Beowulf is an Old English heroic epic poem of anonymous authorship. Its creation dates from between the 8th[1] and the 11th century, the only surviving manuscript dating from circa 1010.[2] At 3182 lines, it is notable for its length. It has risen to national epic status in England.[3]

Beowulf has been adapted many times in verse, in prose, on the stage, and in film. In 2003, the Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies published Marijane Osborn's annotated list of over 300 translations and adaptations, withdrawn in 2019.[4] By 2020, the Beowulf's Afterlives Bibliographic Database listed some 688 translations and other versions of the poem, from Thorkelin's 1787 transcription of the text, and in languages including Afrikaans, Albanian, Arabic, Basque, Belarusian, Catalan, Chinese, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, French, Ganda, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hungarian, Icelandic, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latvian, Macedonian, Persian, Portuguese, Polish, Punjabi, Russian, Serbo-Croat, Slovenian, Somali, Spanish, Swedish, Tamil, Turkish, Uighur, and Urdu.[5]

The poet John Dryden's categories of translation have influenced how scholars discuss variation between translations and adaptations.[6] In the Preface to Ovid's Epistles (1680) Dryden proposed three different types of translation:

metaphrase [...] or turning an author word for word, and line by line, from one language into another; paraphrase [...] or translation with latitude, where the author is kept in view by the translator so as never to be lost, but his words are not so strictly followed as his sense, and that, too, is admitted to be amplified but not altered; and imitation [...] where the translator – if he has not lost that name – assumes the liberty not only to vary from the words and sense, but to forsake them both as he sees occasion; and taking only some general hints from the original, to run division on the ground-work, as he pleases.[6]

The works listed below are novels and other works that take more "latitude" than pure "translations". Those are listed at List of translations of Beowulf.

Novels based on Beowulf

Novels and short stories

Graphic novels and comics

M J Weller's Beowulf Cartoon, (Writers Forum/Visual Associations, 2004)

Music

Opera and theatre

Cinema and television adaptations

Games

Board games

Video games

References

  1. ^ Tolkien, J.R.R. (1958). Beowulf: the Monsters and the Critics. London: Oxford University Press. p. 127.
  2. ^ Kiernan, Kevin S. (1997). Beowulf and the Beowulf Manuscript. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08412-8.
  3. ^ The Question of genre in bylini and Beowulf by Shannon Meyerhoff, 2006 Archived 2007-11-17 at the Wayback Machine.
  4. ^ Osborn, Marijane (2003). "Annotated List of Beowulf Translations". Arizona Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  5. ^ "Beowulf's Afterlives Bibliographic Database". Beowulf's Afterlives Bibliographic Database. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  6. ^ a b University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle (1680). "John Dryden, 'The Preface to Ovid's Epistles'". Theoretical Texts on Translation | Textes théoriques en traduction. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  7. ^ Bjork, Robert E.; Niles, John D. (1997). A Beowulf Handbook - Google Books. ISBN 0803261500. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  8. ^ Alexander, Michael (27 February 2003) [1973]. Beowulf: a verse translation (2003 ed.). London: Penguin. p. xxiv. ISBN 978-0-14-044931-0. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
  9. ^ "Whose Song Is Sung". Home.tiac.net. 1 October 2000. Archived from the original on 12 March 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  10. ^ "Books: Fragile Things". Montreal Mirror. Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  11. ^ https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/susan-signe-morrison/grendels-mother/ Kirkus Review. Sept. 25, 2015
  12. ^ Kay, Jennifer (16 July 2018). "Review: 'The Mere Wife' explores 'Beowulf' in the suburbs". Washington Post. Retrieved 25 July 2018.[dead link]
  13. ^ "Dr. K's Guide to British Literature". Doctor-k100.blogspot.com. 27 August 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  14. ^ "Toon Zone - Comics - Animaniacs - Issue #49". Comics.toonzone.net. 14 April 1999. Archived from the original on 30 November 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  15. ^ "THECOMIC.COM Redirect". www.thecomic.com. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  16. ^ "Beowulf: a graphic novel - at". Garethhinds.com. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  17. ^ "Comic News".
  18. ^ "Beowulf 01 by David Hutchison". WOWIO. Archived from the original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  19. ^ Beowulf Comic Archived 2013-07-30 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ "Beowulf: The Graphic Novel | Scholastic.com". Content.scholastic.com. 27 February 2007. Archived from the original on 9 March 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  21. ^ "View Data". Antarctic-press.com. 12 March 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  22. ^ "IDW". www.idwpublishing.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2007.
  23. ^ "Kid Beowulf". Kid Beowulf. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  24. ^ "Home". bowlerhatcomics.com.
  25. ^ "Bob the Angry Flower: Rothgar". Stephen Notley. 21 June 2009. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
  26. ^ a b Vilches, Gerardo (9 January 2024). "10 años de la versión más oscura del mito de 'Beowulf'". elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  27. ^ "MARILLION lyrics - Grendel". Oldielyrics.com. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  28. ^ "The lament for Beowulf, op. 25, for chorus of mixed voices and orchestra. Text from the Anglo-Saxon epic, (Musical score, 1925) [WorldCat.org]". Worldcatlibraries.org. OCLC 1188038. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  29. ^ "Ezequiel Vinao Beowulf Scylds Burial". www.tloneditions.com. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  30. ^ "Beowulf: The Orchestral Suite".
  31. ^ Henk Aertsen, "Beowulf", in A Dictionary of Medieval Heroes: Characters in Medieval Narrative Traditions and Their Afterlife in Literature, Theatre and the Visual Arts, edited by Willem P. Gerritsen and Anthony G. Van Melle translated from the Dutch by Tanis Guest, 54–59 (Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2000). ISBN 0-85115-780-7. P. 59.
  32. ^ "Beowulf". Victor Davies. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  33. ^ "Home". moremud.com.
  34. ^ Magennis 2011, p. 218.
  35. ^ "RICHARD LAMBERT MUSIC". Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  36. ^ "BEOWULF: The Rock Opera at Irish Repertory Theatre October 7 - November 27, 2005/09/06". Broadwayworld.com. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  37. ^ Gardner, John. "Grendel". NPR.org. NPR article. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  38. ^ Mangan, Timothy (9 June 2006). "Opera: 'Grendel' is a monster of a show". The Orange County Register. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008.
  39. ^ "Past Productions". Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  40. ^ "beowulf". Davemalloy.com. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  41. ^ "2015 Beowulf". Cantata Dramatica. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  42. ^ "Opera first for Chilmark performers". Salisbury Journal. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  43. ^ Marcus, Rafaella (12 October 2017). "Beowulf review at the Unicorn Theatre, London". The Stage.
  44. ^ "Beowulf the Musical". EdFringe.com. Edinburgh Fringe Festival Society. 4 April 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  45. ^ Quinn, Walter (21 November 2007). "Beowulf' movie takes poetic license -- and then some -- from the original text". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Archived from the original on 2 December 2007. Retrieved 27 November 2007.
  46. ^ Dudek, Duane (16 November 2007). "The Real Beowulf". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original on 21 November 2007. Retrieved 27 November 2007.
  47. ^ Fleming, John V. (29 November 2007). "Good Grief, Grendel". The New Republic. Retrieved 29 November 2007.
  48. ^ Beowulf: The Legend Archived December 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, official page at Fantasy Flight Games.
  49. ^ Geddes, Ryan (15 November 2007). "Beowulf Game Canceled - PlayStation 3 News at IGN". Uk.ps3.ign.com. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  50. ^ "Beowulf - Available Now on DVD and HD DVD". Beowulfgame.com. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  51. ^ Beowulf. "Grendel's Cave Home". Grendelscave.com. Retrieved 16 March 2010.

Sources