Kaitag | |
---|---|
Kaidak, Karakaitak, Karkaidak, Qaidaqlan | |
хайдакьан кув | |
Pronunciation | [χɑjdɑqʼɑn kʰuβ] |
Native to | North Caucasus |
Region | Dagestan |
Ethnicity | Kaitags |
Native speakers | approx. 30,000 (2020)[1] |
Northeast Caucasian
| |
Dialects |
|
Cyrillic script | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | xdq |
Glottolog | kajt1238 |
Kaitag |
Kaitag (Kaitag: Хайдакьан кув [χɑjdɑqʼɑn kʰuβ]; also Kaidak, Karakaitak, Karkaidak, Qaidaqlan) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken in Dagestan, Russia. It has sometimes been considered a divergent dialect of Dargwa due to it being part of the Dargin dialect continuum. The Routledge Ethnographic Handbook (2017) divided Kaitag into two dialects: northern (Magalis-Kaitak) and southern (Karakaitak).[2] Recent results of the Association of the Russian Sociolinguists (2021) further developed it into three dialects: Lower Kaitag, Upper Kaitag and Shari.[3]
The languages consists of eight varieties, forming three dialects. Each of the Upper varieties corresponds to a historical province of the region.[4]
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
close | u | |
near-close | ɪ | |
open-mid | ɛ | |
near-open | æ | |
open | ɑ |
Consonants form by series of voiced, aspirated, fortis, ejective, and labialized variants. The palatal fricative [ç] might be the voiceless post-palatal fricative, which can be more precisely transcribed as [ç̠] or [x̟].[5]
Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | labialized | plain | labialized | plain | labialized | plain | labialized | plain | labialized | ||||
Nasal | m | n | |||||||||||
Plosive | voiced | b | d | g | gʷ | ʔ | |||||||
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | kʰʷ | qʰ | qʰʷ | |||||||
fortis | pː | tː | kː | kːʷ | qː | qːʷ | |||||||
ejective | pʼ | tʼ | kʼ | kʼʷ | qʼ | qʼʷ | |||||||
Affricate | aspirated | t͡sʰ | t͡ʃʰ | t͡ʃʰʷ | |||||||||
fortis | t͡sː | t͡ʃː | t͡ʃːʷ | ||||||||||
ejective | t͡sʼ | t͡ʃʼ | t͡ʃʼʷ | ||||||||||
Fricative | voiced | β | z | ʒ | ʒʷ | ʁ | ʁʷ | ||||||
plain | s | ʃ | ʃʷ | ç | çʷ | χ | χʷ | h | hʷ | ||||
fortis | sː | ʃː | ʃːʷ | çː | çːʷ | χː | χːʷ | ||||||
Trill | r | ||||||||||||
Approximant | l | j |
The Kaitag language is usually written in the Cyrillic script. The letters of the alphabet are (with their pronunciation given below in IPA transcription):
а
[ɑ~a] |
аӏ
[æ] |
б
[b] |
в
[β] |
г
[g] |
гв
[gʷ] |
гъ
[ʁ] |
гъв
[ʁʷ] |
гь
[h] |
гьв
[hʷ] |
д
[d] |
е
[ɛ~e] |
ж
[ʒ] |
жв
[ʒʷ] |
з
[z] |
и
[ɪ~i] |
й
[j] |
к
[kʰ] |
кв
[kʰʷ] |
кк
[kː] |
ккв
[kːʷ] |
кӏ
[kʼ] |
кӏв
[kʼʷ] |
хъ
[qʰ] |
хъв
[qʰʷ] |
къ
[qː] |
къв
[qːʷ] |
кь
[qʼ] |
кь
[qʼʷ] |
л
[l] |
м
[m] |
н
[n] |
п
[pʰ] |
пп
[pː] |
пӏ
[pʼ] |
с
[s] |
сс
[sː] |
т
[tʰ] |
тт
[tː] |
тӏ
[tʼ] |
у
[u] |
х
[χ] |
хв
[χʷ] |
хх
[χː] |
ххв
[χːʷ] |
хь
[ç] |
хьв
[çʷ] |
ххь
[çː] |
ххьв
[çːʷ] |
ц
[t͡sʰ] |
цц
[t͡sː] |
цӏ
[t͡sʼ] |
ч
[t͡ʃʰ] |
чв
[t͡ʃʰʷ] |
чч
[t͡ʃː] |
ччв
[t͡ʃːʷ] |
чӏ
[t͡ʃʼ] |
чӏв
[t͡ʃʼʷ] |
ш
[ʃ] |
шв
[ʃʷ] |
шш
[ʃː] |
шшв
[ʃːʷ] |
ъ
[ʔ] |
Most of Kaitag's vocabulary stems from proto-Northeast-Caucasian roots. Like with other languages of Dagestan, there is a considerable number of Arabic, Iranian, Turkic and recently Russian loanwords.
No. | English | Kaitag |
---|---|---|
1 | I | ду [du] |
2 | you (singular) | и [(ʔ)ɪ] |
3 | he | гье [hɛ] |
4 | we | нисса [nisːɑ] (excl.), ниххьва [niçːʷɑ] (incl.) |
5 | you (plural) | нишша [niʃːɑ] |
6 | they | гьетти [hetːɪ] |
7 | this | гьеж [hɛʒ] |
8 | that | гьет [hɛtʰ] |
9 | here | гьежин [hɛʒɪn] |
10 | there | гьетин [hɛtʰɪn] |
11 | who | ча [t͡ʃʰɑ] |
12 | what | ци [t͡sʰɪ] |
13 | where | квацци [kʰʷɑt͡sːɪ] |
14 | when | цикъел [t͡sʰɪqːɛl] |
15 | how | цигле [t͡sʰɪglɛ] |
16 | not | аккву [ɑkːʷu] (n.), а(й)- [ɑ(j)-] (v.) |
17 | all | сукке [sukːɛ] |
18 | many | дахъ [dɑqʰ] |
19 | some | чумилра [t͡ʃʰumɪlrɑ] |
20 | few | кам [kʰɑm] |
21 | other | дикӏар [dɪkʼɑr] |
22 | one | ца [t͡sʰɑ] |
23 | two | чӏве [t͡ʃʼʷɛ] |
24 | three | аӏв [æβ] |
25 | four | угъ [uʁ] |
26 | five | шве [ʃʷɛ] |
27 | big | хвала [χʷɑlɑ] |
28 | long | ухъен [uqʰɛn] |
29 | wide | баӏъу[bæʔu] |
30 | thick | буцц [but͡sː] |
31 | heavy | декӏ [dɛkʼ] |
32 | small | никӏва [nɪkʼʷɑ] |
33 | short | кутӏ [kutʼ] |
34 | narrow | гъваӏрцӏ [ʁʷærcʼ] |
35 | thin | букӏал [bukʼɑl] |
36 | woman | ххьулум [çːulum] |
37 | man (adult male) | мургул[murgul] |
38 | man (human being) | мейдам [mɛjdɑm] |
39 | child | даӏргьаӏ [dærhæ] |
40 | wife | ххьади [çːɑdɪ] |
41 | husband | сув [suβ] |
42 | mother | уба [ubɑ] |
43 | father | атта [ɑtːɑ] |
44 | animal | мицӏираг [mɪcʼɪrɑg] |
45 | fish | кӏас [kʼɑs] |
46 | bird | ахьлиъаӏн [ɑçlɪʔæn] |
47 | dog | ххваӏ [χːʷæ] |
48 | louse | нез [nɛz] |
49 | snake | цӏецӏи [cʼɛcʼɪ] |
50 | worm | милкъваӏ [mɪlqːʷæ] |
51 | tree | ккалкка [kːɑlkːɑ] |
52 | forest | дуцца [dut͡sːɑ] |
53 | stick | миргъаӏ [mɪrʁæ] |
54 | fruit | удар [udɑr] |
55 | seed | шва [ʃʷɑ] |
56 | leaf | кӏаппар [kʼɑpːɑr] |
57 | root | йамппа [jɑmpːɑ] |
58 | bark (of a tree) | кам [kɑm] |
59 | flower | жуже [ʒuʒɛ] |
60 | grass | кьар [qʼɑr] |
61 | rope | (({wrd061))} |
62 | skin | (({wrd062))} |
63 | meat | (({wrd063))} |
64 | blood | (({wrd064))} |
65 | bone | (({wrd065))} |
66 | fat (noun) | (({wrd066))} |
67 | egg | (({wrd067))} |
68 | horn | (({wrd068))} |
69 | tail | (({wrd069))} |
70 | feather | (({wrd070))} |
71 | hair | (({wrd071))} |
72 | head | (({wrd072))} |
73 | ear | (({wrd073))} |
74 | eye | (({wrd074))} |
75 | nose | (({wrd075))} |
76 | mouth | (({wrd076))} |
77 | tooth | (({wrd077))} |
78 | tongue (organ) | (({wrd078))} |
79 | fingernail | (({wrd079))} |
80 | foot | (({wrd080))} |
81 | leg | (({wrd081))} |
82 | knee | (({wrd082))} |
83 | hand | (({wrd083))} |
84 | wing | (({wrd084))} |
85 | belly | (({wrd085))} |
86 | guts | (({wrd086))} |
87 | neck | (({wrd087))} |
88 | back | (({wrd088))} |
89 | breast | (({wrd089))} |
90 | heart | (({wrd090))} |
91 | liver | (({wrd091))} |
92 | to drink | (({wrd092))} |
93 | to eat | (({wrd093))} |
94 | to bite | (({wrd094))} |
95 | to suck | (({wrd095))} |
96 | to spit | (({wrd096))} |
97 | to vomit | (({wrd097))} |
98 | to blow | (({wrd098))} |
99 | to breathe | (({wrd099))} |
100 | to laugh | (({wrd100))} |
101 | to see | (({wrd101))} |
102 | to hear | (({wrd102))} |
103 | to know | (({wrd103))} |
104 | to think | (({wrd104))} |
105 | to smell | (({wrd105))} |
106 | to fear | (({wrd106))} |
107 | to sleep | (({wrd107))} |
108 | to live | (({wrd108))} |
109 | to die | (({wrd109))} |
110 | to kill | (({wrd110))} |
111 | to fight | (({wrd111))} |
112 | to hunt | (({wrd112))} |
113 | to hit | (({wrd113))} |
114 | to cut | (({wrd114))} |
115 | to split | (({wrd115))} |
116 | to stab | (({wrd116))} |
117 | to scratch | (({wrd117))} |
118 | to dig | (({wrd118))} |
119 | to swim | (({wrd119))} |
120 | to fly | (({wrd120))} |
121 | to walk | (({wrd121))} |
122 | to come | (({wrd122))} |
123 | to lie (as in a bed) | (({wrd123))} |
124 | to sit | (({wrd124))} |
125 | to stand | (({wrd125))} |
126 | to turn (intransitive) | (({wrd126))} |
127 | to fall | (({wrd127))} |
128 | to give | (({wrd128))} |
129 | to hold | (({wrd129))} |
130 | to squeeze | (({wrd130))} |
131 | to rub | (({wrd131))} |
132 | to wash | (({wrd132))} |
133 | to wipe | (({wrd133))} |
134 | to pull | (({wrd134))} |
135 | to push | (({wrd135))} |
136 | to throw | (({wrd136))} |
137 | to tie | (({wrd137))} |
138 | to sew | (({wrd138))} |
139 | to count | (({wrd139))} |
140 | to say | (({wrd140))} |
141 | to sing | (({wrd141))} |
142 | to play | (({wrd142))} |
143 | to float | (({wrd143))} |
144 | to flow | (({wrd144))} |
145 | to freeze | (({wrd145))} |
146 | to swell | (({wrd146))} |
147 | sun | (({wrd147))} |
148 | moon | (({wrd148))} |
149 | star | (({wrd149))} |
150 | water | (({wrd150))} |
151 | rain | (({wrd151))} |
152 | river | (({wrd152))} |
153 | lake | (({wrd153))} |
154 | sea | (({wrd154))} |
155 | salt | (({wrd155))} |
156 | stone | (({wrd156))} |
157 | sand | (({wrd157))} |
158 | dust | (({wrd158))} |
159 | earth | (({wrd159))} |
160 | cloud | (({wrd160))} |
161 | fog | (({wrd161))} |
162 | sky | (({wrd162))} |
163 | wind | (({wrd163))} |
164 | snow | (({wrd164))} |
165 | ice | (({wrd165))} |
166 | smoke | (({wrd166))} |
167 | fire | (({wrd167))} |
168 | ash | (({wrd168))} |
169 | to burn | (({wrd169))} |
170 | road | (({wrd170))} |
171 | mountain | (({wrd171))} |
172 | red | (({wrd172))} |
173 | green | (({wrd173))} |
174 | yellow | (({wrd174))} |
175 | white | (({wrd175))} |
176 | black | (({wrd176))} |
177 | night | (({wrd177))} |
178 | day | (({wrd178))} |
179 | year | (({wrd179))} |
180 | warm | (({wrd180))} |
181 | cold | (({wrd181))} |
182 | full | (({wrd182))} |
183 | new | (({wrd183))} |
184 | old | (({wrd184))} |
185 | good | (({wrd185))} |
186 | bad | (({wrd186))} |
187 | rotten | (({wrd187))} |
188 | dirty | (({wrd188))} |
189 | straight | (({wrd189))} |
190 | round | (({wrd190))} |
191 | sharp (as a knife) | (({wrd191))} |
192 | dull (as a knife) | (({wrd192))} |
193 | smooth | (({wrd193))} |
194 | wet | (({wrd194))} |
195 | dry | (({wrd195))} |
196 | correct | (({wrd196))} |
197 | near | (({wrd197))} |
198 | far | (({wrd198))} |
199 | right | (({wrd199))} |
200 | left | (({wrd200))} |
201 | at | (({wrd201))} |
202 | in | (({wrd202))} |
203 | with | (({wrd203))} |
204 | and | (({wrd204))} |
205 | if | (({wrd205))} |
206 | because | (({wrd206))} |
207 | name | (({wrd207))} |