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This is a list of monarchical dynasties and dynastic regimes organized by geographic region. Extant dynasties are rendered in bold and highlighted.
This list includes defunct and extant monarchical dynasties of sovereign and non-sovereign statuses at the national and subnational levels. Monarchical polities each ruled by a single family—that is, a dynasty, although not explicitly styled as such, like the Golden Horde and the Qara Qoyunlu—are included. Dynasties had/have assumed power in various types of monarchical entities, from loose hereditary tribal units to multinational dynastic empires.
While most dynasties were/are reckoned through the male line, the relatively uncommon cases of dynasties formed through matrilineal succession, such as the Rain Queen dynasty, are also listed.
Although thrones could theoretically be rotated among several families in elective monarchies, some entities consistently elected/elect their rulers from the same family, effectively functioning as hereditary monarchies controlled by dynasties. For example, the Holy Roman Empire was de jure an elective monarchy, but came under the de facto hereditary rule of the House of Habsburg from AD 1440 to AD 1740, and is therefore listed as such in the "Germany" section.
This list also includes monarchical regimes whose ruling houses became extinct or were removed from power after having produced only one monarch, but would otherwise have been dynastic in their throne successions. For instance, whereas the Thonburi Kingdom had only one ruler, it would likely have produced a series of monarchs from the same ruling clan had the throne not been usurped by the Chakri dynasty; the Thonburi Kingdom is thus included under the "Thailand (Siam)" section.
Where possible, descendants of overthrown dynasties and pretenders are also listed. For instance, the House of Plantagenet laid claim to the throne of the Kingdom of Sicily between AD 1254 and AD 1263, and is thus listed under the "Italy" section. Likewise, the Osmanoğlu family is descended from the Ottoman dynasty, and is therefore included in the "Anatolia (Asia Minor)" section.
Entries in each section are sorted by the start year and end year of their rule, irrespective of the exact dates. Dynasties with unverifiable or disputed periods of rule are listed after those with reign periods that are generally agreed upon by scholars. In cases wherein several dynasties are typically grouped together in conventional historiography, such as the Northern and Southern dynasties of China, they are listed as such for ease of reference.
Houses of nobility with no territorial holdings (and thus were/are not monarchical dynasties in their own right), like the House of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Ludwigsburg and the House of Jocelyn; dynasties of micronations, like the Bertoleoni dynasty; dynasties of religious sects, like the Nusaybah family and the Slonim dynasty; political families, like the Roosevelt family and the Chiang family; family dictatorships, like the Mount Paektu bloodline and the Duvalier dynasty; and dynastic military regimes, like the Choe clan and the Ashikaga shogunate, are not included.
A dynasty may be known by more than one name, either due to differences between its official and historiographical denominations, and/or due to the existence of multiple official and/or historiographical names. For example, the Amorian dynasty is also referred to as the "Phrygian dynasty".
Due to variations in romanization, the name of a dynasty may be rendered differently depending on the source. For instance, the Qing dynasty is also written as "Ch῾ing dynasty" using the Wade–Giles romanization.
In layman and academic parlance, the name of a dynasty is often affixed before the common name of a state in reference to a state under the rule of a particular dynasty. For example, whereas the official name of the realm ruled by the Qajar dynasty was the "Sublime State of Iran", the domain is commonly known as "Qajar Iran".
The year of establishment and/or the year of collapse of a dynasty may be unknown or remain contentious among scholars. In the latter cases, only an approximate time frame will be given. For example, the Deva dynasty is believed to have ruled during the 12th and 13th centuries AD, but the exact dates are disputed.
The year of establishment and/or the year of collapse of a dynasty could differ from its period of rule over a particular realm and/or geographic region. In such cases, the year(s) provided indicate the period during which a dynasty was/is in power in a particular realm and/or geographic region. For instance, whereas the House of Savoy was founded in AD 1003 in the County of Savoy and maintained its rule until AD 1946 in the Kingdom of Italy, it briefly held the throne of Spain from AD 1870 to AD 1873, and is thus reflected as such in the "Spain" section.
This list is sorted by the territorial extent of dynasties. Listing a particular dynasty under a specific section need not necessarily denote affiliation—political, ethnic, religious, cultural, or otherwise—between the historical dynasty and the contemporary polity/polities existing in the same region. As the succession of states and the identities of the rulers, elites, and subjects or citizens are complex and contentious issues, the classification of dynasties may be multidimensional. For example, the Ayyubid dynasty has been variously described as "Egyptian" and "Syrian" based on its geographic location and the titles held by its monarchs; "Kurdish" according to its rulers' ethnicity; "Arabized" according to its cultural identity; and "Muslim", "Islamic", and "Sunni" based on its religious faith.
Some dynasties appear more than once in this list, because:
For example, apart from previously ruling over the possessions of the British Empire and numerous sovereign states that later abolished the monarchy, the House of Windsor remains the ruling dynasty of 15 sovereign states and their associated territories, and is therefore included in multiple sections.[1] Likewise, although the Tang dynasty existed as a single realm, it had at various points in time ruled over China proper, Dzungaria, the Tarim Basin, the Mongolian Plateau, Inner Manchuria, Outer Manchuria, as well as parts of Central Asia, the Korean Peninsula, Vietnam, Siberia, and Afghanistan, and is thus listed under multiple sections.[2][3][4]
Regions with long lines of "local" dynasties—including dynasties of indigenous and non-indigenous (but had/have assumed "local" characteristics) provenances—that experienced partial or full colonization in the modern era are given separate lists for clarity. For instance, the "Indian Subcontinent (South Asia)" section includes a main list containing "local" South Asian dynasties, such as the indigenous Chola dynasty and the non-indigenous Mughal dynasty, and a subsection listing the decidedly "foreign" dynasties of colonial entities, like the House of Bourbon of French India.
Further information: List of current monarchs of sovereign states |
At present, there are 44 sovereign realms—including 43 sovereign states (and their associated territories) and one sovereign entity in international law without territorial possession—ruled by monarchs, of which 41 are under dynastic control.[a] There are currently 26 sovereign dynasties, two of which rule more than one sovereign realm.
Further information: Non-sovereign monarchy and List of current non-sovereign monarchs |
The following is a list of sovereign states and territories with existing dynasties ruling non-sovereign polities. Such dynasties usually possess and exercise authority over subnational divisions or people groups.
Non-sovereign dynasties may be conferred official status through constitutional arrangement or government recognition, like the dynasties ruling the Republic of Botswana's subnational chiefdoms. Alternatively, non-sovereign dynasties may exist without official recognition, as in the case of the Te Wherowhero dynasty of the Māori King Movement in New Zealand.
Non-sovereign dynasties could have once held sovereign power (and vice versa). For example, as the Emirate of Umm Al Quwain was formerly an independent shiekdom but is now a constituent emirate of the United Arab Emirates, the currently non-sovereign House of Mualla therefore held sovereign power historically.
Dynasties could simultaneously reign in both sovereign and non-sovereign polities, as is the case of the House of Temenggong whose reigning ruler is both the sovereign monarch of Malaysia and the non-sovereign monarch of the Malaysian state of Johor Darul Ta'zim.
See also: List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa |
See also: Dynasties of ancient Egypt and List of pharaohs |
See also: List of monarchs of Eswatini |
See also: Monarchies of Ethiopia and List of emperors of Ethiopia |
See also: List of monarchs of Lesotho |
See also: List of Imerina monarchs |
See also: List of rulers of Morocco |
See also: Nigerian Chieftaincy and Nigerian traditional rulers |
See also: Anatolian beyliks |
See also: List of Armenian kings |
See also: List of rulers of Bhutan |
See also: List of sultans of Brunei |
See also: Monarchy of Cambodia |
See also: King of Champa |
Main article: Dynasties of China |
See also: Monarchy of China, List of states in Shang Dynasty, List of states in Zhou Dynasty, Jimi system, Tusi, and List of Chinese monarchs |
Further information: Foreign concessions in China |
Note that many dates before the 9th century AD are disputed.[5]
Further information: Colonial India |
See also: List of Indonesian monarchies and Vorstenlanden |
See also: Islamic dynasties of Iran, List of Iranian dynasties and countries, and List of monarchs of Persia |
See also: List of emperors of Japan and List of han |
See also: List of kings of Jordan |
See also: List of monarchs of Korea |
See also: List of monarchs of Laos |
See also: Monarchies of Malaysia |
See also: List of Maldivian monarchs |
Main article: List of Mesopotamian dynasties |
See also: List of Mongol states and List of Mongol rulers |
See also: List of Burmese monarchs |
(राणा वंश) (AD 1857-1951)
See also: List of rulers of Oman |
See also: List of rulers of Saudi Arabia |
See also: List of Sri Lankan monarchs |
See also: Monarchy of Thailand and List of monarchs of Thailand |
See also: Royal families of the United Arab Emirates and List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates |
Main article: List of Vietnamese dynasties |
See also: List of monarchs of Vietnam |
See also: List of Albanian monarchs |
See also: List of co-princes of Andorra |
See also: List of rulers of Austria |
See also: List of kings of the Lombards |
See also: Monarchy of Belgium and List of Belgian monarchs |
See also: List of rulers of Czechs and List of Bohemian monarchs |
See also: List of rulers of Bosnia |
See also: List of Bulgarian monarchs |
See also: List of rulers of Croatia |
See also: Monarchy of Denmark and List of Danish monarchs |
See also: Monarchy of the United Kingdom, List of English monarchs, List of British monarchs, and Heptarchy |
See also: List of rulers of Estonia |
See also: Monarchy of Finland and List of monarchs and heads of state of Finland |
See also: List of French monarchs |
See also: Monarchy of Germany and List of German monarchs |
See also: List of monarchs of Georgia |
See also: Monarchy of Greece and List of kings of Greece |
See also: List of Hungarian monarchs |
See also: List of rulers of Iceland |
See also: Monarchy of Ireland and List of Irish kingdoms |
See also: Monarchy of Italy |
See also: Monarchy of Liechtenstein and List of monarchs of Liechtenstein |
See also: List of Lithuanian monarchs |
See also: Monarchy of Luxembourg and List of monarchs of Luxembourg |
See also: List of monarchs of Malta |
See also: Monarchy of Monaco and List of rulers of Monaco |
See also: List of rulers of Montenegro |
See also: Monarchy of the Netherlands, List of rulers of the Netherlands, and List of monarchs of the Netherlands |
See also: Monarchy of Norway, List of Norwegian monarchs, and Petty kingdoms of Norway |
See also: List of Polish monarchs |
See also: List of Portuguese monarchs and Taifa |
Main article: List of Roman dynasties |
See also: List of Roman emperors, List of Byzantine emperors, List of Roman usurpers, and List of Byzantine usurpers |
See also: List of rulers of Moldavia and List of rulers of Wallachia |
See also: List of Russian monarchs |
See also: Monarchy of the United Kingdom, List of Scottish monarchs, and List of British monarchs |
See also: List of Serbian monarchs |
See also: Monarchy of Spain, List of Spanish monarchs, and Taifa |
See also: Monarchy of Sweden and List of Swedish monarchs |
See also: List of Ukrainian rulers |
See also: Monarchy of the United Kingdom, List of rulers of Wales, and List of British monarchs |
See also: Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda |
See also: Monarchy of the Bahamas |
See also: Monarchy of Barbados |
See also: Monarchy of Belize |
See also: Monarchy of Canada, List of Canadian monarchs, and Hereditary chiefs in Canada |
See also: List of monarchs of Haiti |
See also: Monarchy of Jamaica |
See also: List of rulers of Tenochtitlan, List of rulers of Tetzcoco, and List of rulers of Tlatelolco |
See also: Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis |
See also: Monarchy of Saint Lucia |
See also: Monarchy of Australia |
See also: Monarchy of Fiji |
See also: List of monarchs of Mangareva |
See also: List of monarchs of Bora Bora, List of monarchs of Huahine, List of monarchs of Raiatea, and List of monarchs of Tahiti |
See also: List of Hawaiian monarchs |
See also: Monarchy of New Zealand |
See also: Monarchy in the Cook Islands |
See also: List of Niuean monarchs |
See also: Monarchy of Solomon Islands |
See also: List of monarchs of Tonga |
See also: Monarchy of Tuvalu |
See also: List of monarchs of Brazil |
See also: Territorial claims in Antarctica |
Note that modern territorial claims in Antarctica are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.[7]