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((other people||Ingeborg of Denmark (disambiguation)((!))Ingeborg of Denmark))
((More citations needed|date=February 2015))
((Use dmy dates|date=October 2023))
((Infobox royalty
| consort      = yes
| name         = Ingeborg of Denmark
| succession   = [[Queen consort of France]]
| image        = Ingeborg of denmark.jpg
| reign        = 15 August 1193&nbsp;– 5 November 1193
| reign1       = 1200&nbsp;– 14 July 1223
| coronation   = 25 August 1193
| spouse       = [[Philip II of France]]
| house        = [[House of Estridsen]]
| father       = [[Valdemar I of Denmark]]
| mother       = [[Sofia of Minsk]]
| birth_date   = 1174
| birth_place  =
| death_date   = ((death date and age|df=yes|1237|7|29|1174))
| death_place  = Priory of Saint-Jean-de-l’Ile
| burial_place = Church of Saint-Jean-de-l’Ile
))
'''Ingeborg of Denmark''' (((lang-fr|Ingeburge)); 1174 – 29 July 1237) was [[Queen of France]] by marriage to [[Philip II of France]]. She was a daughter of [[Valdemar I of Denmark]] and [[Sofia of Minsk]].<ref>((cite web|url =  http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/ingeborg-prinsesse-af-danmark-og-dronning-af-frankrig/|title= Ingeborg: Prinsesse af Danmark og dronning af Frankrig|publisher = Danmarks Historien  |access-date=1 August 2018))</ref>

==Marriage==
Ingeborg was married to [[Philip II Augustus of France]] on 14 August 1193,<ref>Robert Davidsohn, ''Philipp II. August von Frankreich und Ingeborg'' ((in lang|de)) (Stuttgart: Kröner 1888), pp. 32-34.</ref> after the death of Philip's first wife [[Isabelle of Hainaut]] (d. 1190). Her marriage brought a large dowry from her brother King [[Canute VI of Denmark]].<ref name=epistolae>((Cite web |url=http://epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/woman/68.html |title="Ingeborg of Denmark, queen of France", ''Epistolae'', Columbia University |access-date=19 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220221826/https://epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/woman/68.html |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=dead ))</ref> [[Stephen of Tournai]] described her as "''very kind, young of age but old of wisdom''."
On the day after his marriage to Ingeborg, King Philip changed his mind, wished to obtain a separation<ref name=EB1911>((Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Ingeborg |volume=14 |page=563))</ref> and attempted to send her back to Denmark. Outraged, Ingeborg fled to a convent in [[Soissons]], from where she protested to [[Pope Celestine III]].<ref>((cite web|url =  https://runeberg.org/dbl/8/0281.html|title= Ingeborg, Dronning af Frankrig, o.1175-o.1237|publisher =Dansk biografisk Lexikon    |access-date=1 August 2018))</ref>

Three months after the wedding, Philip summoned an ecclesiastical [[Synod|council]] in [[Compiègne]] and had it draw a false [[family tree]] to show that he and Ingeborg would have been related through Philip's first wife. Contemporary [[Canon law]] stated that a man and a woman could not marry if they shared an ancestor within the last seven generations. The [[Synod|council]] therefore declared the marriage void.<ref name=epistolae/>

Ingeborg protested again and the Danes sent a delegation to meet Pope Celestine III. They convinced him that the spurious family tree was false but the pope merely declared the [[annulment]] invalid and prohibited Philip from marrying again. Philip ignored the Pope's verdict.
Ingeborg spent the next 20 years in virtual imprisonment in various French castles. In one stage she spent more than a decade in the castle of [[Étampes]] southwest of Paris. Her brother [[Knud VI]] and his advisers continually worked against the annulment. Contemporary sources also indicate that many of Philip's advisers in France supported Ingeborg.

Political reasons for this royal marriage are disputed, but Philip probably wanted to gain better relations with Denmark because the countries had been on different sides in the schism of the future succession to the throne of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. Possibly he also wanted more allies against the rival [[Angevin kings of England|Angevin]] dynasty. As a [[dowry]], he had asked for the support of the Danish fleet for a year and the right to any remaining claims Denmark had to the throne of England. Ingeborg's brother [[Knud VI of Denmark|Knud VI]] agreed only to a dowry of 10.000 silver marks. Marriage had been negotiated through Philip's adviser Bernard of Vincennes and Guillaume, the abbot of the Danish monastery of [[Æbelholt Abbey|Æbelholt]].

[[Image:Psalterofingeborg.jpg|thumb|left|A page from the [[psalter]] of Ingeborg of Denmark]]

==Her defence==
Pope Celestine defended the Queen, but was able to do little for her.  Indeed, Philip asked [[Pope Celestine III]] for an [[annulment]] on the grounds of non-[[consummate|consummation]] "per maleficium", impotence caused by sorcery.<ref name=epistolae/> (Historians have presented many theories for the alleged lack of consummation from temporary [[impotence]] to bouts of [[sweating sickness]]). Philip had not reckoned with Ingeborg, however; she insisted that the marriage ''had'' been consummated, and that she was his wife and the rightful Queen of France.

The Franco-Danish churchman [[William of Æbelholt]] (c. 1127 – 1203) intervened in the case of Philip Augustus who was attempting to repudiate Ingeborg.  The [[genealogy]] of the Danish kings which William drew up on this occasion to disprove the alleged impediment of [[consanguinity]] and two books of his letters, some of which deal with this affair, have come down to us.<ref>((cite web|url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15632d.htm  |title=  St. William of Ebelholt|publisher =  newadvent.org   |access-date=1 August 2018))</ref>

Philip married [[Agnes of Merania]] in June 1196. In that same year, Ingeborg wrote to Pope Celestine III, declaring her grief of this event. This letter was one of a handful of Ingeborg's letters in Latin that spoke of unfair treatment regarding her marriage.<ref>((cite web|url = https://epistolae.ctl.columbia.edu/woman/68.html  |title= Ingeborg of Denmark, queen of France|publisher =  epistolae.ctl.columbia.edu |access-date=6 May 2023))</ref> Then, in 1198, the new pope, [[Pope Innocent III]], declared that this new marriage was void because the previous marriage was still valid. He ordered Philip to dismiss Agnes and take Ingeborg back. Ingeborg had written to him, stating abuse and isolation and claiming thoughts of suicide because of harsh treatment.

Philip's response was to lock Ingeborg away in the [[Château d'Étampes]] in [[Essonne]].  Locked up in a tower, Ingeborg was a prisoner.  Food was irregular and sometimes insufficient.  No one was allowed to visit her, except for one occasion when two Danish chaplains were allowed to visit.<ref>[http://www.corpusetampois.com/che-20-guibourge1957etampes702chateauprison.html  Le Château] (Léon Guibourgé, Étampes, ville royale, 1957, pp. 227-230)</ref> Philip, meanwhile, brought Agnes back, and continued to live with her, producing a second child, a son. For these offences, Philip was [[excommunicated]] in 1200, and the kingdom was placed under an [[interdict]].<ref name=EB1911/> When the king did not comply, [[Pope Innocent III]] placed France under interdict in 1199 until September 1200 when Philip said he would obey. He later reneged on that promise. Although the queenship of Ingeborg was restored, she remained imprisoned. Agnes died the following year.

In 1201 Philip asked the Pope to declare his children legitimate and the Pope complied to gain his political support. However, later that year Philip again asked for an annulment, claiming that Ingeborg had tried to bewitch him in the wedding night and thus made him unable to consummate the marriage. So he asked for divorce on the grounds of [[witchcraft]]. This attempt failed as well.

==Reconciliation and later life==
Philip reconciled with Ingeborg in 1213, not out of [[altruism]] but because he wished to press his claims to the throne of the [[Kingdom of England]] through his ties to the Danish crown. Later, on his deathbed in 1223, he is said to have told his son [[Louis VIII of France|Louis VIII]] to treat her well. Later, both Louis VIII and [[Louis IX of France|Louis IX]] acknowledged Ingeborg as a legitimate queen. After this time, Ingeborg spent most of her time in a [[priory]] of Saint-Jean-de-l'Ile which she had founded. It was close to [[Corbeil-Essonnes|Corbeil]] on an island in [[Essonne]]. She survived her husband by more than 14 years.

Ingeborg of Denmark died in either 1237 or 1238 and was buried in the Church of the Order of St John in Corbeil (''Église de l'ordre de Saint-Jean à Corbeil'').<ref>((cite web|url =  http://www.patrimoine-religieux.fr/eglises_edifices/91-Essonne/91174-Corbeil-Essonnes/172996-AnciennechapelledelacommanderiedeSaint-Jean-en-lIle|title=  Ancienne chapelle de la commanderie de Saint-Jean-en-l'Ile|publisher =Observatoire du Patrimoine Religieux  |access-date=1 August 2018))</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ingeborg Psalter]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==Other Sources==
*Alex Sanmark   ''The Princess in the Tower'' (''History Today'' February 2006)
*Gérard Morel (1987) [http://culture-et-debats.over-blog.com/article-11988771.html ''Ingeburge, la reine interdite''] (Payot, collection Les romans de l'Histoire) ((ISBN|978-2228751209))

==External links==
*((in lang|fr)) [http://www.corpusetampois.com/che-20-guibourge1957etampes702chateauprison.html Chateau Prison: Isemburge]

((S-start))
((S-roy|fr))
((Succession box|title=[[List of Queens and Empresses of France|Queen consort of France]]|before=[[Isabelle of Hainaut]]|after=[[Agnes of Merania]]|years=1193–1193))
((Succession box|title=[[List of Queens and Empresses of France|Queen consort of France]]|before=[[Agnes of Merania]]|after=[[Blanche of Castile]]|years=1200–1223))
((S-end))

((French consorts))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of France))
[[Category:1174 births]]
[[Category:1237 deaths]]
[[Category:Queens consort of France]]
[[Category:House of Estridsen]]
[[Category:House of Capet]]
[[Category:Repudiated queens]]
[[Category:Danish princesses]]
[[Category:12th-century Danish nobility]]
[[Category:12th-century Danish women]]
[[Category:12th-century French people]]
[[Category:12th-century French women]]
[[Category:13th-century French people]]
[[Category:13th-century French women]]
[[Category:13th-century Danish nobility]]
[[Category:13th-century Danish women]]
[[Category:Wives of Philip II of France]]
[[Category:Daughters of kings]]
[[Category:Letter writers in Latin]]
[[Category:Women letter writers]]

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