page=5))</ref> the magazine in 1985 similarly called the IBM compatibility of the [[Tandy 1000]] "no small concession to Big Blue's dominating stranglehold" by a company that had been "struggling openly in the blood-soaked arena of personal computers".<ref name="springer19850603">((cite magazine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8C4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA72 | title=Tandy's Magnificent Concession |magazine=InfoWorld | date=1985-06-03 | access-date=19 July 2014 | author=Springer, P. Gregory |page=72))</ref> The 1000 was compatible with the PC but not compatible with its own [[Tandy 2000]] MS-DOS computer.<ref name="vose198412">((Cite magazine |last=Vose |first=G. Michael |date=December 1984 |title=The Tandy 1000 |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-12/1984_12_BYTE_09-13_Communications#page/n99/mode/2up |magazine=BYTE |pages=98–104))</ref><ref name="anderson198412">((cite news | url=http://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v10n12/44_Tandy_Model_1000_junior_.php | title=Tandy Model 1000; junior meets his match | work=Creative Computing | date=December 1984 | access-date=February 26, 2013 | author=Anderson, John J. | pages=44))</ref> IBM's mainframe rivals, the [[BUNCH]], introduced their own compatibles,<ref name="bartimobunch19841105">((cite magazine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oC4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA47 | title=Mainframe BUNCH Goes Micro |magazine=InfoWorld | date=1984-11-05 | access-date=6 January 2015 | author=Bartimo, Jim | pages=47–50))</ref> and when Hewlett-Packard introduced the [[HP Vectra|Vectra]] ''InfoWorld'' stated that the company was "responding to demands from its customers for full IBM PC compatibility".<ref name="petrosky19850930">((cite magazine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iS8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA5 | title=HP's Vectra Called PC AT 'Hybrid' |magazine=InfoWorld | date=1985-09-30 | access-date=20 February 2015 | author=Petrosky, Mark |page=5))</ref>

((rquote|right|I believe that the era when a machine could be introduced successfully into the marketplace with a total dearth of software ended abruptly with the Macintosh. And those days will not return.|''Creative Computing'', February 1985<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v11n2/50_Mindset_micro_pushing_th.php|title=Mindset micro; pushing the envelope, or whatever happened to innovation?))</ref>))

[[Mitch Kapor]] of [[Lotus Development Corporation]] said in 1984 that "either you have to be PC-compatible or very special".<ref name="caruso19840402">((cite magazine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kC4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA80 | title=Company Strategies Boomerang |magazine=InfoWorld | date=1984-04-02 | access-date=10 February 2015 | author=Caruso, Denise | pages=80–83))</ref> "Compatibility has proven to be the only safe path", Microsoft executive Jim Harris stated in 1985,((r|pc19850514)) while ''InfoWorld'' wrote that IBM's competitors were "whipped into conformity" with its designs, because of "the total failure of every company that tried to improve on the IBM PC".<ref name="fawcette19850311">((cite magazine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5C4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA5 | title=Awaiting PC AT Clones |magazine=InfoWorld | date=1985-03-11 | access-date=1 February 2015 | author=Fawcette, James E. |page=5 | type=editorial))</ref> Customers only wanted to run PC applications like 1-2-3, and developers only cared about the massive PC [[installed base]], so any non-compatible—no matter its technical superiority—from a company other than Apple failed for lack of customers and software.((r|clapp19840227)) Compatibility became so important that [[Dave Winer]] joked that year (referring to the [[IBM PC AT|PC AT]]'s incomplete compatibility with the IBM PC), "The only company that can introduce a machine that isn't PC compatible and survive is IBM".((r|pc19850514))

By 1985, the shortage of IBM PCs had ended, causing financial difficulties for many vendors of compatibles; nonetheless, Harris said, "The only ones that have done worse than the compatibles are the noncompatibles".<ref name="pc19850514">((cite magazine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDlmJxSURq8C&pg=PA33 | title=Endangered PCs |magazine=PC Magazine | date=1985-05-14 | access-date=28 October 2013 |author1=Bermant, Charles |author2=Dudek, Virginia |page=33))</ref> The PC standard was similarly dominant in Europe, with [[Honeywell Bull]], [[Olivetti]], and [[Ericsson]] selling compatibles and software companies focusing on PC products.<ref name="schrage19850217">((Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1985/02/17/ibm-wins-dominance-in-european-computer-market/bdcb9e21-8107-4dad-88d7-713f2709a8d8/ |title=IBM Wins Dominance in European Computer Market |last=Schrage |first=Michael |date=1985-02-17 |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=2018-08-29 |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286))</ref> By the end of the year ''PC Magazine'' stated that even IBM could no longer introduce a rumored proprietary, non-compatible operating system. Noting that the company's unsuccessful [[PCjr]]'s "cardinal sin was that it wasn't PC compatible", the magazine wrote that "backward compatibility [with the IBM PC] is the single largest concern of hardware and software developers. The user community is too large and demanding to accept radical changes or abandon solutions that have worked in the past."<ref name="machrone19851126">((cite magazine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUKL2rKYb8UC&pg=PA59 | title=Compatibility Wars—Here and Abroad |magazine=PC Magazine | date=1985-11-26 | access-date=29 October 2013 | author=Machrone, Bill |page=59))</ref>

Within a few years of the introduction of fully compatible PC clones, almost all rival business personal computer systems, and alternate x86 using architectures, were gone from the market. Despite the [[Monoculture (computer science)|inherent dangers]] of an industry based on a [[de facto standard|de facto "standard"]],<ref>((cite web|url=http://wholeearth.com/issue/1240/article/237/why.the.ibm.pc.is.a.lousy.standard.for.the.induistry|title=Why the IBM PC is a Lousy Standard for the Industry|access-date=2011-01-20|archive-date=2011-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718042813/http://wholeearth.com/issue/1240/article/237/why.the.ibm.pc.is.a.lousy.standard.for.the.induistry|url-status=dead))</ref> a thriving PC clone industry emerged. The only other non-IBM PC-compatible systems that remained were those systems that were classified as [[home computers]], such as the [[Apple II series]], or business systems that offered features not available on the IBM PC, such as a high level of integration (e.g., bundled accounting and inventory)((Clarify|date=August 2011)) or fault-tolerance and multitasking and multi-user features.

=== Wave of inexpensive clones ===
[[File:8088-inside-1.jpg|thumb|Internal view of an IBM PC compatible computer]]

Compaq's prices were comparable to IBM's, and the company emphasized its PC compatibles' features and quality to corporate customers. From mid-1985, what ''[[Compute!]]'' described as a "wave" of inexpensive clones from American and Asian companies caused prices to decline; by the end of 1986, the equivalent to a ((US$|long=no|1600)) real IBM PC with 256K RAM and two disk drives cost as little as ((US$|long=no|600)), lower than the price of the [[Apple IIc]]. Consumers began purchasing DOS computers for the home in large numbers; Tandy estimated that half of its 1000 sales went to homes, the new [[Leading Edge Model D]] comprised 1% of the US home-computer market that year, and toy and discount stores sold a clone manufactured by [[Hyundai Group|Hyundai]], the [[Blue Chip Electronics|Blue Chip PC]], like a stereo—without a demonstrator model or salesman.<ref name="scott19861104">((cite news | url=http://www.csmonitor.com/1986/1104/fclone-f.html | title=IBM home computer clones stream in with quality, low prices | work=Christian Science Monitor | date=1986-11-04 | access-date=19 January 2015 | author=Scott, David Clark))</ref>((r|halfhill198612))((r|bateman198608))((r|bateman198610))((r|leemon198611))<ref name="leemon198703">((cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-03-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_082_1987_Mar#page/n81/mode/2up | title=Microscope | work=Compute! | date=March 1987 | access-date=9 November 2013 | author=Leemon, Sheldon |page=81))</ref>

Tandy and other inexpensive clones succeeded with consumers—who saw them as superior to lower-end game machines—where IBM failed two years earlier with the PCjr. They were as inexpensive as home computers of a few years earlier, and comparable in price to the [[Amiga]], [[Atari ST]], and [[Apple IIGS]]. Unlike the PCjr, clones were as fast as or faster than the IBM PC and highly compatible so users could bring work home; the large DOS software library reassured those worried about [[orphaned technology]]. Consumers used them for both spreadsheets and entertainment, with the former ability justifying buying a computer that could also perform the latter.<ref name="bateman198608">((cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1986-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_075_1986_Aug#page/n21/mode/2up | title=An Eight-Bit Bonanza | work=Compute! | date=August 1986 | access-date=9 November 2013 | author=Bateman, Selby |page=20))</ref><ref name="bateman198610">((cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1986-10-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_077_1986_Oct#page/n19/mode/2up | title=A Great Year For Games | work=Compute! | date=October 1986 | access-date=9 November 2013 | author=Bateman, Selby |page=18))</ref><ref name="leemon198611">((cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1986-11-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_078_1986_Nov#page/n65/mode/2up | title=Microscope | work=Compute! | date=November 1986 | access-date=9 November 2013 | author=Leemon, Sheldon |page=66))</ref><ref name="halfhill198612">((cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1986-12-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_079_1986_Dec#page/n33/mode/2up | title=The MS-DOS Invasion / IBM Compatibles Are Coming Home | work=Compute! | date=December 1986 | access-date=9 November 2013 | author=Halfhill, Tom R. |page=32))</ref> PCs and compatibles also gained a significant share of the educational market, while longtime leader Apple lost share.<ref name="ferrell198712">((cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/COMPUTEs_Apple_Applications_Vol._5_No._2_Issue_6_1987-12_COMPUTE_Publications_US#page/n27/mode/2up | title=Apple Vs. IBM: The Struggle For The Educational Market | work=Compute!'s Apple Applications | date=December 1987 | access-date=15 September 2016 | author=Ferrell, Keith | pages=27–33))</ref>

At the January 1987 [[Consumer Electronics Show]], both Commodore and Atari announced their own clones.<ref name="compute198704">((cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-04-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_083_1987_Apr#page/n19/mode/2up | title=The Fireworks Continue | work=Compute! | date=April 1987 | access-date=9 November 2013 |author1=Bateman, Selby |author2=Halfhill, Tom R. |page=18))</ref> By 1987 the PC industry was growing so quickly that the formerly business-only platform had become the largest and most important market for computer game companies, outselling games for the Apple II or Commodore 64. With the [[Enhanced Graphics Adapter|EGA]] [[video card]], an inexpensive clone was better for games than the other computers.<ref name="brooks198711">((cite magazine | title=Titans of the Computer Gaming World: MicroProse |magazine=Computer Gaming World | date=November 1987 | url=http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1987&pub=2&id=41 | access-date=2 November 2013 | author=Brooks, M. Evan |page=16))</ref><ref name="proctor198803">((cite magazine | title=Titans of the Computer Gaming World: SSI |magazine=Computer Gaming World | url=http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1988&pub=2&id=45 | date=March 1988 | access-date=2 November 2013 | author=Proctor, Bob |page=36))</ref><ref name="keiser198806">((cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1988-JUn-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_097_1988_JUn#page/n81/mode/2up | title=MS-DOS Takes Charge of Fun Software | work=Compute! | date=June 1988 | access-date=10 November 2013 | author=Keiser, Gregg |page=81))</ref> MS-DOS software was 77% of all personal computer software sold by dollar value in the third quarter of 1988, up 47% year over year.<ref name="gazette198902">((Cite magazine |date=February 1989 |title=Commodore Software Sales: Games |url=https://archive.org/details/1989-02-computegazette/page/n11 |magazine=Compute's Gazette |page=10 |access-date=2020-01-19))</ref> By 1989 80% of readers of ''Compute!'' owned DOS computers,<ref name="scisco198910">((cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1989-10-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_113_1989_Oct#page/n5/mode/2up | title=Editorial License | work=Compute! | date=October 1989 | access-date=11 November 2013 | author=Scisco, Peter |page=4))</ref> and the magazine announced "greater emphasis on MS-DOS home computing".<ref name="compute198910">((cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1989-10-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_113_1989_Oct#page/n99/mode/2up | title=Announcing a Bigger, Better, Bolder New Compute! | work=Compute! | date=October 1989 | access-date=11 November 2013 |page=97 | type=advertisement))</ref>

[[PC compatible#The decreasing influence of IBM|IBM's influence on the industry]] decreased, as competition increased and rivals introduced computers that improved on IBM's designs while maintaining compatibility. In 1986 the [[Compaq Deskpro 386]] was the first computer based on the [[Intel 80386]]. In 1987 IBM unsuccessfully attempted to regain leadership of the market with the [[Personal System/2]] line and proprietary [[MicroChannel Architecture]].

=== Clones conquer the home ===
By 1990, ''Computer Gaming World'' told a reader complaining about the many reviews of IBM PC compatible games that "most companies are attempting to get their MS-DOS products out the door, first".<ref name="allman199001">((cite magazine | url=http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1990&pub=2&id=67 | title=The Too 'Blue' Blues |magazine=Computer Gaming World | date=January 1990 | access-date=15 November 2013 |page=66))</ref> It reported that in the US, MS-DOS comprised 65% of the computer-game market, the Amiga at 10%, and all other computers, including the Macintosh, were below 10% and declining.<ref name="cgw199012">((cite magazine | url=http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1990&pub=2&id=77 | title=Fusion, Transfusion or Confusion / Future Directions In Computer Entertainment |magazine=Computer Gaming World | date=December 1990 | access-date=16 November 2013 |page=26))</ref> The Amiga and most others, such as the ST and various [[MSX#MSX2|MSX2]] computers, remained on the market until PC compatibles gained sufficient [[Multimedia PC|multimedia]] capabilities to compete with home computers. With the advent of inexpensive versions of the [[VGA]] video card and the [[Sound Blaster]] [[sound card]] (and its clones), most of the remaining home computers were driven from the market. The market in 1990 was more diverse outside the United States, but MS-DOS and Windows machines nonetheless came to dominate by the end of the decade.

By 1995, other than the Macintosh, almost no new consumer-oriented systems were sold that were not IBM PC clones. Throughout the 1990s Apple transitioned the Macintosh from proprietary expansion interfaces to standards such as [[Integrated Drive Electronics|IDE]], [[Conventional PCI|PCI]], and [[USB]]. In 2006, Apple switched the Macintosh to the Intel x86 architecture, allowing them to optionally boot into [[Microsoft Windows]], while still retaining unique design elements to support Apple's [[Mac OS X]] operating system.

In 2008, [[Sid Meier]] listed the IBM PC as one of the three most important innovations in the [[history of video games]].<ref name="totilo20080303">((cite news | url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1582662/the-three-most-important-moments-in-gaming-and-other-lessons-from-sid-meier-in-gamefile/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715192325/http://www.mtv.com/news/1582662/the-three-most-important-moments-in-gaming-and-other-lessons-from-sid-meier-in-gamefile/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=July 15, 2014 | title=The Three Most Important Moments In Gaming, And Other Lessons From Sid Meier, In GameFile | work=MTV News | date=2008-03-03 | access-date=7 July 2014 | author=Totilo, Stephen))</ref>

== Systems launched shortly after the IBM PC ==
Shortly after the IBM PC was released, an obvious split appeared between systems that opted to use an x86-compatible processor, and those that chose another architecture. Almost all of the x86 systems provided a version of MS-DOS. The others used many different operating systems, although the Z80-based systems typically offered a version of [[CP/M]]. The common usage of MS-DOS unified the x86-based systems, promoting growth of the x86/MS-DOS "ecosystem".

As the non-x86 architectures died off, and x86 systems standardized into fully IBM PC compatible clones, a market filled with dozens of different competing systems was reduced to a near-[[Monoculture (computer science)|monoculture]] of x86-based, IBM PC compatible, MS-DOS systems.

=== x86-based systems (using OEM-specific versions of MS-DOS) ===
Early after the launch of the IBM PC in 1981, there were still dozens of systems that were not IBM PC-compatible, but did use Intel x86 chips.<ref>[https://www.old-computers.com/search/search2.asp?st=1 search here with '''ms-dos''' as Operating System]</ref> They used Intel 8088, 8086, or 80186 processors, and almost without exception offered an OEM version of MS-DOS (as opposed to the OEM version customized for IBM's use). However, they generally made no attempt to copy the IBM PC's architecture, so these machines had different I/O addresses, a different system bus, different video controllers, and other [[IBM PC compatible#Compatibility issues|differences]] from the original IBM PC. These differences, which were sometimes rather minor, were used to improve upon the IBM PC's design, but as a result of the differences, software that directly manipulated the hardware would not run correctly. In most cases, the x86-based systems that did not use a fully IBM PC compatible design did not sell well enough to attract support from software manufacturers, though a few computer manufacturers arranged for compatible versions of popular applications to be developed and sold specifically for their machines.

Fully IBM PC-compatible clones appeared on the market shortly thereafter, as the advantages of cloning became impossible to ignore. But before that some of the more notable systems that were x86-compatible, but not real clones, were:

* the [[ACT Apricot]] by [[Apricot Computers|ACT]]
* the [[Dulmont Magnum]]
* the [[Epson QX-10#QX-16|Epson QX-16]]
* the [[Seequa Chameleon]]
* the [[HP-150]] by [[Hewlett-Packard]] and the later [[HP 95LX]], [[HP 100LX]], [[HP 200LX]], [[HP 1000CX]], [[HP OmniGo 700LX]], [[HP OmniGo 100]], and [[HP OmniGo 120]].
* the [[Hyperion (computer)|Hyperion]] by Infotech Cie used its own H-DOS OEM version of MS-DOS and was, for a time, licensed but never manufactured by [[Commodore Business Machines|Commodore]], as its first PC compatible.
* the [[MBC-550]] by [[Sanyo]] had many differences, including non-interchangeability of diskettes and non-standard ROM location.
* the [[Data General-One|DG-One]] by [[Data General]] was an early laptop with full 80x25 LCD screen that could boot some generic DOSes but worked best with their OEM version of MS-DOS, and had some hardware incompatibilities (especially in the serial I-O chip) as part of the compromise to reduce power consumption. Later models were more compatible with generic PC clones.
* the [[Data General#Desktop Generation|DG/10]] by [[Data General]] had two processors, one an Intel 8086, running a very-modified<ref>((cite web|author1=Mark Aitchison|title=Hardware compatibility|url=http://freedos.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Hardware_compatibility|access-date=2 November 2015|date=28 December 2014))</ref> version of MSDOS (alternatively: CP/M-86) in a patented closely coupled arrangement with Data General's own microECLIPSE (the 8086 "invisibly" calling the microECLIPSE whenever it needed access to some peripherals, such as disks, while the 8086 had control over other peripherals such as the screen).
* the 80186-based [[Mindset (computer)|Mindset]] graphics computer
* the [[Morrow Designs]]' Morrow Pivot<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v11n4/32_Morrow_Pivot_a_truly_por.php|title=Morrow Pivot; a truly portable MS-DOS computer from one of the oldest companies in the field.|first=David H.|last=Ahl))</ref>
* the [[Sharp MZ|MZ-5500]] by [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]]
* the Decision Mate V from [[NCR Corporation]];<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=299|title=OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v10n7/38_NCR_Decision_Mate_V.php|title=NCR Decision Mate V.|first=David H.|last=Ahl))</ref> its version of MS-DOS was called [[NCR-DOS]]
* the [[MikroMikko#MikroMikko 2|MikroMikko 2]] by [[Nokia]]
* the [[North Star Computers|NorthStar Advantage]]
* the [[PC-9801]] systems from [[NEC]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://euc.jp/articles/pc9800.en.html|title=Intro to NEC PC-9800 World|first=ITO|last=Takayuki|access-date=2011-03-11|archive-date=2015-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602204607/http://euc.jp/articles/pc9800.en.html|url-status=dead))</ref>
* the [[Rainbow 100]] from [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]] had both an 8088 and [[Zilog Z80]] for [[Digital Research]]'s CP/M-80 Operating System
* the [[RM Nimbus]] by [[RM plc]]
* the [[Tandy 2000]] by [[RadioShack]] had a Intel 8186
* the [[Texas Instruments]] [[TI Professional]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.web8bits.com/Marcas/Texas_Instruments/English/TIPC.html|title=Web8bits, Texas Instrument Professional Computer))</ref>
* the Torch Graduate by [[Torch Computers]]
* the [[Tulip System-1]] by [[Tulip Computers|Tulip]]
* the [[Victor 9000]] by [[Sirius Systems Technology]]
* the [[Philips :YES|:YES]] by [[Philips]] was late on the market, ran [[DOS Plus]] and MS-DOS, but by using an 80186 it was incompatible with IBM's PC
* the [[Zenith Z-100|Z-100]] by [[Zenith Data Systems|Zenith]] with an MS-DOS OEM version named [[Z-DOS]]
<!-- see also: http://freedos.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Hardware_compatibility -->
<!-- List of more known OEM versions of MS-DOS, not yet mentioned above: Compaq, AT&T, Tandon, AST, Asem, Hantarex, SystemsLine, Packard-Bell, Intercomp, Unibit, Unidata, Sperry IT/Unisys, Olivetti, Toshiba, Commodore, Computerland, Eagle, Leading Edge, Phoenix. If we determine the corresponding hardware products where these versions were used we can add them to the list -->

=== Non-x86-based systems ===
Not all manufacturers immediately switched to the Intel x86 microprocessor family and MS-DOS. A few companies continued releasing systems based on non-Intel architectures.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.old-computers.com/MUSEUM/year.asp?st=1&y=1982|title=OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum))</ref> Some of these systems used a 32-bit microprocessor, the most popular being the [[Motorola]] [[68000]]. Others continued to use 8-bit microprocessors. Many of these systems were eventually forced out of the market by the onslaught of the IBM PC clones, although their architectures may have had superior capabilities, especially in the area of multimedia. 

==== Other non-x86-based systems available at the IBM PC's launch ====
* [[Apple II]] and [[Apple II+]]
* [[Commodore PET]] and [[Commodore CBM-II|CBM]] series
* [[Atari 8-bit computers|Atari 400/800]]
* [[Cromemco]] CS-1
* [[Intertec Data Systems|Intertec]]'s Compustar II VPU Model 20<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.classiccmp.org/dunfield/supbrain/index.htm|title=DAVES OLD COMPUTERS- Intertec SuperBrain|access-date=2008-05-05|archive-date=2008-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417082504/http://www.classiccmp.org/dunfield/supbrain/index.htm|url-status=dead))</ref>
* [[Corvus Concept]]
* [[Kaypro#Kaypro computers|Kaypro 10]]
* [[Fujitsu Micro 16s]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://atarimagazines.planetmirror.com/creative/v10n3/101_Fujitsu_Micro_16s.php |title=Fujitsu_Micro_16s |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621115204/http://atarimagazines.planetmirror.com/creative/v10n3/101_Fujitsu_Micro_16s.php |archive-date=2008-06-21 ))</ref>
* Micro Decision by [[Morrow Designs]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.classiccmp.org/dunfield/morrow/index.htm|title=DAVES OLD COMPUTERS- Morrow Micro Decision))</ref>
* MTU-130 by Micro Technology Unlimited<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.atarimagazines.com/compute/issue19/MTU-130_New_6502_Microcomputer.php|title=MTU-130: A New 6502 Microcomputer))</ref>
* [[Xerox 820]]
* [[MicroOffice RoadRunner|RoadRunner]] from [[MicroOffice]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v10n1/78_The_MicroOffice_RoadRunne.php|title=The MicroOffice RoadRunner.|first=David H.|last=Ahl))</ref>
* [[TRS-80 Model II]] and [[TRS-80 Model III]]

== See also ==
* [[Wintel]]
* [[Open standard]]
* [[Dominant design]]
* [[History of computing hardware (1960s–present)]]
* [[Timeline of DOS operating systems]]
* [[Comparison of DOS operating systems]]
* [[List of computers running CP/M]]

== References ==
((reflist))

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090711163514/http://www.ibm5150.net/ Dedicated to the preservation and restoration of the IBM 5150 personal computer]
* [https://www.old-computers.com/museum/default.asp OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum]

((IBM personal computers))

[[Category:History of computing hardware]]
[[Category:X86 IBM personal computers| ]]
[[Category:IBM PC compatibles]]

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Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/rfd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:String2 (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Trim quotes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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