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((Short description|British American naval officer and sailor))
((other people||John Gore (disambiguation)((!))John Gore))
((more citations needed|date=February 2022))((Use dmy dates|date=March 2022))
[[File:Johngore.jpg|thumb|John Gore by [[John Webber]], 1780]]
Captain '''John Gore''' (c. 1730((ndash))10 August 1790) was a [[British American]] sailor who circumnavigated the globe four times with the [[Royal Navy]] in the 18th century and accompanied [[James Cook|Captain James Cook]] in his discoveries in the [[Pacific Ocean]].

==History==
Although little is known about John Gore before his service with the [[Royal Navy]], it is believed he was born in the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[Colony of Virginia]] in either 1729 or 1730. He first appears in the record books in 1755, joining [[HMS Windsor (1695)|HMS ''Windsor'']] at [[Portsmouth]] as a [[midshipman]].

Five years later, Gore took his lieutenant's exam and was appointed [[master's mate]] of [[HMS Dolphin (1751)|HMS ''Dolphin'']]. Aboard the ''Dolphin'' Gore circumnavigated the globe twice—first under [[John Byron]] and then [[Samuel Wallis]]. His experience in the Pacific Ocean and on extended navy expeditions led to him being called up to join [[James Cook]]'s mission to record the [[1769 Transit of Venus observed from Tahiti|Transit of Venus in Tahiti]] and search for ''[[Terra Australis]]'' in 1768 aboard [[HMS Endeavour|HMS ''Endeavour'']]. On ''Endeavour'', Gore was initially third-in-command (i.e. 3rd Lieutenant) behind Cook (1st Lieutenant) and [[Zachary Hicks]]
(2nd Lieutenant). After the death of Hicks on the return voyage to England on 26 May 1771, Gore became second-in-command (2nd Lieutenant)
<ref>''Captain James Cook'' by Richard Hough. Coronet, London 1995 p 64,210</ref>

Gore had previously been part of the Royal Navy crew aboard Wallis's ''Dolphin'' that had "discovered" Tahiti and he became valuable to Cook for his knowledge of the island. In 1769 Gore became the first recorded person on the expedition to shoot and kill a person of [[Māori people|Māori]] descent, following an altercation over a piece of cloth as the ''Endeavour'' charted the coast of [[New Zealand]]. Later, on 14 July 1770 Gore was the first person to shoot and kill a [[kangaroo]] (for scientific research) as the expedition made its way up the eastern seaboard of [[Australia]].((citation needed|date=February 2022)).

Returning to England, in 1772, Gore joined the [[botanist]] [[Joseph Banks]] (who had also been on Cook's first Pacific voyage) in a private scientific expedition to [[Iceland]] and the [[Hebrides]]. Gore and Banks may have become friends as evidence shows that Banks was the executor of Gore's will. The trip did not return until after Cook had sailed on his second Pacific voyage.

In 1776, Gore joined [[HMS Resolution (1771)|HMS ''Resolution'']] as [[first lieutenant]] for Cook's [[Third voyage of James Cook|third voyage]]. As the ''Resolution'' explored the Pacific in search of the famed [[Northwest Passage]], Gore would sight the American continent of his birth from the west coast. Later, following Cook's death in [[Hawaii]], [[Charles Clerke]], captain of ''Resolution's'' sister ship [[HMS Discovery (1774)|HMS ''Discovery'']] took command. Gore then assumed command of ''Discovery'' in Clerke's place. When Clerke himself died shortly after, Gore took responsibility for the entire expedition and brought the ships home to England on 4 October 1780, more than a year after assuming command. He was formally promoted to the post of captain on 2 October 1780.

In recognition of his achievements [[John Webber]], who had previously painted Cook, took Gore's portrait as the navy made him an honorary [[post-captain]]. Moving further in the footsteps of Cook, he was offered the late Captain's vacant rooms at the [[Greenwich Hospital (London)|Greenwich Hospital]]. 

In 1790, having circumnavigated the globe four times, he died on 10 August.

==Legacy==
Gore was survived by a son, John (born 1772) who was also a Royal Navy Officer, who reached the rank of captain on 19 July 1821, retiring in that rank on 1 October 1846, later promoted to Retired Rear Admiral on 8 March 1852 and dying in 1853.<ref>This John Gore is not to be confused with two other British naval officers – Sir John Gore, who reached the rank of vice admiral on 27 May 1825, and died on 21 August 1836, and the Honourable John Gore, who died in 1812 with the rank of commander; see ''The Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy 1660-1815'' (Navy Records Society, 1994)</ref> He moved to Australia in 1834 as one of the first free settlers. Little is known of his mother (John Gore senior's wife), Ann Gore, although she is known to have received a Royal Navy widow's pension from 1790.<ref>WRD Leigh 1978 Biographical Notes and Genealogical Charts of Families descended from John Gore and Richard Leigh in Australia.</ref> His son (that is, John Gore senior's grandson), [[Graham Gore]], continued the expeditionary heritage, perishing in [[John Franklin]]'s [[Franklin's lost expedition|ill-fated attempt]] to navigate the Northwest Passage, nearly 70 years after his grandfather had attempted the same.

Gore Point and the Gore Peninsula in the [[Alaska]]n [[Kenai Fjords National Park|Kenai fjords]] were named for John Gore by Captain [[Nathaniel Portlock]], a fellow veteran of Cook's third voyage who explored the Pacific Northwest of America in the late 18th century. There are also several Australian and New Zealand sites named after John Gore.

==References==
((Reflist))
((More footnotes needed|date=June 2009))
* [http://nla.gov.au/nla.ms-ms1 ''The Endeavour'' journal (1)] and [http://www.nla.gov.au/pub/endeavour/ ''The Endeavour'' journal (2)], as kept by James Cook – digitised and held by the [[National Library of Australia]]
* [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]
* [http://www.captaincooksociety.com/ccsu41126.htm#REF1 The Quiet Mariner] by Johanna Parker (Curator, National Archives of Australia) at the Captain Cook Society
* [http://www.captaincooksociety.com/ccsu4154.htm John Gore's Young One] and [http://www.captaincooksociety.com/ccsu41142.htm John Gore's Young One – an update] by Madge Darby and Cliff Thornton at the Captain Cook Society
* ''The Life of John Ledyard, the American Traveller'' by Jared Sparks (1829) Hilliard & Brown, pages 76&ndash;77
* ''Exploring Alaska's Kenai Fjords'' by David Wm Miller (2004) Wilderness Images ((ISBN|0-9613954-1-9))
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071102045916/http://pages.quicksilver.net.nz/jcr/~cookmen5.html The Men who sailed with Captain James Cook]

((Captain James Cook))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Gore, John))
[[Category:1790 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century births]]
[[Category:American sailors]]
[[Category:Anglo-Scots]]
[[Category:British explorers of the Pacific]]
[[Category:Circumnavigators of the globe]]
[[Category:Explorers of Alaska]]
[[Category:Explorers of Australia]]
[[Category:Explorers of British Columbia]]
[[Category:James Cook]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Virginia]]
[[Category:Royal Navy officers]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Royal Navy captains]]

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