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((short description|Novel by Gabriel García Márquez))
((for|the 2007 movie|Love in the Time of Cholera (film)))
((Infobox book | <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books -->
| name          = Love in the Time of Cholera
| title_orig    = El amor en los tiempos del cólera
| translator    = [[Edith Grossman]]
| image         = Image:LoveInTheTimeOfCholera.jpg
| border        = yes
| caption       = First edition (Colombia)
| author        = [[Gabriel García Márquez]]
| country       = [[Colombia]]
|set_in=Northern [[Colombia]], ((ca)) 1875–1924
| language      = Spanish
| publisher     = Editorial Oveja Negra (Colombia)<br>[[Alfred A. Knopf]] (US)
| release_date  = 1985
| english_pub_date = 1988
| media_type    = Print ([[Hardcover|hardback]] and [[paperback]])
| pages         = 348 pp (first English hardback edition)
| genre        = [[Romance novel]]
))
'''''Love in the Time of Cholera''''' (((lang-es|El amor en los tiempos del cólera))) is a novel written in Spanish by [[Colombia]]n [[1982 Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]]-winning author [[Gabriel García Márquez]] and published in 1985. [[Edith Grossman]]'s English translation was published by [[Alfred A. Knopf]] in 1988.

==Plot summary==
The main characters of the novel are Florentino Ariza and Fermina Daza. Florentino and Fermina fall in love in their youth. A secret relationship blossoms between the two with the help of Fermina's Aunt Escolástica. They exchange love letters. But once Fermina's father, Lorenzo Daza, finds out about the two, he forces his daughter to stop seeing Florentino immediately. When she refuses, he and his daughter move in with his deceased wife's family in another city. Regardless of the distance, Fermina and Florentino continue to communicate via telegraph. Upon her return, Fermina realizes that her relationship with Florentino was nothing but a dream since they are practically strangers; she breaks off her engagement to Florentino and returns all his letters.

A young and accomplished national hero, ((anchor|Urbino))Dr. Juvenal Urbino, meets Fermina and begins to court her. Despite her initial dislike of Urbino, Fermina gives in to her father's persuasion and the security and wealth Urbino offers, and they wed. Urbino is a physician devoted to science, modernity, and "order and progress". He is committed to the eradication of [[cholera]] and to the promotion of public works. He is a rational man whose life is organized precisely and who greatly values his importance and reputation in society. He is a herald of progress and modernization.<ref name="MabelMorana">Morana, Mabel (winter, 1990). "Modernity and Marginality in ''Love in the Time of Cholera''". ''Studies in Twentieth Century Literature'' '''14''':27–43.</ref>

Even after Fermina's engagement and marriage, Florentino swore to stay faithful and wait for her; but his promiscuity gets the better of him and he has hundreds of affairs. Even with all the women he is with, he makes sure that Fermina will never find out. Meanwhile, Fermina and Urbino grow old together, going through happy years and unhappy ones and experiencing all the reality of marriage. Urbino proves in the end not to have been an entirely faithful husband, confessing one affair to Fermina many years into their marriage. Though the novel seems to suggest that Urbino's love for Fermina was never as spiritually chaste as Florentino's was, it also complicates Florentino's devotion by cataloging his many trysts as well as a few potentially genuine loves. 

As an elderly man, Urbino attempts to get his pet parrot out of his mango tree, only to fall off the ladder he was standing on and die. After the funeral Florentino proclaims his love for Fermina once again and tells her he has stayed faithful to her all these years. Hesitant at first because she is only recently widowed, and finding his advances untoward, Fermina comes to recognize Florentino's wisdom and maturity. She eventually gives him a second chance, and their love is allowed to blossom during their old age. They go on a steamship cruise up the river together.

==Characters==
*Fermina Daza – Florentino Ariza's object of affection, and wife of Dr. Urbino, very beautiful and intelligent.
*Dr. Juvenal Urbino – highly respected, wealthy doctor and husband of Fermina Daza.
*Florentino Ariza – businessman who is in love with Fermina Daza.
*Lorenzo Daza – Fermina Daza's father, a mule driver; he despised Florentino and forced him to stop meeting Fermina. He is revealed to have been involved in some illicit businesses to build his fortune.
*Jeremiah de Saint-Amour – The man whose suicide is introduced as the opening to the novel; a photographer and chess-player.
*Aunt Escolástica – The woman who attempts to aid Fermina in her early romance with Florentino by delivering their letters for them. She is ultimately sent away by Lorenzo Daza for this.
*Tránsito Ariza – Florentino's mother.
*Hildebranda Sánchez – Fermina's cousin.
*Miss Barbara Lynch – The woman with whom Urbino confesses having had an affair, the only one during his long marriage.
*Leona Cassiani – She starts out as the "personal assistant" to Uncle Leo XII at the R.C.C., the company which Florentino eventually controls.  At one point, it is revealed that the two share a deep respect, possibly even love, for each other, but will never actually be together.  She has a maternal love for him as a result of his "charity" in rescuing her from the streets and giving her a job.
*Diego Samaritano – The captain of the riverboat on which Fermina and Florentino ride at the end of the novel.
*América Vicuña – The 14-year-old girl who toward the end of the novel is sent to live with the elderly Florentino; he is her guardian while she is in school. They have a sexual relationship, and after being rejected by Florentino and failing her exams, she kills herself.  Her grooming and subsequent suicide provides a counterpoint to the novel's grand romantic themes.

==Setting==
The story occurs mainly in an unnamed port city somewhere near the [[Caribbean Sea]] and the [[Magdalena River]] in Colombia. While the city remains unnamed throughout the novel, descriptions and names of places suggest it is based on an amalgam of [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]] and the nearby city of [[Barranquilla]].<ref>((cite web |title=Book Review: The Heart's Eternal Vow |last=Pynchon |first=Thomas |url=http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/18/reviews/pynchon-cholera.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=25 April 2020))</ref> The fictional city is divided into such sections as "The District of the Viceroys" and "The Arcade of the Scribes". The novel takes place approximately between 1880 and the early 1930s.<ref name="MonaSimpson">Simpson, Mona (September 1, 1988) "Love Letters". ''London Review of Books'' '''10''':22–24.</ref> The city's "steamy and sleepy streets, rat-infested sewers, old slave quarter, decaying colonial architecture, and multifarious inhabitants" are mentioned variously in the text and mingle in the lives of the characters.<ref>((cite book
  | last = Taylor
  | first = Anna-Marie
  | author-link = Anna-Marie Taylor
  | title = Reference Guide to World Literature, 2nd ed.
  | publisher = [[St. James Press]]
  | year = 1995))
</ref>

==Major themes==
((refimprove section|date=March 2020))
===Narrative as seduction===
Some critics choose to consider ''Love in the Time of Cholera'' as a sentimental story about the enduring power of true love. Others criticize this opinion as being too simple.<ref name="KeithBooker">Booker, M. Keith (summer, 1993) "The Dangers of Gullible Reading: Narrative as Seduction in García Márquez's  ''Love in the Time of Cholera''". ''Studies in Twentieth-Century Literature'' '''17''':181–95.</ref>

This is manifested by Ariza's excessively romantic attitude toward life, and his [[gullibility]] in trying to retrieve the sunken treasure of a [[shipwreck]]. It is also made evident by the fact that society in the story believes that Fermina and Juvenal Urbino are perfectly happy in their marriage, while the reality of the situation is not so ideal. Critic Keith Booker compares Ariza's position to that of Humbert Humbert in [[Vladimir Nabokov]]'s ''[[Lolita]]'', saying that just as Humbert is able to charm the reader into sympathizing with his situation with his first-person account,<ref name="KeithBooker" /> even though he is a "pervert, a rapist, and a murderer," Ariza is able to garner the reader's sympathy, even though the reader is reminded repeatedly of his more sinister exploits through the charming third-person narration.<ref name="KeithBooker"/>

===Relationship between love and passion===
The term ''cholera'' as it is used in Spanish, ((Linktext|cólera)), can also denote passion or [[Four Temperaments#Choleric|human rage and ire]]<!-- Not sure if this is a graceful way to link this, but I think we should link it somewhere. --> in its feminine form. (The English adjective ((linktext|choleric)) has the same meaning.) Considering this meaning, the title is a pun: cholera as the disease, and cholera as passion, which raises the central question of the book: is love helped or hindered by extreme passion? The two men can be contrasted as the extremes of passion: one having too much, one too little; the central question of which is more conducive to love and happiness becomes the specific, personal choice that Fermina faces through her life. Florentino's passionate pursuit of nearly countless women stands in contrast to Urbino's clinical discussion of male anatomy on their wedding night. Urbino's eradication of cholera in the town takes on the additional symbolic meaning of ridding Fermina's life of rage, but also the passion.((cn|date=March 2022)) 
It is this second meaning to the title that manifests itself in Florentino's hatred for Urbino's marriage to Fermina, as well as in the social strife and warfare that serves as a backdrop to the entire story.((cn|date=March 2022))

===Aging and death===
Jeremiah Saint-Amour's death inspires Urbino to meditate on his own death, and especially on the infirmities that precede it.<ref>((Cite journal|last=Derby|first=Lauren M. P.|date=2012|title=Gabriel García Marquez's Love in the Time of Cholera: Love and Death as New-World Mosaic|url=https://journals.tdl.org/plaza/index.php/plaza/article/view/7001|journal=Plaza: Dialogues in Language and Literature|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=107–121|issn=2161-0010))</ref> It is necessary for Fermina and Florentino to transcend not only the difficulties of love but also the societal opinion that love is a young person's prerogative (not to mention the physical difficulties of love when one is older).<ref>((Cite thesis|last=Sheardown|first=Alan|date=1997|title=Love and Disease: the Humanism of Gabriel Garcia Marquez's Love in the Time of Cholera|url=https://ro.ecu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1689&context=theses_hons|publisher=Edith Cowan University))</ref>

==Critical reception==
The novel received critical acclaim. The literary critic [[Michiko Kakutani]] praised the book in a review for ''[[The New York Times]]'', saying: "Instead of using myths and dreams to illuminate the imaginative life of a people as he's done so often in the past, Mr. Garcia Marquez has revealed how the extraordinary is contained in the ordinary ... The result is a rich, commodious novel, a novel whose narrative power is matched only by its generosity of vision."<ref>((cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/06/books/books-of-the-times-garcia-marquez-novel-covers-love-and-time.html|title=Books of The Times; Garcia Marquez Novel Covers Love and Time|newspaper=The New York Times|date=6 April 1988 |last1=Kakutani |first1=Michiko ))</ref> The writer [[Thomas Pynchon]], also for ''The New York Times'', argued: "This novel is also revolutionary in daring to suggest that vows of love made under a presumption of immortality – youthful idiocy, to some – may yet be honored, much later in life when we ought to know better, in the face of the undeniable. ... There is nothing I have read quite like this astonishing final chapter, symphonic, sure in its dynamics and tempo, moving like a riverboat too ... at the very best it results in works that can even return our worn souls to us, among which most certainly belongs ''Love in the Time of Cholera'', this shining and heartbreaking novel."<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/10/books/the-heart-s-eternal-vow.html?searchResultPosition=19|date= 10 April 1988|first=Thomas|last=Pynchon|title=The Heart's Eternal Vow|newspaper=The New York Times Sunday Book Review))</ref>

==Film adaptation==
((Main article|Love in the Time of Cholera (film)))
[[Stone Village Pictures]] bought the movie rights from the author for US$3 million, and [[Mike Newell (director)|Mike Newell]] was chosen to direct it, with [[Ronald Harwood]] writing the script. Filming started in [[Cartagena, Colombia]], during September 2006.<ref name=Lakshmanan>((cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/11/arts/11iht-web.1211newell.3855748.html |first=Indira A.R. |last=Lakshmanan|title=Love in the Time of Cholera: On location, out on a limb|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=11 December 2006|access-date=27 December 2022))</ref>

The $50 million film, the first major foreign production filmed in the scenic walled city in twenty years,<ref name=Lakshmanan /> was released on November 16, 2007, by [[New Line Cinema]]. On his own initiative, García Márquez persuaded singer [[Shakira]], who is from the nearby city of [[Barranquilla]], to provide two songs for the film.<ref>((Cite web|last=Bayona|first=Jose|title=Gabriel Garcia Marquez & Shakira are soundtrack pals|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/latino/gabriel-garcia-marquez-shakira-soundtrack-pals-article-1.259657|access-date=28 April 2021|website=nydailynews.com))</ref>

==References in popular culture==

In the 2000 film ''[[High Fidelity (film)|High Fidelity]]'', the main character, Rob (played by [[John Cusack]]) owns a record store. While recounting tales of past lovers he says: "I'm not the smartest guy in the world, but I'm certainly not the dumbest. I mean, I've read books like ''[[The Unbearable Lightness of Being]]'' and ''Love in the Time of Cholera'', and I think I've understood them. They're about girls, right? Just kidding."

At the end of [[Jeanine Cummins]]' novel ''[[American Dirt]]'', the protagonist Lydia re-reads ''Amor en los tiempos del colera'', first in Spanish, then again in English. The final two sentences of the novel reference the protagonist's love of the book: "No one can take this from her. This book is hers alone."<ref>((cite book |last1=Cummins |first1=Jeanine |title=American Dirt |date=2019 |publisher=Flatiron Books |location=New York |isbn=9781250209764 |page=378))</ref>

In the British sitcom ''[[Bad Education (TV series)|Bad Education]]'', the text is used in the after school book club Rosie Gulliver attends, and Alfie Wickers decides to join them to impress Rosie and attempts to read the book in six hours. However, he finds the book boring and gets his class to read one chapter each and bring him their versions of the summary.

In the episode "Milk" of the first season of the American sitcom ''[[How I Met Your Mother]]'', the novel is mentioned as being the favorite of the show's protagonist, [[Ted Mosby]]. He is also shown reading the book at the Farhamptom Train Station right before he meets the titular [[The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)|Mother]] in the finale episode "[[Last Forever]]".

In "[[Lisa's Rival]]" (''[[The Simpsons]]''' second episode of season 6), [[Marge Simpson]] is seen reading ''Love in the Time of Scurvy'', a clear reference to the novel.

In the ''[[Gossip Girl]]'' episode "New Haven Can Wait" (season 2, episode 6), Jordan, a Literature professor at Yale University, asks Nate what he thinks of the book. However, he has never read it and clearly does not understand the reference.

In the film ''[[Playing It Cool]]'', [[Topher Grace]] plays the character Scott. Scott is a writer and is deeply moved by the book so much that he often leaves copies of the book in public places for others to find and read. He leaves a note in the book for the assumed reader explaining how this book changed his life. [[Chris Evans (actor)|Chris Evans]], the main character/narrator, finally picks up the book to read. After reading the book, the narrator applies it to his own life. He says that there are people in our lives that are so important, they dwarf everything else.

In the Chris Rock film ''[[Top Five]]'', Rosario Dawson quotes the novel, saying, "Too much love is as bad for this as no love at all" when talking about her favorite authors.

The book was a major part of the plot of the movie ''[[Serendipity (film)|Serendipity]]'', where Sara writes her number in the book in the hope that Jon will one day find it.<ref>((Cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|date=5 October 2001|title=Serendipity|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/serendipity-2001|access-date=3 March 2021|website=RogerEbert.com|language=en))</ref>

Sales of ''Love in the Time of Cholera'' increased during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>((Cite news|date=26 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: Book sales surge as readers seek escapism and education|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-52048582|access-date=26 January 2021))</ref> The title of the 2020 television show ''[[Love in the Time of Corona]]'' is a play on the title of the novel, replacing "cholera" with a reference to the [[Coronavirus disease 2019|coronavirus disease]] that caused the ongoing pandemic.

Multiple musical artists have recorded songs with titles inspired by the book, including [[Danny Elfman]] ("Love in the Time of Covid"), [[AJJ (band)|AJJ]] ("Love in the Time of Human Papillomavirus") and [[Oneohtrix Point Never]] ("Love in the Time of Lexapro").

In episode 4 of the 2021 Korean drama ''[[My Roommate Is a Gumiho]]'', the male lead character Shin Woo-yeo ([[Jang Ki-yong]]) references the novel by saying, "You could be Fermina Daza in someone's eyes."

==Publication details==
*1985, Colombia, Spanish edition, Oveja Negra, 1985, hardback ((ISBN|958-06-0000-7)) and paperback ((ISBN|958-06-0001-5)) (first edition)
*1985, Argentina, Spanish edition, Editorial Sudamericana, 1985, hardback ((ISBN|950-07-0321-1))(E) (first Argentine edition)
*1985, Mexico DF, Spanish edition, Editorial Diana, 1985, paperback ((ISBN|968-13-1547-2)) (first Mexican edition: 100,000 copies)
*1986, The Netherlands, [[Meulenhoff]],  ((ISBN|978902909048-3)), translated into Dutch by Mariolein Sabarte Belacortu. Title: ''Liefde in tijden van cholera''
*1988, US, Alfred A. Knopf ((ISBN|0-394-56161-9)), Published 1 January 1988, hardback (first English-language edition)
*1989, US, Penguin Books ((ISBN|0-14-011990-6)), Published 7 September 1989, paperback
*2003, US, Vintage International ((ISBN|1-4000-3468-X)), paperback

==Footnotes==
((Reflist))

==External links==
*[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEFDF133DF933A25757C0A96E948260&sec=&pagewanted=all ''The Heart's Eternal Vow ''] – ''New York Times'' Book Review from 1988 by [[Thomas Pynchon]]
* [https://www.oprah.com/oprahsbookclub/love-in-the-time-of-cholera-by-gabriel-garcia-marquez Love in the Time of Cholera] [[Oprah]]'s Pick 2007. 

((Gabriel García Márquez))

((Authority control))

[[Category:1985 novels]]
[[Category:20th-century Colombian novels]]
[[Category:Alfred A. Knopf books]]
[[Category:Colombian magic realism novels]]
[[Category:Colombian novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Novels by Gabriel García Márquez]]
[[Category:Novels set in Colombia]]
[[Category:Spanish-language novels]]

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